Optimization of clay material mixture ratio and filling process in gypsum mine goaf

Because there is neither waste rock nor mill tailings in the gypsum mine, and the buildings on the goaf of gypsum mine are needed to be protected, the research proposed the scheme of the clay filling technology. Gypsum, cement, lime and water glass were used as adhesive, and the strength of different material ratios were investigated in this study. The influence factors of clay strength were obtained in the order of cement, gypsum, water glass and lime. The results show that the cement content is the determinant influence factor, and gypsum has positive effects, while the water glass can enhance both clay strength and the fluidity of the filing slurry. Furthermore, combining chaotic optimization method with neural network, the optimal ratio of composite cementing agent was obtained. The results show that the optimal ratio of water glass, cement, lime and clay (in quality) is 1.17:6.74:4.17:87.92 in the process of bottom self-flow filling, while the optimal ratio is 1.78:9.58:4.71:83.93 for roof-contacted filling. A novel filling process to fill in gypsum mine goaf with clay is established. The engineering practice shows that the filling cost is low, thus, notable economic benefit is achieved.

Influence of the Gas Mixture Ratio on the Correlations Between the Excimer XeCl Emission and the Sealed Gas Temperature in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Lamps

For dielectric barrier discharge lamps filled with various gas mixture ratios, the correlations between the excimer XeCl* emission and the sealed gas temperature have been founded, and a qualitative explication is presented. For gas mixture with chlorine larger than 3%, the emission intensity increases with the sealed gas temperature, while with chlorine about 2%, the emission intensity decreases with the increase in the gas temperature, and could be improved by cooling water. However, if chlorine is less than 1.5%, the discharge appears to be a mixture mode with filaments distributed in a diffused glow-like discharge, and the UV emission is independent on the gas temperature.

Influence of fuel injection position and equivalent mixture ratio on chemical non-equilibrium effects of single expansion ramp nozzle

Chemical non-equilibrium flow was investigated for the scramjet single expansion ramp nozzle(SERN)with a strut-based liquid-kerosene-fueled combustor.Two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes(RANS)equations were solved with the species conservation equation for continuous phase and the renormalization group(RNG)k-εturbulence model.Lagrangian discrete-phase model was analyzed for liquidkerosene droplets behavior in the supersonic stream.Combustion was simulated by kerosene surrogate fuel's10-species and 13-step reduced reaction kinetics mechanism with use of Arrhenius's laminar finite rate model.Parametric studies were carried out to estimate the influence of different fuel injection positions and equivalent mixture ratios on the SERN chemical non-equilibrium effects.Numerical calculation results show that the strutbased combustor enables convenient modeling of various SERN entry conditions,which is similar with many preceding investigations,by changing the injector strut position and controlling the mass flow rate of each injector.Chemical non-equilibrium effects function in the whole SERN,especially in the initial flow expansion region,leads to obviously higher SERN performance of the non-equilibrium flow than that of the frozen flow.Furthermore,the distributed fuel injection pattern plays a significant role in enhancing the combustion efficiency in combustor,but weakening the chemical non-equilibrium effects funciton in SERN.Additionally,while the equivalent mixture ratio increases,the SERN thrust coefficient and lift coefficient rise gradually,and the increment of non-equilibrium flow in relation to frozen flow becomes higher as well.To be specific,the equivalent mixture ratio is 0.6,the maximum increment of thrust coefficient and lift coefficient are 11.6% and 25% respectively.

Applying Improved Electrical Breakdown Model to Study Insulating Property of c-C_4F_8/N_2 Gas Mixture

Perfluorocyclobutane(c-C4F8) has been recently considered as a potential alternative to SF6,because of its high electro-negativity and extremely low environmental effect.However,due to its high boiling point,c-C4F8 should mixed with buffer gases such as N2 or CO2 in order to avoid the liquefaction at low temperature.This paper investigates insulating properties of c-C4F8/N2 gas mixtures from two aspects including electrical strength,and Global Warming Potential(GWP).Moreover,improved electrical breakdown model of gas mixtures is founded.Breakdown temperature and breakdown electrical field in gas mixtures can be obtained from rigorous Townsend criterion expression according to gas mixtures ratio and cross section data of gas mixtures in this model.Under the condition of different gas pressure(0.1~0.4 MPa),gas mixtures ratio(0～30%),and electrode gap(2~10 mm),breakdown voltages of gas mixtures are calculated by using of this model.Insulation strength of SF6/N2 mixed gas is compared with c-C4F8/N2 mixed gas in the same conditions.Research results show that theoretical computation corresponds with experiment.If the content of c-C4F8 or SF6 in mixtures is less than 30%,insulation strength between c-C4F8/N2 and SF6/N2 is very close.Considering two indexes(breakdown voltage,GWP),it is suitable for c-C4F8 content being 15%～20% in c-C4F8/N2 gas

Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Air Voids on the Anisotropy of Asphalt Mixtures

The aim of this study is to investigate the asphalt mixture anisotropy of both the modulus and Poisson＇s ratio due to air voids using a discrete element modeling simulation method. Three three-dimensional cubic digital samples of asphalt mixture with different shapes of single air void were built using discrete element software PFC^（3D）. The aggregate gradation, air voids and mastic included in the digital samples were modeled using different contact models, with due consideration of the volumetric fractions of the different phases. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted to obtain material input parameters for numerical modeling. Simulation of the uniaxial cyclic compressive tests was performed on the three cubic samples loaded in three different directions. Dynamic modulus in three directions and Poisson＇s ratio in six directions were calculated from the compression stress-strain responses. Results show that both the modulus and Poisson＇s ratio are dependent on the preferential orientation of air voids. The anisotropy of the modulus and Poisson＇s ratio increases as the pressure loading on the asphalt mixture increases. Compared to the modulus, Poisson＇s ratio due to air voids has been shown to be more anisotropic. The maximum of Poisson＇s ratio and modulus is shown to be up to 80% and 11% higher than the minimum, respectively.

液氧煤油发动机混合比调整技术研究

The LM-5B carrier rocket’s first stage is equipped with eight 120 t.thrust high-pressure staged combustion LOX/kerosene engines(YF-100).The YF-100 engine features a throttle valve in the main fuel path,which allows the adjustment of the throttle area,thereby controlling the engine’s mixture ratio.Engine parameters for the throttle valve were determined based on design conditions(mixture ratio of 2.6),and the engine was then tested for ignition.After testing,if the mixture ratio was found not to meet the overall requirements of the rocket,the throttle area could be adjusted prior to subsequent ignition or installation in the whole system,enabling a secondary adjustment of the mixture ratio.This paper outlines the methodology for static parameter calculations of the engine and the analysis of internal and external interference factors,and presents a scheme for the secondary adjustment of the engine’s mixture ratio and examines the precision of this secondary adjustment.The mixture ratio adjustment technology can notably reduce the dispersion range of mixture ratios for YF-100 engines.Moreover,the influence of mixture ratio adjustment on engine performance parameters was obtained.The approach of mixture ratio adjustment proposed in this paper lays the technical foundation for the precise adjustment of mixture ratio for future heavy-lift rocket engines.

Packaging category and its influencing factors of potassium nitrate

To understand the combustion characteristics of potassium nitrate and evaluate the magnitude of combustion risk, ox-idation solid test apparatus is used and the updated experimental criterion of the United Nations is adopted to measure the pack-aging category of potassium nitrate. The new criterion puts calcium peroxide and microcrystalline cellulose as references and burning rate as evaluation index. Effects of mixing ratio and insert medium on burning rate are reached. Test results show that pure potassium nitrate doesn＇t burn under normal temperature and pressure, however, its oxidation is very strong and the packaging category should choose the class I. As the mass fraction of potassium nitrate reduces, the burning rate first increases and then decreases. When the ratio is 2 ： 1,the combustion rate reaches the maximum, and the effect of combustion is the best. When 1 ： 3, the combustion rate is the minimum. The mixture combustion can be suppressed by silicon dioxide and hy-drogen phosphate, which is not fired when silica concentration is 40% or ammonium hydrogen potassium phosphate is 55%, their effects are very obvious.

Hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidization of a homogeneous ternary mixture in a conical bed:Prediction of bed expansion and bed fluctuation ratios

Hydrodynamic characteristics of fluidization in a conical or tapered bed differ from those in a columnar bed because the superficial velocity in the bed varies in the axial direction. Fixed and fluidized regions could coexist and sharp variations in pressure drop could occur, thereby giving rise to a noticeable pressure drop-flow rate hysteresis loop under incipient fluidization conditions. To explore these unique properties, several experiments were carried out using homogeneous, well-mixed, ternary mixtures with three dif- ferent particle sizes at varying composition in gas-solid conical fluidized beds with varying cone angles. The hydrodynamic characteristics determined include the minimum fluidization velocity, bed fluctuation, and bed expansion ratios. The dependence of these quantities on average particle diameter, mass fraction of the fines in the mixture, initial static bed height, and cone angle is discussed. Based on dimensional analysis and factorial design, correlations are developed using the system parameters, i.e. geometry of the bed （cone angle）, particle diameter, initial static bed height, density of the solid, and superficial velocity of the fluidizing medium. Experimental values of minimum fluidization velocity, bed fluctuation, and bed expansion ratios were found to agree well with the developed correlations.

Uniform design ray in the assessment of combined toxicities of multi-component mixtures

Multi-component mixture(MCM) is a complicated chemical system that contains a great deal of mixture rays with various mixture ratios, and each ray includes many mixtures with different concentration levels.Currently, in combined toxicity field, almost all studies on MCM focus on the mixtures designed by the equivalenteffect concentration ratio(EECR) procedure. However, the EECR mixtures cannot represent the whole mixture system because the EECR mixtures are located on one mixture ray in concentration space formed by multiple components. In our view, some optimal experimental design such as the uniform design(UD) should be used to effectively select many representative mixture rays from the MCM system,instead of single EECR ray. The uniform design ray(UDray) integrating UD idea with fixed-ratio ray design can systematically and comprehensively measure the combined toxicity changes in the MCM system. This review introduces the operation method, construction of uniform table and corresponding usable table, and some cases of application of the UD-ray to help readers easily use UD-ray in their MCM toxicity assessment.

Experimental study on the 3D vibrated packing densification of binary sphere mixtures

The packing densification of binary spherical mixtures under 3D mechanical vibration was studied experimentally. The influences of vibration frequency （ω）, volume fraction of large spheres （XL）, sphere size ratio （r, diameter ratio of small to large spheres）, and container size （D） on the random binary packing density （p） were systematically analyzed. For any given set of conditions, there exist optimal ω and XL to realize the densest random binary packing; too large or small ω and XL is not helpful for densification. The influences of both r and D on p are monotonic; either reducing r or increasing D leads to a high value of p. With all other parameters held constant, the densest random packing occurs when XL is dominant, which is in good agreement with the Furnas relation. Moreover, the highest random binary packing density obtained in our work agrees well with corresponding numerical and analytical results in the literature.

IR radiation characteristics of rocket exhaust plumes under varying motor operating conditions

The infrared（IR） irradiance signature from rocket motor exhaust plumes is closely related to motor type,propellant composition,burn time,rocket geometry,chamber parameters and flight conditions.In this paper,an infrared signature analysis tool（IRSAT） was developed to understand the spectral characteristics of exhaust plumes in detail.Through a finite volume technique,flow field properties were obtained through the solution of axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations with the Reynolds-averaged approach.A refined 13-species,30-reaction chemistry scheme was used for combustion effects and a k-e-Rtturbulence model for entrainment effects.Using flowfield properties as input data,the spectrum was integrated with a line of sight（LOS） method based on a single line group（SLG） model with Curtis-Godson approximation.The model correctly predicted spectral distribution in the wavelengths of 1.50–5.50 lm and had good agreement for its location with imaging spectrometer data.The IRSAT was then applied to discuss the effects of three operating conditions on IR signatures：（a） afterburning;（b） chamber pressure from ignition to cutoff;and（c） minor changes in the ratio of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene（HTPB） binder to ammonium perchlorate（AP） oxidizer in propellant.Results show that afterburning effects can increase the size and shape of radiance images with enhancement of radiation intensity up to 40%.Also,the total IR irradiance in different bands can be characterized by a non-dimensional chamber pressure trace in which the maximum discrepancy is less than 13% during ignition and engine cutoff.An increase of chamber pressure can lead to more distinct diamonds,whose distance intervals are extended,and the position of the first diamond moving backwards.In addition,an increase in HTPB/AP causes a significant jump in spectral intensity.The incremental rates of radiance intensity integrated in each band are linear with the increase of HTPB,and the growth rates of radiance intensities in some bands reach up to 50% as HTPB weight increases by 3%.