新型总线技术——RACEway和RapidIO概述

从传统的总线技术开始，主要介绍了两种新型的总线技术：RACEway和RapidIO及二者的比较，并探讨了其在实时应用系统中的未来发展趋势。

Surface Roughness and Roundness of Bearing Raceway Machined by Floating Abrasive Polishing and Their Effects on Bearing's Running Noise

As the two most important indexes of bearing raceway, surface roughness and roundness have significant influence on bearing noise. Some researchers have carried out studies in this field, however, reason and extent of the influence of raceway surface geometric characteristics on bearing running noise are not perfectly clear up to now. In this paper, the raceway of 6309 type bearing＇s inner and outer ring is machined by floating abrasive polishing adopting soft abrasive pad. Surface roughness parameters, arithmetical mean deviation of the profile Ra, the point height of irregularities Rz, maximum height of the profile Rmax and roundness fof raceways, are measured before and after machining, and the change rules of the measured results are studied. The study results show that the floating abrasive polishing can reduce the surface geometric errors of bearing raceway evidently. The roundness error is reduced by 25%, Rm^x value is reduced by 35.5%, Rz value is reduced by 22% and Ra value is reduced by 5%. By analyzing the change of the geometrical parameters and the shape difference of the raceway before and after machining, it is found that the floating abrasive polishing method can affect the roundness error mainly by modifying the local deviation of the raceway＇s surface profile. Bearings with different raceway surface geometrical parameter value are assembled and the running noise is tested. The test results show that Ra has a little, Rmax and Rz have a measurable, and the roundness error has a significant influence on the running noise. From the viewpoint of controlling bearings＇ running noise, raceway roundness error should be strictly controlled, and for the surface roughness parameters, R,n^x and Rz should be mainly controlled. This paper proposes an effective method to obtain the low noise bearing by machining the raceway with floating abrasive polishing after super finishing.

Radiant Image Simulation of Pulverized Coal Combustion in Blast Furnace Raceway

The relationship between two-dimensional radiant image and three-dimensional radiant energy in blast furnace raceway was studied by numerical simulation of combustion process. Taking radiant image as radiant boundary for numerical simulation of combustion process, the uneven radiation parameter can be calculated. A method to examine three-dimensional temperature distribution in blast furnace raceway was put forward by radiant image processing. The numeral temperature field matching the real combustion can be obtained by proposed numeric image processing technique.

Regulation of water quality and growth characteristics of indoor raceway culture of Litopenaeus vannamei

Two modes of regulating the water quality of experimental ponds in indoor raceway culture of Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated using simple water treatment facilities. A self-made water purifying net, aeration stone, composite microbe preparation, and Ceratophyllum demersum were placed in the experimental ponds and the culture water was circulated along the raceway inside the pond using a paddle wheel aerator. In addition, the water quality in the experimental pond was improved by draining effluent from the pipeline at the bottom of ponds 7 and 8 （mode I） and exchanging the circulating water in pond 10 （mode Ⅱ） with the reservoir water in pond 9 using a pump and pipeline. The water quality in the experimental ponds was similar in response to regulation using mode Ⅰ or mode Ⅱ. Water quality parameters in the experimental ponds were controlled within a suitable range by simple facilities during culture period without using any chemical treatments. The rich content of dissolved oxygen was maintained by the circular flow and continuous aeration of the pond water. The respective average values of the main water parameters in experimental ponds 7 and 10 in response to regulation of the water quality using modes Ⅰ and Ⅱwere as follows： pH 8.17 and 7.99; DO 5.16 mg/L and 5.97 mg/L; CODMn18.45 and 12.61 mg/L; TAN （NH3-N） 0.854 mg/L （0.087 mg/L） and 0.427 mg/L （0.012 mg/L）; NO2-N 0.489 mg/L and 0.337 mg/L. Moreover, the average body length and body weight of harvested shrimp of pond 7 and pond l0 were 7.56 cm and 8.99 cm, 5.10 g and 8.33 g, respectively. Furthermore, the survival rate, average biomass yield and average condition factor of the shrimp harvested were 70% and 60%, 2.54 kg/m2 and 2.14 kg/m2, and 0.675 g/cm and 0.927 g/cm, respectively. Linear equations describing the relationship between body length and culture time and cubic or power functions describing the relationship between body weight and body length were obtained based on evaluation of the growth data of shrimps throughout the culture period.

Flame radiant image numeralization for pulverized coal combustion in BF raceway

In order to establish correlativity between pulverized coal combustion in a blast furnace raceway and its radiant image, we investigated the relationships between two dimensional radiant images and three dimensional radiant energy in a blast furnace raceway, focusing on the correlativity of the numerical simulation of combustion processes with the connection of radiant images information and space temperature distribution. We calculated the uneven radiate characteristic parameterby taking radiant images as a kind of radiative boundary for numerical simulation of combustion processes, and put fonward a method to examine three-dimensional temperatures distribution in blast furnace raceway by radiant image processing. The numeral temperature fields matching the real combustion can be got by the numeric image processing technique.

Culturing of Autoflocculating Microalgal Consortium in Continuous Raceway Pond Reactor

The goal of this study was to develop a self-settling microalgal consortium in raceway pond reactor (RPR). Experiments were carried out with cultures that developed without additional seeding, but naturally promoted by process conditions in a raceway pond reactor. The changes in microalgal communities and total biomass under nitrogen and phosphorous limitations were studied in both batch and continuous systems. At the steady state batch had the population of 46% Euglena sp., 16% Closterium sp., 14% Chlorella sp., 14% Scenedesmus sp. and 10% Ankistrodesmus sp. with a maximum biomass of 900 mg/L. In order to get self-settling microalgal consortium, the operation was changed to continuous continuous mode with the aid of a specially designed settler for daily harvest and recycling of the biomass. Grazing fauna could be controlled by managing reduced liquid and solid retention time. At steady-state condition, an autofloculating and self-settling consortium was developed which had mainly Fragilaria sp., Scenedesmus sp., and filamentous Ulothrix sp. The maximum biomass concentration obtained was 140 mg/L. The presence of neutral lipid droplets in the consortium was identified by staining with Nile Red. Development of the lipid rich consortium could be a suitable method for producing biofuel.

A Novel Splash Plate Design for Serial Reuse Raceways

Serial reuse raceways in fish hatcheries typically use dam boards and screens to separate each raceway unit in the series. This paper describes a novel raceway splash plate constructed of aluminum plate and angle, which eliminates the need for screens when mounted on top of raceway dam boards. In addition to reducing the labor required to remove and replace, and clean screens, the splash plate increased the amount of available rearing space. Incoming water dissolved oxygen concentrations were also increased. These splash plates are relatively easy and inexpensive to fabricate, and their use can lead to increased efficiencies during hatchery rearing.

Optimization of Raceway Parameters in Iron Making Blast Furnace for Maximizing the Pulverized Coal Injection (PCI) Rate

This paper presents a method by which the maximum possible rate of pulverized coal injection (PCI) in blast furnace can be predicted. The method is based on a two-step approach. First, a first principle simulation model of the blast furnace is used to generate data sets for the development of a linear model of pulverized coal injection rate. The data has been generated randomly in MATLAB software within the range of operating parameters (constraints) of the blast furnace. After that, the coefficients of the function have been determined. The inputs and the resulting outputs formed the data on which the linear optimization model was developed. Next, the linear model was used for maximizing the pulverized coal rate injection by optimizing the other variables. Two operating Indian Blast Furnaces have been chosen to validate the optimization model.

Numerical Research of the Influences of the Outer Raceway Curvature Radii on the EHL Properties of Ball Bearing

Based on numerical simulation, the influences of outer raceway curvature radii on some EHL properties of deep groove ball bearing were studied in detail. It was found that the second peak film pressure value decreases with the increase of curvature radius Ry. The minimal film thickness increases at first and then decreases with the increase of curvature radius Ry. The minimum film thickness reaches the maximal value when curvature radius Ry is about 1.7r. Film thickness becomes thinner with the increase of Rx with keeping other parameters constant. The conclusions obtained in this paper are very helpful to practical design of ball bearings.

碎煤熔渣加压气化过程数值模拟分析

碎煤熔渣加压气化技术(British Gas-Lurgi,BGL)取缔了炉篦,干法排渣改液态排渣,气化性能显著改善。为揭示BGL煤气化本质结构特征,支撑企业气化装置性能再提升,论文采用数值模拟方法构建了热力学平衡模型、煤气化动力学模型和欧拉多相流模型,并验证了模型合理性。模拟研究表明:与鲁奇煤气化相比,气化平衡温度由795℃(鲁奇炉)提高到1029℃,水蒸气分解率由32.66%提高到93.12%;床层最高温度由1110℃提高至1837℃,远高于煤灰流动温度1210℃,提高了气化强度,保证了液态排渣;BGL煤气化反应在炉膛下部基本完成,仅有少量水蒸气参与变换反应,粗煤气中的CH_(4)基本来自煤热解;气化炉床层腾涌波动,增强了传热传质;喷嘴射流冲击煤焦颗粒,形成向中心区延伸的椭球形燃烧回旋区,成为BGL煤气化的重要功能单元,实现一次布气,为气化层和熔渣池提供热量;熔渣池中液渣上下回旋流动,有利于降低熔渣残碳,保障顺畅排渣。

高炉鼓风条件对回旋区形态影响的数值模拟研究

针对高炉回旋区难以实验观测,研发了二维欧拉—颗粒多相流动模型,对高炉回旋区形成进行了数值模拟,研究了鼓风速度、鼓风角度对回旋区尺寸和形状的具体影响。研究结果表明,当鼓风速度从150 m/s增至250 m/s时,回旋区气相体积分数及尺寸显著增加,深度和高度分别从0.75 m和1.24 m扩展至1.4 m和2.36 m。另外,鼓风角度的调整在回旋区的水平和深度方向同样起到了关键作用,当鼓风角度从0°调整至-30°时,回旋区高度保持在2 m左右,深度从1.52 m降至1.13 m,特别是较小鼓风角度有利于增加回旋区深度。研究结果为高炉鼓风操作参数优化提供了科学依据,对于提升高炉运行效率和生产能力具有重要的指导价值。

考虑风口回旋区影响的高炉热风分配模拟

以鞍钢新5号高炉为研究对象,对比分析了空喷及考虑风口回旋区这两种工况下高炉热风的周向分配情况.结果表明:当风口参数相同时,空喷与考虑风口回旋区这两种工况下的热风分配规律相同,即在高炉圆周0°,90°,180°和270°方位的风口风量和鼓风动能较大,45°,135°,225°和315°方位的风口风量和鼓风动能较小;空喷和考虑风口回旋区这两种工况下的风量极差分别为3.65 m^(3)/min和7.29 m^(3)/min,标准差分别为1.32和2.71;空喷和考虑风口回旋区这两种工况下的鼓风动能极差分别为9.93 kJ/s和19.90 kJ/s,标准差分别为3.62和7.41;与空喷工况相比,考虑风口回旋区工况下热风和鼓风动能分配的不均匀性更为明显,热风分配结果更准确.

球轴承外圈沟道圆弧轨迹进给ELID磨削工艺参数优化

为了优化球轴承外圈沟道圆弧轨迹进给ELID(Electrolytic In-process dressing)磨削工艺参数,对6206深沟球轴承外圈开展了磨削正交试验。分析了摆动参数和磨削参数对套圈沟道轮廓度和表面粗糙度的影响规律。基于田口方法、灰色关联分析法和主成分分析法,将轮廓度和表面粗糙度转化为灰色关联度指标,对工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明:当摆动幅度为11°、摆动速度为4°/s、砂轮转速为19500 r/min、工件转速为50 r/min时,套圈沟道的轮廓度P_(t)为0.9651μm,表面粗糙度Ra为0.2582μm,磨削综合效果最优。

双圆弧滚珠丝杠的滚道截型误差对摩擦力矩影响分析

针对摩擦力矩过大造成滚珠丝杠副运行过程中柔顺性降低和温升的问题,从其产生机理出发,建立具有滚道截型对称性误差和滚道半径误差的滚珠丝杠三维模型,利用赫兹接触理论基于Adams软件仿真分析了不同滚道截型误差对摩擦力矩的影响。与实测结果相比,滚道半径误差仿真模型产生的摩擦力矩均值与实测均值相对误差在11.41%以内,验证了仿真模型的有效性。通过仿真和试验表明,改变滚道半径能控制摩擦力矩的均值;控制滚道截型对称性误差能降低摩擦力矩波动范围。该结果可为降低滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩、提高柔顺性提供理论参考。

基于CFD-DEM方法的高炉回旋区气固运动行为及形貌特征研究

本文以某3200m3高炉为对象建立等比例三维局部数学模型,采用CFD-DEM耦合算法分析了风口回旋区形成过程中鼓风空气和焦炭颗粒的运动行为,并研究了鼓风量和风口直径对稳态回旋区形貌特征的影响。结果表明,风口回旋区在形成过程中,高速热风与焦炭颗粒进行剧烈的动量交换,随着鼓风冲击深度的增加,气流末端速度减弱,气流向阻力较小的风口上方发展,回旋区空腔结构初步形成。空腔内部空隙率较高,料层阻力较小,回旋区附近气流趋向于沿回旋区边界流动并发展为涡旋状流场,部分焦炭颗粒在回旋区边界做高速运动。此外,提高风口鼓风量和减小风口直径均会显著增加稳态回旋区在高度和深度方向上的尺寸,空腔的截面形状也由圆形逐渐转变为类似羽毛状的椭圆形。

大型高炉回旋区内气-固流动行为研究

以国内某3200 m^(3)高炉鼓风参数为依据,采用计算流体力学-离散单元法(CFD-DEM)耦合的方法,模拟研究了高炉回旋区动态演化过程,分析了焦炭颗粒接触特性及流化状态。结果表明,初始鼓风阶段回旋区高度的增量大于深度的增量,持续鼓风,回旋区尺寸逐渐稳定,焦炭颗粒的低配位数增多,高配位数减少,回旋区边缘焦炭颗粒趋于流态化;同一速度下,随着风口面积增大,回旋区内气体与焦炭颗粒之间的曳力增大,焦炭颗粒接触力减弱,接触概率降低,加剧回旋区内焦炭颗粒流态化程度。

喷吹神东高钙烟煤对高炉回旋区热状态的影响

高炉风口和回旋区的热状态对炉内煤气流的一次分布具有重要影响,进而影响高炉的经济技术指标。为探究喷吹神东高钙烟煤对高炉回旋区热状态的影响,本文通过收集某钢铁企业试烧期间高炉鼓风参数及其他各项操作参数,采用Fluent仿真模拟方法,建立风口回旋区的三维燃烧模型,系统分析不同喷吹条件下温度分布、气体分布、速度分布的变化规律,从而确定在风口复杂条件下喷吹神东高钙烟煤对高炉回旋区热状态的影响。模拟计算结果表明:神东高钙烟煤和ES无烟煤燃烧后产生的还原气体量最多,生产时有利于矿石的还原;向高炉喷吹神东高钙烟煤、HX烟煤、WN烟煤、SG烟煤与ES无烟煤混合煤粉时,燃尽率分别为72.25%、70.11%、68.87%、67.56%,神东高钙烟煤与ES无烟煤混合喷吹时煤粉的燃尽率最高,这是由于神东高钙烟煤和ES无烟煤的CaO质量分数较高,其在风口、回旋区内的燃烧特性最佳;混合喷吹神东高钙烟煤与ES无烟煤时,风口、回旋区内的煤气成分和煤粉燃尽率等方面要强于其他三种情况,适宜向高炉喷吹。

滚珠丝杠滚道法向截面测量系统

为了实现滚珠丝杠滚道法向截面的快速、精确和无损检测,建立基于光学测微计的滚珠丝杠滚道法向截面测量系统。基于滚珠丝杠滚道法向截面测量原理设计了检测装置,对原有滚道法向截面数据处理算法进行优化,提出了角度划分圆弧方法、圆弧数据均匀化方法。对检测装置中传感器安装误差、水平移动平台直线度误差、传感器误差进行分析,并进行误差补偿。最后,通过实验验证检测装置和优化后的算法组成的整个检测系统的精度。实验结果表明:算法优化后检测系统测得的滚道法向截面参数,随着划分圆弧的角度增加最终收敛。算法优化后检测系统测得的圆弧半径和接触角与厂家提供的误差最大值分别为3.6μm和19′31″,相对算法优化前提升率分别为64.36%和53.46%;测得的圆弧半径和接触角标准偏差最大值分别为1.56μm和2′41″,相对算法优化前提升率分别为22.77%和56.67;测得的圆弧半径和接触角的A类不确定度最大值分别为0.63μm和1′6″,相对于算法优化前分别降低56%和70%。滚道法向截面检测系统的精度、重复性和不确定度均满足测量要求。

基于声发射特征参数的航空轴承滚道损伤程度识别方法

针对航空轴承滚道损伤程度难识别的问题,以声发射参数分析为基础,结合时间到达特征指数(TAFI)、能量、计数、撞击数等特征参数以及引入无量纲参数损伤因子,提出了一种基于声发射特征参数的航空轴承滚道损伤识别方法,并搭建了滚动轴承故障模拟试验台进行试验,总结了滚动轴承不同损伤程度下声发射参数的敏感程度与变化规律,并在航空轴承故障模拟试验台进行了航空轴承损伤演化试验验证。时间到达特征指数可初步判断轴承是否有故障,声发射信号的能量、计数、幅值与幅值的撞击数在轴承损伤程度增加时,对轴承滚道损伤更为敏感,损伤因子明显变化,可以对不同损伤程度的航空轴承滚道损伤特征进行有效识别。时间到达特征指数呈现规则条状时,可以初步判断轴承出现故障。轴承损伤程度增加时,能量、计数与撞击数均都有所增加。幅值的撞击数随损伤程度的增加呈现集中趋势,损伤因子数值增大。

氮化硅陶瓷球轴承的沟道波纹度超精工艺调控

轴承沟道波纹度是影响轴承振动特性的最主要因素,为降低氮化硅陶瓷球轴承的振动水平,开展氮化硅套圈沟道波纹度的超精工艺调控研究。使用沟道超精机对氮化硅套圈沟道进行超精加工试验,研究超精工艺参数对沟道波纹度的影响趋势。提出考虑沟道波纹度的轴承振动特性计算模型,并通过振动测试验证计算模型的有效性,同时分析沟道波纹度对轴承振动特性的影响规律。结果表明:在超精加工中沟道波纹度随着工件切线速度的增大先减小后增大,随着摆荡频率的增大先减小后增大,轴承的振动水平随着沟道波纹度的增大逐渐加剧;当油石压力较大时,增大工件切线速度和摆荡频率进行粗超加工,沟道波纹度快速降低;超精加工中,当工件切线速度为700~800 m/min、摆荡频率为800~1000次/分和油石压力为0.2~0.4 N/m^(2)时,沟道表面波纹度≤0.05μm,轴承振动加速度均方根值≤2 m/s^(2),满足轴承振动加速度Z3级要求。