Stall Behaviour in a Mixed-flow Compressor with Axial Slot Casing Treatment

Casing treatment is an effective technique in extending stall margin of axial and centrifugal compressor.However,its impacts on the stall behaviour of mixed-flow compressor are still not completely understood until now.To conquer this issue,unsteady full-annulus simulations were conducted to investigate the stall mechanism of a mixed-flow compressor with and without axial slot casing treatment(ASCT).The circumferential propagating speed of spike inception resolved by the numerical approach is 87.1%of the shaft speed,which is identical to the test data.The numerical results confirmed that the mixed-flow compressor fell into rotating stall via spike-type with and without ASCT.The flow structure of the spike inception was investigated at 50%design rotational speed.Instantaneous static pressure traces extracted upstream of the leading edge had shown a classic spiky wave.Furthermore,it was found that with and without ASCT,the mixed-flow compressor stalled through spike with the characteristic of tip leakage spillage at leading edge and tip leakage backflow from trailing edge,which is different from a fraction of the centrifugal compressor.The resultant phenomenon provides conoborating evidence for that unlike in axial-flow compressor,the addition of ASCT does not change the stall characteristics of the mixed-flow compressor.The flow structure that induced spike inception with ASCT is similar to the case with smooth casing.In the throttling process,tip leakage flow vortex had been involved in the formation of tornado vortices,with one end at the suction side,and the other end at the casing-side.The low-pressure region relevant to the downward spike is caused by leading-edge separation vortex or tornado vortex.The high-pressure region relevant to the upward spike is induced by blockage from the passage vortex.These results not only can provide guidance for the design of casing treatment in mixed-flow compressor,but also can pave the way for the stall waring in the highly-loaded compressors of next-generation aeroengines.

Entropy Generation Analysis in a Mixed-Flow Compressor with Casing Treatment

Casing treatments(CT) can effectively extend compressors flow ranges with the expense of efficiency penalty. Compressor efficiency is closely linked to loss. Only revealing the mechanisms of loss generation can design a CT with high aerodynamic performance. In the paper, a highly-loaded mixed-flow compressor with tip clearance of 0.4 mm was numerically studied at a rotational speed of 30,000 r/min to reveal the effects of axial slot casing treatment(ASCT) on the loss mechanisms in the compressor. The results showed that both isentropic efficiency and stall margin were improved significantly by the ASCT. The local entropy generation method was used to analyze the loss mechanisms and to quantify the loss distributions in the blade passage. Based on the axial distributions of entropy generation rate, for both the cases with and without ASCT, the peak entropy generation rate increased in the rotor domain and decreased in the stator domain during throttling the compressor. The peak entropy generation in rotor was mainly caused by the tip leakage flow and flow separations near the rotor leading edge for the mixed-flow compressor no matter which casing was applied. The radial distributions of entropy generation rate showed that the reduction of loss in the rotor domain from 0.4 span to the rotor casing was the major reason for the efficiency improved by ASCT. The addition of ASCT exerted two opposite effects on the losses generated in the compressor. On the one hand, the intensity of tip leakage flow was weakened by the suction effect of slots, which alleviated the mixing effect between the tip leakage flow and main flow, and thus reduced the flow losses;On the other hand, the extra losses upstream the rotor leading edge were produced due to the shear effect and to the heat transfer. The aforementioned shear effect was caused by the different velocity magnitudes and directions, and the heat transfer was caused by temperature gradient between the injected flow and the incoming flow. For case with smooth casing(SC), 61.61% of the overall loss arose from tip leakage flow and casing boundary layer. When the ASCT was applied, that decreased to 55.34%. The loss generated by tip leakage flow and casing boundary layer decreased 20.54% relatively by ASCT.

Dual stability enhancement mechanisms of axial-slot casing treatment in a high-speed mixed-flow compressor with various tip clearances

The influence of Axial-Slot Casing Treatment(ASCT)on the performance and stability enhancement mechanisms of ASCT were experimentally and numerically investigated in a highspeed mixed-flow compressor under three different tip clearances.Unsteady simulations showed the compressor stalled through end-wall stall route,i.e.the spike stall inception originating from rotor tip region,which was validated by dynamical measurements.When the ASCT was applied,greater than 20%of Stall Margin Improvement(SMI)could be achieved for the compressor under each tip clearance size.The streamwise velocity contours and flow structures in the tip region and axial slots were deeply analyzed to explore how the so called‘‘suction and injection effects"generated by the ASCT manipulate tip clearance flow and enhance the stability of compressor under different tip clearances.It was found that the dominant stability enhancement mechanisms of ASCT varies with tip clearance size for the mixed-flow compressor.(A)For the small tip clearance,the dominant mechanism of stability enhancement is the blockage reduction generated in the blade passage by the suction effect of ASCT.(B)For the large tip clearance,the injection effect of the ASCT is the dominant mechanism of stability enhancement with ASCT,which plays the leading role in delaying the spillage of incoming/tip leakage flow interface at the rotor Leading Edge(LE)plane.

Design and Verification for Dual⁃mode CDFS and High⁃Load Compressor with a Large Flow Regulation Range

This paper presents the design and verification of the dual-mode core driven fan stage(CDFS)and high-load compressor with a large flow regulation range.In view of the characteristics of large flow regulation range of the two modes and high average stage load coefficient,this paper investigates the design technology of the dual-mode high-efficiency compressor with a large flow regulation range and high-load compressor with an average stage load coefficient of 0.504.Building upon this research,the design of the dual-mode CDFS and four-stage compressor is completed,and three-dimensional numerical simulation of the two modes is carried out.Finally,performance experiment is conducted to verify the result of three-dimensional numerical simulation.The experiment results show that the compressor performance is improved for the whole working conditions by using the new design method,which realizes the complete fusion design of the CDFS and high-pressure compressor(HPC).The matching mechanism of stage characteristics of single and double bypass modes and the variation rule of different adjustment angles on performance are studied comprehensively.Furthermore,it effectively reduces the length and weight of compressor,and breaks through the key technologies such as high-load compressor with the average load factor of 0.504.These findings provide valuable data and a methodological foundation for the development of the next generation aeroengine.

Impacts of Using Al_(2)O_(3)Nano Particle to Compressor Oil on Performance of Automobile Air Conditioning System

This work involves an experimental study on the performance of automobile air-conditioning systems by adding Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles to oil compressors to investigate their impacts on the enhancement of the speed cooling of refrigeration systems and to compare it with the system operated using only oil.The Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles have been added to the oil compressor for different ranges ofmass concentration(Ф=0.1%,Ф=0.15%andФ=0.2%).The stability of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles has been tested by direct observation for different time periods.The results indicated that the air conditioning systemthat operated by using Al_(2)O_(3)-oil was better than the system that operated with pure oil.ForФ=0.2%,the results indicated that the cooling speed and the efficiency of the system operated with Al_(2)O_(3)-oil are increased by 13%and 18%,respectively,as compared to the pure oil system.This study shows that the thermos-physical properties of refrigerant oil are enhanced by 15%whenФis increased.

Preparation and property of seal coating for gas turbine compressor

Double-layer structure of seal coating which consisted of a Ni5Al bond coating and a Ni25 graphite top coating were prepared on steel substrate of gas turbine compressor cylinder block.Bond coating was prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying and top coating was prepared by flame spraying.The microstructure,mechanical properties and abradability of the coating were characterized by scanning elec-tron microscope(SEM),hardness tester,universal testing machine,thermal shock testing machine and abradability testing machine.The res-ults show that the overall spraying structure of the seal coating is uniform,the nickel metal phase is the skeleton supporting the entire coat-ing,and the coating is well bonded without separation.The seal coating has a bonding strength of not less than 7.7 MPa,excellent thermal stability,and thermal shock resistance cycle numbers at 500℃more than 50;the scratch length,deepest invasion depth and wear amount of the coating increase with rise of test temperature,with almost no coating adhesion,indicating that the seal coating has excellent abradability.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Micro Tip Injection in a High‑Speed Axial Compressor Rotor

A series of experiments and numerical simulations are carried out in a high-speed axial compressor to systematically investigate the influence and underlying flow mechanisms of micro tip injection on enhancing compressor stability.Different geometric structures of micro tip injection have been investigated,including the axial positions of injector port,injected mass flow rate and injector diameter.First,seven designed micro tip injection structures and one solid wall casing are tested in the compressor test rig to elucidate the influence of different micro tip injection parameters on the compressor stability.Then,numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the underlying flow mechanisms of micro tip injection with different design parameters on enhancing the compressor stability.The experimental and numerical investigation reveal that when the injection port is located upstream of the low-speed region,the compressor stability is significantly enhanced.The tip injection with larger injected mass flow can obtain higher stall margin improvement.Smaller injector diameter produces higher injection momentum and velocity,contributing to greater improvement on the compressor stability.

Study on a High Precision Inter-stage Flow Field Test System for Axial Compressors

The accurate parameters measurement of the flow field between the stages for axial compressors is a significant demand.This paper proposes an axial compressor inter-stage flow field high-precision test system,which mainly consists of a probe motion scanning mechanism,fully automated test control software,and data processing methods.Iterative correction is applied to the original readings obtained from the scanning tests to enhance testing accuracy.Using this test system,detailed tests are conducted on a 1.5-stage subsonic axial compressor under different operating conditions.The test results effectively captured the impact of surface roughness and tip clearance variations on compressor performance.The distribution characteristics of parameters measured in inter-stage sections can characterize the effects of blade wake area and changes in aerodynamic performance at different blade heights.The developed test system can be extended to multi-stage compressors.

Numerical Study of Co-flow Jet Control on Corner Separation in Compressor Cascade

The design objectives of modern aircraft engines include high load capacity,efficiency,and stability.With increasing loads,the phenomenon of corner separation in compressors intensifies,affecting engine performance and stability.Therefore,the adoption of appropriate flow control technology holds significant academic and engineering significance.This study employs the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)method to investigate the effects and mechanisms of active/passive Co-flow Jet(CFJ)control,implemented by introducing full-height and partial height jet slots between the suction surface and end wall of a compressor cascade.The results indicate that passive CFJ control significantly reduces the impact of corner separation at small incidence,with partial-height control further enhancing the effectiveness.The introduction of active CFJ enables separation control at large incidence,improving blade performance under different operating conditions.Active control achieves this by reducing the scale of corner separation vortices,effectively reducing the size of the separation region and enhancing blade performance.

考虑接触间隙的压缩机柔性转子扭振特性研究

往复式压缩机曲轴系扭振会引起烧瓦及轴系断裂等重大问题,为掌握压缩机转子系统扭振响应,提出了一种考虑衬套-销轴碰撞间隙、曲轴-轴承油膜间隙的压缩机柔性转子系统扭振动力学求解方法,为避开曲轴系固有频率提供了一种新的思路及方法。基于多体动力学理论以及Hertz接触理论,求解了含碰撞间隙下曲轴系扭振动力学响应,分析表明,曲轴系第4列曲柄销的扭振幅值最大,扭转角位移幅值为0.051°,动态角速度峰值为156.026 rad/s。基于此,考虑了曲轴-轴承油膜间隙,利用有限差分法及超松弛迭代法计算滑动轴承油膜压力,并通过压力扰动法求解轴承动态特性系数,综合考虑衬套-销轴碰撞间隙和曲轴-轴承油膜间隙对曲轴系动态响应的影响,开展了考虑预应力下的曲轴系模态分析,并对比分析了考虑油膜间隙和不考虑油膜间隙下曲轴系的共振情况。结果表明,考虑油膜间隙后曲轴系第3、8阶固有频率分别降低了44.64%、21.23%,且在同一转速范围带内,考虑综合间隙下曲轴系共振转速点减少,2阶临界转速降低了38.55%,共振的概率增大。

Aerodynamic Design and Analysis of a Low-reaction Axial Compressor Stage

There is introduced a new low-reaction, highly-loaded axial compressor design concept which is coupled with boundary layer suction method. The characteristic features of the concept are made clear through its comparison with the MIT boundary layer suction compressor. Also are pointed out the potential applications of this concept as well as its key technological problems. Based on this concept, a single-stage, low-reaction and low-speed axial compressor is constructed in association with analysis and computation of boundary layer suction on vanes with the aid of a three-dimensional numerical approach. The results attest to the effectiveness of this way to control separation in blade cascades by the boundary layer suction and the feasibility of this proposed design concept.

Flow Field Improvement by Bowed Stator Stages in a Compressor with Different Axial Gaps Under Near Stall Condition

The outlet flow fields of a low-speed repeating-stage compressor with bowed stator stages are measured with five-hole probe under the near stall condition when the rotor/stator axial gap varies. The performances of the straight stator stages are investigated and compared to those of the bowed stator stages. The results show that using bowed stator stages could alleviate the flow separation at both upper and low corners of the suction surface and the endwalls, and decrease the losses along the flow passage as well as the outlet flow angle. As the rotor/stator axial gap decreases, although the diffusion capacity of the compressor increases obviously, the outlet flow field in the straight stator stages deteriorates quickly. By contrast, little changes occur in the bowed stator stages, indicating that as the rotor/stator axial gap decreases, improved performance is achieved in the bowed stator stages.

Numerical Investigation of the Unsteady Flow in a Transonic Compressor with Curved Rotors

The unsteady 3D flow fields in a single-stage transonic compressor under designed conditions are simulated numerically to investigate the effects of the curved rotors on the stage performance and the aerodynamic interaction between the blade rows. The results show that, compared to the compressor with unurved rotors, the compressor under scrutiny acquires remarkable increases in efficiency with significantly reduced amplitudes of the time-dependent fluctuation. The amplitude of the pressure fluctuation around the stator leading edge decreases at both endwalls, but increases at the mid-span in the curved rotors. The pressure fluctuation near the stator leading edge, therefore, becomes more uniform in the radial direction of this compressor. Except for the leading edge area, the pressure fluctuatinn amplitude declines remarkably in the tip region of stator surface downstream of the curved rotor, but hardly changes in the middle and at the hub.

BP神经网络在离心压缩机叶轮优化中的应用

为了提高离心式压缩机叶轮设计效率并降低计算资源消耗,针对遗传算法优化中计算量大、效率低的问题,提出基于改进粒子群优化算法(IPSO)优化BP神经网络的方法。通过少量计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真样本,训练BP神经网络建立效率与叶轮参数的映射关系,结合IPSO优化其参数,同时利用遗传算法(GA)确定叶轮的最佳性能参数。研究表明,改进的IPSO算法通过增强粒子群的动态适应性和全局搜索能力,提高了BP神经网络的预测精度和优化效率。优化后的叶轮等熵效率提高1.34%,多变效率提高1.04%,流量增加10.4%。该方法显著提升了离心式压缩机叶轮的设计效率和性能,为复杂流体机械的优化设计提供了新思路。

NUMERICAL RESEARCH ON IMPACT OF AIR SYSTEM BLEEDING ON COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE

Bled air from the high pressure compressor takes up 3%—5% in the air system.However,there are not many studies on the compressor performance after bleeding.By analyzing the low-speed single-stage compressors,six bleeding structures are presented according to their influence mechanism on the compressor performance,and five kinds of bleeding rate are applied to one of the structures.A numerical simulation is performed to study the influence of bleeding rates and structures on the compressor performance.The results show that for the stators with the large flow separation in the corner,bleeding a small amount of air from the end-wall region can improve the total pressure increase and the stability margin.Moreover there is an optimum value of the bleeding rate in the stator casing.

EFFECT OF AXIAL SPACING ON COMPRESSOR STABILITY

Experimental studies are carried out at a low speed axial compressor with five different rotor/stator gaps. Analysis of the effect of axial spacing of two successive blade rows on the measured mean flow coefficient at stall inception and on the flow range of compressor under multi-cell rotating stall operating conditions proves that the stator can suppress the flow disturbance in the compressor and strengthen the stability of the compressor. Experimental data show that the stall flow coefficient decreases by reducing the axial spacing of successive blade rows. Moreover, by reducing the axial spacing, the stall pattern transition pace from multi-cell stall to single-cell stall can be shifted. And the compressor directly slips into single-cell stall at 21.0% CR axial spacing. By analyzing the pressure fluctuation closed to the surge line, it can be known that there exists an eigenfrequency where the amplitude of the oscillating pressure suddenly and dramatically increases as the compressor runs close to the surge line and this pressure disturbance is relevant to the compressor instability.

OPTIMUM OF PRESSURE RATIOS OF MULTI-STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITH PRACTICAL INTER-COOLING

The optimum pressure ratio distribution of a multistage reciprocating compressor is presented based on the assumption, i.e. the inter stage cooling is perfect and there are no pressure losses. The optimization of the two or three stage pressure ratio is analyzed in two cases of constant heat transfer rate for the inter cooler or constant inter stage inlet temperature, based on the minimum of the sum of theoretical compression power at each stage about a multi stage reciprocating compressor. Furthermore, with an example of two stage compressor the influence on the sum of the power of each stage is analyzed when practical pressure ratio deviates from the optimum value. It is obtained that under different cooling conditions the optimum pressure ratio distribution of the multi stage compression is various, and the change of the optimum pressure ratio within a small range has little influence on the sum of the power each stage. For the two stage compression, this range can be represented as ε 1=(0 96～1 06)ε 1j .

分流叶片非谐对离心压气机叶轮气动噪声特性的影响研究

为探讨非谐设计在分流叶片离心叶轮上的可行性及气动降噪程度,以离心压气机叶轮为研究对象,采用全流道非定常数值模拟和FW-H气动噪声模型,对比分析了4种分流叶片非谐叶轮和原始均匀叶轮的气动噪声特性,通过叶片表面压力脉动频谱特性和湍动能分布揭示了非谐设计对气动噪声的影响机理。结果表明:分流叶片周向角非谐设计在保证气动性能的同时,可以降低离散单音噪声;在采用的对比方案中,叶轮A1降噪效果最为明显,在第1、2和3阶处叶片通过频率的声谱密度分别下降43百分点、44百分点和50百分点,对应的压力脉动幅值分别下降25百分点、25百分点和30百分点,同时宽频噪声水平相比原始均匀叶轮明显增加。

吸力面合成射流对某亚音速轴流压气机转子性能的影响

为了研究吸力面合成射流对亚音速轴流压气机气动性能的影响,以一台高转速亚音速轴流压气机转子为对象开展数值研究。结果表明:受到合成射流激励后,压气机流量裕度减小了1.3%,但峰值效率提升了0.47%;分析内部流场后发现,叶顶泄漏及分离损失、通道损失是该压气机的主要损失来源,在叶片的吸力面布置合成射流激励能够有效减少叶顶泄漏及吸力面分离损失、通道损失和出口损失,而且合成射流的吸气作用相比吹气作用对于减少压气机损失更为有利;受到激励后,压气机通道内的气流径向速度更大且向叶顶聚集,导致叶顶堵塞反而比原型压气机更加严重,使得稳定裕度略有下降。

浅谈框架式压缩机基础的设计

随着技术的发展,离心式压缩机机组的功率越来越大,对机器基础的要求也越来越高,离心式压缩机基础的分析需要进行详细阐述。特别是框架式压缩机基础的设计非常重要,首先其与压缩机的稳定性与安全性有着密切的关系,会直接影响到设备的使用寿命以及性能。其次,合理的设计能够在一定程度上减少振动以及噪声,提升工作环境的舒适度。最后,还有助于提高效能降低能耗。结合工程实例,针对框架式压缩机基础的设计进行了详细的介绍。