THE WAY OF RESTORING AND REESTABLISHING BROADLEAVED/CONIFEROUS MIXED FOREST ECOSYSTEM FROM SECONDARY FOREST OF MONGOLIAN OAK

The necessity,basis,characteristic and methods of restoring and reestabling broadleaved/coniferous mixed forest ecosystem from the secondary forest of Mongolian oak(Quercus mongolica)are briefly set forth;then several effective methods of restoration and reestablishment are put forward and discussed as follows:openning up effect belt or island to establish horizontal order mixture;replenishing the blank niche to make vertical orderly mix-ture;planting artificial mixed forest to create biological diversity;developing ecological forestry,establishing integrated agroforestry ecosystem;and closing the land for forest and pre-serving some stands considering special conditions and demads.

基于Mixed Logit模型的温江生态系统服务支付意愿影响因素研究

以四川温江为例,基于选择实验法采用Mixed Logit模型,对温江居民生态系统服务支付意愿的影响因素进行定量化研究。研究表明,月收入对温江居民的影响在较低支付价格意愿水平上不显著,而在较高支付价格意愿水平上表现为收入越高者支付意愿越强;温江居民年龄越长者、受教育水平越高者、家附近公园个数越多者、对温江感情越深厚者、对环保支持力度越大者、对地方政府的信任程度越高者,表现出的支付意愿越强。此外,还对温江城镇和农村居民支付意愿影响因素进行了对比分析。研究拓展了选择实验法应用领域,为区域城市生态环境改善和经济社会协调发展提供决策依据。

Functional diversity dominates positive species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality in subtropical plantations

Mixed-species plantations generally exhibit higher ecosystem multifunctionality than monospecific plantations.However,it is unclear how tree species functional composition influences species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality.We selected 171 monospecific and mixed-species plantations from nine regions across subtropical China,and quantified 13 key ecosystem functional properties to investigate how species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality are modulated by functional diversity and identity.We found that ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed tree plantations than in monospecific plantations except the mixed-conifer species plantations.Across all regions,ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed conifer-broadleaf plantations than in monospecific plantations of the corresponding species,but not different between mixed and monospecific coniferous plantations.The magnitude of species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality varied greatly with tree species compositions.Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb.as an example,the effects varied from a range of 2.0%–9.6%when mixed with a conifer species to 36%–87%when mixed with a broadleaf species.The functional diversity was the dominate driver shaping ecosystem multifunctionality,while functional identity,as expressed by community-weighted mean of specific leaf area,also had a positive effect on ecosystem multifunctionality through the increased below-ground nitrogen and phosphorus stocks regulated by specific leaf area of the mixing tree species.Our study highlights the important role of functional diversity in shaping ecosystem multifunctionality across region-wide environmental conditions.Mixed conifer-broadleaf tree plantations with distinct functional traits benefit the enhancement of ecosystem multifunctionality,and the magnitude of species mixture effects is modulated by the functional identity of tree species composition;those relationships deserve a special consideration in multifunctional management context of subtropical plantations.

Species composition and minimum sampling area of a riparian mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve

Riparian areas are unique although often small component of the overall watershed landscape. The structure of riparian forests along Erdaobai River on the north slope of Changbai Mountain were investigated by using field data collected from eight sampling transects perpendicular to the Erdaobai River channel. Two kinds of species-area saturation curves were used to examine the relationship between species number and minimum sampling area. The results showed that riparian gymnosperms accounted for a high proportion of all gymnosperms in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve while riparian ferns and angiosperms accounted for a relatively low proportion. The average minimum sampling areas of riparian forest that included 60%, 80%, and 90% of the community species pool were about 85, 185, and 328 m 2 , respectively; while those for nonriparian forest were about 275, 390, and 514 m 2 , correspondingly.

Less Mixing Can Affect Lake's Ecosystem

Lakescanbelikebowlsofsoupinthemicrowave:Theyneedalittlestirringeverynowandthen.Otherwise,alltheheatendsupontop.That’sexactlywhat’shappenedinrecentyearstoAfrica'sLakeTanganyika,scientistsarereporting.

Entrepreneurial Orientation and Innovation Ecosystems in the Industrial Sector, Central Region, Kampala, Uganda: A Review

This review explores entrepreneurial orientation and innovation ecosystems in the industrial sector of the Central Region, Kampala, Uganda, through an analysis of ten scholarly articles. The study contextualizes the research within the regional landscape and establishes a theoretical framework through a focused literature review. Key findings highlight the intersection of entrepreneurial activities and innovation dynamics, emphasizing the region’s unique contributions to the broader field. Discussions on discrepancies and unexplored territories within the articles offer insights into limitations and research gaps. The manuscript concludes by identifying future research avenues, providing a roadmap for ongoing inquiry into the entrepreneurial and innovative dimensions of the Central Region’s industrial sector. This synthesis underscores the importance of cultivating an entrepreneurial mindset and collaborative innovation strategies for sustainable industrial development in the region.

人工混播草地土壤丛枝菌根真菌对轮牧的响应

为探究轮牧对人工混播草地生态系统中植被群落及土壤丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌群落的影响机制,以宁夏盐池县人工混播草地为试验对象,采用单因素随机区组设计,设置T1(无芒雀麦+新麦草+紫羊茅+苜蓿+菊苣)、T2(垂穗披碱草+新麦草+早熟禾+苜蓿+鹰嘴紫云英)、T3(扁穗冰草+新麦草+蒙古冰草+苜蓿)3种混播组合模式,并通过Illumina高通量测序和生物信息学分析,开展轮牧影响下3种人工混播草地土壤AM真菌群落差异性研究,分析人工混播草地生态系统中植被-土壤-AM真菌群落的相互作用关系。结果表明:连续2年轮牧对植被群落生物量产生了显著影响,与轮牧第1年相比,豆科植被群落的相对重要值降低,但禾本科植被群落的相对重要值分别增加了51.16%、81.25%和33.33%。土壤AM真菌中球囊霉属和类球囊霉属为优势属;与轮牧第1年相比,连续轮牧2年后,T1处理的土壤AM真菌群落Chao 1指数较第1年显著降低了12.35%,T3处理的土壤AM真菌群落Chao 1指数、香农-维纳指数、均匀度指数和物种数较第1年分别提升了20.73%、12.80%、7.69%和31.16%(P<0.05),说明T3处理的土壤AM真菌群落对轮牧的响应更加敏感。随轮牧年限增加,T1与T2处理的土壤AM真菌群落组成相似性增加,T1与T3处理的土壤AM真菌群落组成相似性差异较大。连续轮牧2年后,土壤养分对AM真菌群落丰富度的作用强度减弱,但植被群落多样性和植被群落生物量对AM真菌群落丰富度及其组成的作用强度增强;驱动AM真菌群落变化的环境因子由土壤有效磷(p=0.006)和碱解氮(p=0.016)转变为植被群落生物量(p=0.036)。综上所述,不同类型人工混播草地植被群落和土壤AM真菌群落对轮牧表现出不同的响应特征,其中以T3混播组合处理的效果较好。

Carbon pool structure and carbon density of soil in Pinus koraiensis plantation ecosystem

The organic carbon contents,carbon density and carbon storage of the soil in the Pinus koraiensis plantation ecosystem were investigated in Maoershan experimental forest farm,Shangzhi County,Heilongjiang,on the west slope of the Zhangguangcai Mountains in northeastern China for providing data to evaluation of the carbon balance in forest ecosystem of northeastern China.These soil carbon indicators were measured in three forest types,pure P.koraiensis plantation,P.koraiensis and Betula platyphylla mixed forest,and the P.koraiensis and Quercus mongolica mixed forest.The soil carbon pool consisted of four compartments,namely L layer,F layer,H layer and B layer.With variance analysis,we found that both organic carbon content and carbon density of the soil were significantly affected by forest types,soil compartments and slope positions.The highest soil carbon density（278.63 Mg·ha^-1）.was observed in the mixed forest of P.koraiensis and Q.mongolica.The B layer had the highest carbon density（212.28 Mg·ha^-1） among all the soil compartments.In terms of slope position,the highest soil carbon density（394.18 Mg·ha^-1） presented in the low slope.Besides,soil carbon content and carbon density had a marked change with the organic matter content and vertical depth of the soil in each compartment.The results of this study implied that in the temperate humid region,the mixed ecosystem of regional Pinus koraiensis plantations and natural forest had relatively high carbon storage capability.

Effects of Forest Types on Soil Available Nutrients and Carbon Contents in Coastal Areas,China

Clarifying the soil nutrient dynamics caused by forest type variations in the coastal region helps scientifically to apply fertilizer to forest plantations and enhance the carbon(C)sink capacity.Pure forests of Ligustrum and Metasequoia,as well as their mixed forests,in a coastal region of China were investigated by collecting 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil samples and analyzing their differences in bulk density,water content,pH,soil organic matter(SOM),ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)-N),nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N)and total nitrogen(TN),available phosphorus(AP)and potassium(AK),microbial biomass C(MBC)and N(MBN),and enzyme activity.The results demonstrated that different forest types had no significant(p≥0.05)effect on 0-20 cm soil bulk density,water content,pH,NH_(4)^(+)-N,and SOM.However,the surface soil NO_(3)^(-)-N,TN,AP,and AK contents as well as enzyme activity changed significantly(p<0.05),in which the soil AK content of the ligustrum×metasequoia mixed forest was 47.5%and 65.5%higher than that of the ligustrum and metasequoia pure forest,respectively.The mixed forest soil had the highest MBN content,which was significantly(p<0.05)25.1%higher than that in the pure metasequoia forest.Meanwhile,soil phosphatase activities in ligustrum and metasequoia pure forests were significantly(p<0.05)lower than those in the mixed forests by 17.4%and 43.1%,respectively.However,soil NO_(3)^(-)-N and AP contents in the metasequoia pure forest were significantly(p<0.05)higher than those in the ligustrum pure forest and mixed forests.Soil MBC content and reductase NO_(3)^(-)-N activity were significantly(p<0.05)higher in ligustrum pure forest than in metasequoia pure forest and mixed forests.In addition,the results of two-way ANOVA showed that there were no significant(p≥0.05)differences in nutrient contents(e.g.,NH_(4)^(+)-N,AP,AK,and SOM)in different soil layers(0-20 and 20-40 cm)within the same forest type,except for NO_(3)^(-)-N.However,forest types had a significant(p<0.05)impact on NO_(3)^(-)-N and AP contents in 20-40 cm soil layer.Combining the two factors of forest stand and soil layer,there was a significant(p<0.05)interaction effect for their soil NH_(4)^(+)-N,NO_(3)^(-)-N,AP,and AK contents.In conclusion,significant(p<0.05)differences were observed in nutrient contents in 0-20 cm soil layer from different forest types,with soil fertility indices inmixed forests generally higher than in pure forests.Therefore,establishing mixed forests in coastal saline region is recommended to retain soil fertility and to enhance the C sink capacity of forestry.

珍贵树种与桉树混交对生态系统生物量和碳储量的影响探析

[目的]探究珍贵树种和桉树混交造林对生态系统生物量和碳储量的影响。[方法]以广西黄冕林场为例,以桉树纯林(A1)、桉树和红锥混交林(A2)、桉树和荷木混交林(A3)为研究对象,分析不同林分下树种的密度及生长指标、生态系统的生物量、生态系统的碳储量情况。[结果]在生长指标方面,A2、A3中桉树的胸径、树高、胸高断面积均高于A1,差异显著。在生态系统总生物量方面,A2与A3均明显高于A1,差异显著。不同林分生态系统总碳储量方面,A2、A3明显高于A1,差异显著。[结论]为提高生态系统生物量和碳储量,可在林场造林时将珍贵树种与桉树混交,可进一步提高人工林建设质量,营造良好的种间相互作用关系,提高资源的有效性和利用率,珍贵树种和桉树混交造林后,生态系统的生物量和碳储量更高,可促进维持生态平衡。

Translocation and distribution of mercury in biomasses from subtropical forest ecosystems:evidence from stable mercury isotopes

To understand its source,distribution,storage,and translocation in the subtropical forest ecosystems,mercury(Hg)concentrations and stable isotopes in forest biomass tissues(foliage,branch,bark,and trunk)were investigated at Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve,Southwest China.The total Hg(THg)concentrations in the samples show the following trend:mature foliage(57±19 ng g-1)>bark(11±4.0 ng g-1)>branch(5.4±2.5 ng g-1)>trunk(1.6±0.7 ng g-1).Using the measured THg concentrations and the quantity of respective biomasses,the Hg pools in the forest are:wood(60±26μg m-2)>bark(51±18μg m-2)>foliage(41±11μg m-2)>branch(26±8.3μg m-2).The tree biomasses displayed negativeδ202Hg(-1.83‰to-3.84‰)andΔ199Hg(-0.18‰to-0.62‰).The observedΔ200Hg(-0.08‰to 0.04‰)is not significantly from zero.AΔ199Hg/Δ201Hg ratio of 1.05 was found in tree biomasses,suggesting that mercury has undergone Hg(Ⅱ)photoreduction processes.A Hg-isotope based binary mixing model suggests that Hg in the tree biomasses mainly originated from foliage uptake of atmospheric Hg0,constituting 67%,80%,and 77%of Hg in wood,branch,and bark,respectively.Our study sheds new light on the transportation and sources of Hg in the subtropical forest ecosystems.

产业创新生态系统数字化转型的政策组合研究

产业生态化与数字化趋势同步深入,产业创新生态系统的数字化转型已成为产业数字化转型的核心范式,需要系统性的政策支持。基于政策组合理论和动态组态视角,分析数字化转型政策组合的构成要素,并以30个省新能源汽车产业创新生态系统为样本,运用动态QCA方法探索系统高数字化转型绩效的前因政策组态及演化规律。研究发现:数字化转型政策组合由“政策战略—政策工具—实施情境”构成,其中政策工具根据系统不同的“转型失灵”划分为9种类型;在系统数字化转型启动、扩张和深入期,政策工具的有效组态皆不唯一,在政策战略指导下形成适用不同省域情境的多样化支持机制;在时间情境维度,核心政策工具既存在3个阶段的主导轨迹,也有某一或两个阶段的转折轨迹,政策工具的互补和替代机制分别呈现混合轨迹和转折轨迹。研究结果拓展了产业数字化转型的研究视域,丰富了政策组合理论应用情境及实证方法,并为产业数字化实践和政策优化提供了启示。

新兴产业颠覆性创新政策组合作用机制研究:基于创新生态系统视角

从创新生态系统视角出发,揭示新兴产业颠覆性创新政策组合作用机制。研究发现:创新政策组合通过创新政策战略与创新政策工具组合发挥驱动作用;创新政策战略通过明确创新生态系统演进方向、规划演进路线形成颠覆性创新轨迹;创新政策工具组合则逐层驱动创新生态系统各子系统协同演进,促进新兴产业颠覆性创新全过程实现。

鱼虾混养生态系中细菌动态变化的研究

中国对虾和黑鲷混养生态系中几种主要细菌的动态变化研究结果表明 ,养殖初期 ,鱼虾混养池水体中异养菌总量和硝酸盐还原菌数量较低 ,但高于对照的对虾单养池 .随着养殖时间的推移 ,对照池的两种菌的菌量急剧增加 ,8、9月份菌量仍维持在较高水平 ;而混养池的菌量在高温季节虽有增加 ,但仍保持在 10 4 cells·ml-1范围内 ,增长幅度远远低于对照池 ,且 9月底开始下降 .底泥中的细菌数量与水体中细菌有相似的变化规律 ,但一般高于同期水中菌量 1～ 2个数量级 .混养池中的弧菌数量一直低于同期对照池 .可见 ,鱼虾混养可通过对养殖生态系中细菌的激活和调节作用 ,调节生态系统的物质循环 ,使其保持高速、稳定运行 ,为对虾生长提供一个健康而稳定的环境 。

森林生态系统健康评估Ⅱ.案例实践

结合样地调查和他人对阔叶红松林生态系统相关指标的研究资料数据,利用健康距离(HD)评估法和上文建立的阔叶红松林生态系统健康评估指标体系框架,对不同人为干扰影响的长白山阔叶红松林生态系统进行系统健康的评估实践.结果按顺序依次为20%强度择伐林021<50%强度择伐林044<白桦中成林067<白桦中幼林072<红松人工林074<人工落叶松林077.

受干扰长白山阔叶红松林林分结构组成特征及健康距离评估

通过样地调查对不同干扰方式产生的过伐天然林、次生白桦林和人工落叶松林等群落的结构组成进行分析和分类探讨 ,并选取能够表征结构完整性和稳定性的一些指标因子 ,利用健康距离法对长白山阔叶红松林区的森林生态系统健康进行了评估实践 ,结果按顺序依次为 :原始阔叶类 0 14 <结构转换型0 2 3<结构保留型 0 32 <结构破坏型 0 33<严重干扰类型 0 4 4 <次生白桦林 0 5 3<人工落叶松林0 6 8.以期对阔叶红松林生态系统的恢复和区域林业可持续发展提供参考 .

华北低丘山地人工混交林净生态系统碳交换的变化特征

采用涡度相关技术对华北低丘山地30年生栓皮栎-刺槐-侧柏人工混交林生态系统进行连续2年的碳通量观测。结果表明:人工混交林净生态系统碳交换(NEE)的年际和季节变化都很明显,但日变化只在生长季(4—10月)才变得显著。2006和2007年人工混交林NEE的变化范围分别在-27.1～8.1和-24.4～9.8gCO2·m-2d-1,最大月平均CO2吸收量分别出现在5月和7月。生长季净碳吸收约占全年的96%。人工混交林是较强的碳汇,2006和2007年净碳吸收量分别为549.1和445.4gC·m-2a-1。春季干旱是2007年人工混交林净碳吸收显著下降的主要原因。

综合构成指数在森林生态系统健康评估中的应用

首次提出综合构成指数(IntegratedComposeIndex,ICI)模型ICI=ln∑B×∑IV×CAV。通过选取目前长白山阔叶红松林生态系统区主要林分类型(原始阔叶红松林,不同干扰模式造成的择伐林、次生白桦林和人工落叶松林等)共29块样地进行群落结构和生物量调查,以原始阔叶红松林作为健康基准,定量评估了各受损生态系统的健康现状及恢复趋势。结果表明综合构成指数是一种易操作的能定量描述受干扰系统健康差距的度量方法。利用分层[主林层(H≥18m)、亚主林层(18m>H≥10m)、演替层(10m>H≥2.5m)和更新层(H<2.5m)]的综合构成指数值可定量不同干扰模式造成的受损系统与健康基准之间的健康差距。健康基准是12.77,与之差距越大,表明受干扰破坏越大,系统健康程度越低。29块样地分为8个类型,6个受干扰类型依距离原始健康基准的远近排序为:结构转换型0.64<结构破坏型0.75<结构保留型0.85<严重干扰类型1.95<白桦林系列2.07<人工落叶松系列2.89。综合构成指数的上层(主林层和亚主林层)指数能表示群落结构现状和目前处于演替阶段的位置;下层(演替层和更新层)指数能表示群落向健康基准类型恢复的潜力,值越大,潜力越大。上下两层综合能说明群落受到干扰的强度和后果。上下两层差值D对于阔叶红松林生态系统来说,健康基准类型D位于0.28～0.35之间,如0<D<0.28说明目前群落结构还是针阔混交类型,但群落上层的针叶树(主要是红松)比例明显减少;或者群落受干扰,下层结构活跃,红松更新现象明显。D>0.35说明群落主林层和亚主林层的阔叶树种受到干扰破坏,且红松更新困难或还没大量更新。D≤0说明群落遭受很大强度的干扰,如70%以上的生物存量被破坏取走,或直接导致裸地重新发育演替的白桦林、营造人工落叶松林等情况,差值D越大,红松的侵入程度越高,红松更新状况良好,该群落向顶级恢复的趋势良好。

太阳辐射对长白山阔叶红松林净生态系统碳交换的影响

太阳辐射是植物进行光合作用的前提条件,因此成为影响植被吸收大气CO2的重要环境因子。该研究基于30min通量和常规气象数据,以相对辐射和晴空指数为指标,分析了2003～2006年生长旺季(6～8月)太阳辐射的改变对长白山阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林净生态系统碳交换(Net ecosystem exchange,NEE)的影响。结果表明:天空有一定云层的覆盖对阔叶红松林碳的净吸收有明显的促进作用。4年里6～8月间生态系统最大光合速率在天空有云覆盖时较晴空条件下分别提高了34%、25%、4%和11%。在晴空指数约为0.5的中等辐射条件下,该生态系统的NEE达到最大。对生态系统碳的净吸收有促进作用的临界相对辐射约为37%,而使该生态系统NEE达到最大的最适相对辐射约为75%。进一步分析表明,天空云量的增多和云层厚度的增加会引起散射辐射比例的增加、大气温度和水汽亏缺程度的降低等环境效应,由此可能会导致冠层光合作用的增加和地上部分呼吸的减弱,从而共同决定了净生态系统碳吸收作用的增强。

全球变暖背景下核电站温排水对海洋生态系统的影响

温排水会引起水体多种理化性质的变化,对底栖生物、浮游生物、鱼类等都有不同程度的影响。而气候变暖将导致改变海水温度相应升高。2种温度升高将对核电站所在海域的生态环境造成很大的影响。本文以某核电站为研究对象,采用GCM(大气环流模型)模拟出2020s、2050s、2080s不同时期某核电站所在网格的气温数据,分析气候变暖的趋势。分析温排水对生态环境的影响,同时指出在某核电站海域需要着重重视的两个问题,即赤潮和中华白海豚。