A STAMP-Game model for accident analysis in oil and gas industry

Accidents in engineered systems are usually generated by complex socio-technical factors.It is beneficial to investigate the increasing complexity and coupling of these factors from the perspective of system safety.Based on system and control theories,System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes(STAMP)is a widely recognized approach for accident analysis.In this paper,we propose a STAMP-Game model to analyze accidents in oil and gas storage and transportation systems.Stakeholders in accident analysis by STAMP can be regarded as players of a game.Game theory can,thus,be adopted in accident analysis to depict the competition and cooperation between stakeholders.Subsequently,we established a game model to study the strategies of both supervisory and supervised entities.The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed game model allows for identifying the effectiveness deficiency of the supervisory entity,and the safety and protection altitudes of the supervised entity.The STAMP-Game model can generate quantitative parameters for supporting the behavior and strategy selections of the supervisory and supervised entities.The quantitative data obtained can be used to guide the safety improvement,to reduce the costs of safety regulation violation and accident risk.

Proppant transport in rough fractures of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs

A method to generate fractures with rough surfaces was proposed according to the fractal interpolation theory.Considering the particle-particle,particle-wall and particle-fluid interactions,a proppant-fracturing fluid two-phase flow model based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-discrete element method(DEM)coupling was established.The simulation results were verified with relevant experimental data.It was proved that the model can match transport and accumulation of proppants in rough fractures well.Several cases of numerical simulations were carried out.Compared with proppant transport in smooth flat fractures,bulge on the rough fracture wall affects transport and settlement of proppants significantly in proppant transportation in rough fractures.The higher the roughness of fracture,the faster the settlement of proppant particles near the fracture inlet,the shorter the horizontal transport distance,and the more likely to accumulate near the fracture inlet to form a sand plugging in a short time.Fracture wall roughness could control the migration path of fracturing fluid to a certain degree and change the path of proppant filling in the fracture.On the one hand,the rough wall bulge raises the proppant transport path and the proppants flow out of the fracture,reducing the proppant sweep area.On the other hand,the sand-carrying fluid is prone to change flow direction near the contact point of bulge,thus expanding the proppant sweep area.

The development status and the prospect of the pipeline robots in the oil and gas storage and transportation industry

In the process of the constant development of the oil and gas storage and transportation technology, the maintenance of the large pipelines is an important task. At present, China vigorously promotes the use of the pipeline robots, for the maintenance of the oil and gas pipelines by the unique characteristics of the robots. In this paper, the author carries out the detailed analysis on the current situation of the development of the pipeline robots in the oil and gas storage and transportation industry, and compares the different applications of the pipeline robots at home and abroad. Starting from the principles of the operation of the robots, the author analyzes the characteristics of the different types of the robots, and combined with the existing conditions of the oil and gas storage and transportation in our country, the author tries to find the most favorable way of the working of the pipeline robots, to continuously improve the development of the oil and gas storage and transportation industry using the robot technologies.

Current State and Prospects of CNPC's Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation

Oil and gas transportation facilities are important for a country to secure an energy supply and maintain social stability and economic development.Social capitals in China are now encouraged by the government to invest in the construction of oil and gas infrastructures in the country.With China's growing economy and new reforms in the oil and gas sector,more opportunities are available for private companies seeking to get involved in energy infrastructure.It is estimated that the future market of energy infrastructure projects in China is valued at nearly RMB 2 trillion.This paper is trying to offer some clues regarding investment in energy infrastructure in China by giving a brief introduction to the current situation of CNPC's oil and gas infrastructure construction.

Main Indexes of Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil and Gas

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Reform Exploration for Safety Course System of Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Facilities

In recent years,the safety of oil and gas storage and transportation facilities has been paid more attention by the state and enterprises due to frequent accidents.The oil and gas storage and transportation facilities safety courses in China University of Petroleum(Beijing)includes“Engineering mechanics”,“Strength design of pipelines and tanks”and“Safety and integrity management of oil and gas storage and transportation facilities”.The three courses lack relevance and the teaching mode is too rigid,resulting in students losing their initiative in learning.If students can’t use the knowledge flexibly,it will affect the achievement of the objectives of the training program.Therefore,oil and gas storage and transportation facilities safety courses are reformed,training plans are adjusted and teaching methods are improved.The practice shows that the reform enriches the teaching content,improves the teaching quality,stimulates classroom activity and gets a good evaluation of students.The reform of safety courses has a certain significance for cultivating compound talents who have the ability to solve practical problems in engineering.

The challenges facing the oil and gas storage and transportation technology and its developing direction

In recent years, our country is increasingly dependent on the use of the oil resources, and the degree of the oil mining is also continuously upgrading. After the completion of the tasks related to the oil mining in the lands, the technologies for the development of the offshore oil mining are particularly important. Among these problems, after the exploitation, the storage and transportation of the offshore oil and gas is worthy of the discussion of the technical personnel. From the experience of the oil and gas storage and transportation in the long years, in some environmentally degraded areas, there are problems in the efficiency and safety in the long pipeline transportation and the oil and gas mixed transportation, and in the transportation, there are also big shortcomings. In this paper, the author carries on the analysis of the existing questions encountering in our country＇s oil and gas storage and transportation~ and proposes the direction of the researches in the future oil and gas storage and transportation, and the purpose is to better improve the security of Cbina＇s oil and gas storage and transportation and to enhance the efficiency of the use of the oil and gas.

Coexistence of natural gas hydrate,free gas and water in the gas hydrate system in the Shenhu Area,South China Sea

Shenhu Area is located in the Baiyun Sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin,which is on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea.Gas hydrates in this area have been intensively investigated,achieving a wide coverage of the three-dimensional seismic survey,a large number of boreholes,and detailed data of the seismic survey,logging,and core analysis.In the beginning of 2020,China has successfully conducted the second offshore production test of gas hydrates in this area.In this paper,studies were made on the structure of the hydrate system for the production test,based on detailed logging data and core analysis of this area.As to the results of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)logging and sonic logging of Well GMGS6-SH02 drilled during the GMGS6 Expedition,the hydrate system on which the production well located can be divided into three layers:(1)207.8–253.4 mbsf,45.6 m thick,gas hydrate layer,with gas hydrate saturation of 0–54.5%(31%av.);(2)253.4–278 mbsf,24.6 m thick,mixing layer consisting of gas hydrates,free gas,and water,with gas hydrate saturation of 0–22%(10%av.)and free gas saturation of 0–32%(13%av.);(3)278–297 mbsf,19 m thick,with free gas saturation of less than 7%.Moreover,the pore water freshening identified in the sediment cores,taken from the depth below the theoretically calculated base of methane hydrate stability zone,indicates the occurrence of gas hydrate.All these data reveal that gas hydrates,free gas,and water coexist in the mixing layer from different aspects.

Large Potential Exists in China's Oil & Gas Transportation System

As China in the decades ahead is to go through significant reorganization in the power sector and the petrochemical industry will see considerable growth,the transportation infrastructure for petroleum and gas should have a new shape. Implementing the largest infrastructure projects and creating on this basis a modern transportation network will not only see a new reincarnation of traditional industrial centers, but also open wider opportunities for regional development.

Changes in China--Beijing is seeking less energy-intensive economic growth ＆ a less carbon-intensive energy mix and its impact over oil ＆ gas supply

Having experienced over 30 years of rapid growth,China’s economic development is entering a new normal featured by an ever optimizing economic structure shifting from high-speed to medium-high speed growth,and from factor-driven to innovation-driven pattern.In adapting

Science and Technology of China Onshore Petroleum Industry Towards 21st Century（Part 4）

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Reform of Elastic-Plastic Mechanics and Strength Design of Pipelines Based on Ideological and Political Education

Oil and gas storage and transportation safety courses are very important in oil and gas storage and transportation engineering.With the ideological and political construction of the course in the new period,the mode of professional knowledge teaching cannot meet the teaching requirements.The teaching team has been practicing in the course for many years.By inserting typical characters,typical projects,national policies and industry trends into the course,students'patriotism,academic confidence and environmental protection awareness have been cultivated,and remarkable results have been achieved.At the same time,it can provide some reference for the ideological and political education of engineering majors.

华北油田油气密闭混输技术应用

华北油田第三采油厂所辖站场数量多,包括较多转油站和供热拉油站,多数站内保留着传统原油处理工艺,设备设施老化严重,生产成本较高,不易于管理。为最大程度地减少或降级部分站场,简化优化原油处理工艺流程,停用部分能耗较高的设备,开展油气密闭混输技术研究并进行现场应用。该技术的研究主要集中在油气混输装置,在两座站场应用的油气密闭混输装置成功解决了气相、液相共用一个泵腔结构给多相混输设备带来的技术难题;现场应用体现在两座站场实现越站外输,停运储油罐及部分原油处理设备。转油站应用油气密闭混输技术可在很大程度上简化工艺流程,实现站场降级,优化后,两个站年节省各类费用439.6万元,其经济效益和社会效益可观。

油气萃取计量增压混输工艺在页岩油田的应用与效果分析

针对长庆油田页岩油田开发油井主要采用开放式和高回压密闭两种集输模式存在的各种问题分析,阐述了油气萃取计量增压混输工艺技术在长庆油田页岩油田开发井组平台的应用必要性,介绍了油气萃取计量增压混输装置的结构及技术特点,通过对该工艺在页岩油田现场应用生产情况跟踪统计,分析证明该工艺能够有效地解决页岩油田油井集输过程中存在的高气油比、高回压、伴生气回收难以及开式输油点密闭集输等问题;该工艺还能优化井站集输工艺流程,提高集输效率,降低地面投资。

油气萃取计量增压混输装置在长庆油田页岩油开发中的应用

针对长庆油田页岩油开发过程中油井平台集输工艺面临的计量难题及井组集输问题,开发应用了油气萃取计量增压混输装置,并分析其结构组成、工艺流程及技术创新特点。通过该装置的实际应用,成功实现了降低井口回压、提升油井产量、减少计量误差、增强原油外输压力、回收利用油井伴生气等多重目标;不仅优化了井站集输工艺流程,还简化了地面设施布局,有效地控制了投资成本及运行费用,为油田开发领域提供了新的高效的解决方案。该装置的应用具有显著的理论指导意义和实践应用价值。

成品油管道运输混油界面多传感器融合检测

成品油管道输油是石油行业的重要环节,涉及多种油品的顺序输送。在长距离管道输油过程中,混油界面的检测可以帮助管道运行管理人员及时、准确地判断不同油品的切换时间,避免油品输出错误导致的交叉油品污染,保证油品的品质和安全,提高管道输油过程的经济效益和输送效率。本文提出通过电磁能量吸收、电容介电常数、谐振频率等多个油品特征信号的检测,将多个检测参数信息融合综合分析混油界面,实现管道输油过程中实时混油界面检测。

水平管道中甲醇和汽油顺序输送过程混油规律研究

采用成品油管道顺序输送甲醇不仅可以拓展甲醇运输方式、降低运输成本,还能够提升管道运力、缓解现有成品油管道低输量难题,但目前成品油管道顺序输送甲醇工艺相关研究鲜有报道,技术的推广和应用受限。针对顺序输送过程中的混油问题,结合ALE(Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian)方法、流体控制方程以及物质传递方程,建立了甲醇和汽油顺序输送混油模型,分析了输送次序和管道流速对甲醇和汽油顺序输送过程中混油长度和混油浓度演化的影响规律。研究表明,该模型模拟的混油长度略短于VOF(流体体积)方法,在实际顺序输送过程中选择甲醇前行汽油后行的输送次序,能够有效缩短混油长度。研究结论可为成品油管道顺序输送甲醇工艺提供理论指导。

海底油气混输管道工艺设计探讨

针对人工岛NP4-1D/NP4-2D至转油站NP403×1LP油气混输海底管道,利用OLGA工艺模拟软件,分别对管线进行稳态计算,针对停输再启动工况、稳态段塞工况、清管段塞工况及管线投产预热进行分析,得到了管线水力和热力数据、停输再启动安全时间、段塞量等数据和规律,可用于指导工艺设计和生产操作。

油气混输工艺在低输量管道安全运行中的优势分析

为了保证华北油田某区块J-S输油管道能够在低输量下安全运行,对比分析油气混输和低含水油输送两种技术方案,优选通过油气混输的运行方式降低J-S输油管道最低启输量和启输温度。通过在J站新建伴生气压缩、注入、放空系统,在S站新建分离、过滤、放空系统,利用两相流在管道中的流动特性,提高管道内介质流速,并将J站富余的伴生气资源通过管输的方式输送至S站。设计采用PIPESIM软件及HYSYS软件进行模拟,计算结果相互验证。该方案不但解决了J-S输油管道低输量下安全运行的问题,同时缓解了J油田与S油田伴生资源分布不均匀的矛盾,降低了油田原油生产成本。

OLGA在天然气集输工艺调整中的应用

在某凝析气田试采开发阶段,开采井数少,油气产量低,为了避免管输原油凝固,气田试采初期采用天然气管输及原油汽车拉运的分输方式。随着生产井数增加,气田油气产量逐年上升,导致原油汽车拉运次数增加,已建分输工艺适应性变差。因此,通过采用OLGA软件从管输压降、管输温降、气液流速、持液率、清管液量多方面对已建集输管道开展分输和混输的适应性分析。结果表明,同样输气量时,混相输送比单相输送起点压力高,温降变化趋势基本一致,输气量较低时,混相输送的气速波动大,输气量越大,气速越大,气体挟液能力越高,持液率和通球液量越小,当管输末点温度大于原油凝固点3℃以上,可将已建天然气集输管道由分输工艺调整为混输工艺,并提出了油气处理厂的改造方案。