Mnemonic Systems in Interpretation

Interpretation is an interdisciplinary subject involving cognitive linguistics,psycholinguistics and linguistics.Gile's Effort Models for interpreters and translators training emphasize the essential significance of memory.Short-term memory and long-term memory function differently.From the implication of this information processing,the paper discusses how to use memory strategies effectively in interpretation.

AvoidPwd: A Mnemonic Password Generation Strategy Based on Keyboard Transformation

Identity authentication is the first line of defense for network security.Passwords have been the most widely used authentication method in recent years.Although there are security risks in passwords,they will be the primary method in the future due to their simplicity and low cost.Considering the security and usability of passwords,we propose AvoidPwd,which is a novel mnemonic password generation strategy that is based on keyboard transformation.AvoidPwd helps users customize a“route”to bypass an“obstacle”and choose the characters on the“route”as the final password.The“obstacle”is a certain word using any language and the keys adjacent to the“obstacle”are typed with the“Shift”key.A two-part experiment was conducted to examine the memorability and security of the AvoidPwd strategy with other three password strategies and three leaked password sets.The results showed that the passwords generated by the AvoidPwd strategy were more secure than the other leaked password sets.Meanwhile,AvoidPwd outperformed the KbCg,SpIns,and Alphapwd in balancing security and usability.In addition,there are more symbols in the character distribution of AvoidPwd than the other strategies.AvoidPwd is hopeful to solve the security problem that people are difficult to remember symbols and they tend to input letters and digits when creating passwords.

When Pupils Go to Theatre:The Activation of Memory and the Mnemonic Depiction

Going to theatre,may be a unique experience for schoolchildren,which is indelibly etched in their memory.The Primary School pupil-spectator comes in touch with the theatre principles and is initiated in its world.S/he experiences its ritual and cohesively structured character within the frame of the collectivity that is required and with the particularity of the formation of the psychic mechanism and social conscience in this specific phase of the development of his/her personality,as well as the influence of a number of some other differentiating factors,thus leading to the establishment of a very special relation and interaction between the stage and the audience.S/he also focuses on the elements of the performance that attract his/her interest,are closer to his/her mentality,and challenge his/her attention and emotional stimulation.In this way,the mnemonic recording is activated.The theatre performance consists of a very rich environment for mnemonic traces because of its wealth of codes,their multiple combinations,and variety of functions.The actors’speech,the intense content of ideas and principles in combination with the challenging audio-visual stimuli of the secondary codes of the performance,the plot dynamics,and the director’s techniques and practices,are elements that may initiate mnemonic recording.It is important on the other hand that the school invests in cultural activities such as the attendance of a theatre performance and includes them in the school curriculum.The teacher,as the best advocate of cultural education,the active mediator and coordinator of this visit,undertakes a large part of the responsibility for its successful and indelible mnemonic recording—from the difficult part of the selection of a performance to the care of the suitable conditions for the reception of the spectacle—thus creating the appropriate frame for the pupils to experience the acting event as a means of interaction,play,learning,communication and above all of the activation of the old and the creation of new memories.Therefore,the research interest of the present study focuses on the analysis of all the elements mentioned above,with the aim to examine and analyze the specific factors that influence the mnemonic recordings of the school audience.

记忆辨别力受老化影响的认知神经机制及其应用

记忆辨别力是对相似的记忆经验进行准确辨别的能力,其依赖于名为模式分离的神经计算机制,在人类被试中,通常使用记忆相似性任务对其进行测量与研究。在老化过程中,老年人的记忆辨别力会出现十分明显的衰退,这种衰退与海马、内嗅皮层等内侧颞叶脑区的结构和功能衰退以及其他新皮层结构和功能老化关系密切。由于记忆辨别力高度依赖于内侧颞叶的结构和功能完整性,因此,它能够反映出认知障碍发展早期的异常脑结构和功能变化,使得记忆相似性任务具备了应用于认知障碍早期识别的巨大潜力。未来研究需要采用更精细的成像技术单独考察海马齿状回和CA3亚区在记忆辨别中的作用及其老化的影响,并更多关注前额叶等新皮层结构老化影响记忆辨别力的神经机制,同时也需要建立大样本前瞻队列来验证记忆相似性任务在认知障碍早期识别中的有效性。

基于高校图书馆网站的虚拟语言景观研究

语言景观研究边界延伸至数字空间的虚拟语言景观。该文以国内“985”高校图书馆网站为研究对象,基于SPEAKING模型,从背景、参与者、目的、行为序列、基调、媒介、规约、体裁八个视角展开分析。研究发现,高校图书馆网站的虚拟语言景观整体具有实时性、经济性、互动性等特点,语言景观标记自上而下和自下而上相结合,具备服务、信息、交流三大功能。网站界面布局形式共性与个性相互转化,使用学校标志性符号凸显认同感。语言形式口语化、生动化,拉近与受众距离。网站设计上遵守交际规约,适当包含理解规约。本研究尝试扩展语言景观的研究边界,进一步丰富虚拟语言景观研究场域。

Grasping Heaven and Earth(Qian Kun Zai Wo):The Body-as-Technology in Classical Chinese Medicine

Shifting focus from the patient’s body to the healer’s body,this essay focuses on how Chinese physicians instrumentalized their bodies to heal(ie,body-as-technology)and their hands to think with(ie,hand-memory techniques or simply,hand mnemonics).When physicians used their hands to memorize concepts related to clinical practice,calculate with time variables,and carry out ritual gestures intended to reduce risk,improve fortune,and even cure,their hands became extensions of their minds.This essay has three parts that follow the discovery process of the author’s research on hand-memory techniques found in Chinese medical texts.The first part“Divination and Revelation”explains the significance of how the author first learned about Chinese divination practices that used hand mnemonics.The second part“Original Frame”introduces the scholarship on arts of memory in Europe that informed interpretations of the earliest hand mnemonics found in Chinese medical texts.The third part“Expanded Frame”deploys some concepts from cognitive science to help situate Chinese medical hand mnemonics more broadly as an example of extended cognition.The essay concludes with an important distinction:sometimes Chinese healers’hands were used separately from their bodies to think through things and sometimes hand and body had to be integrated in order for the healer’s body-as-technology to act as a therapeutically effective instrument.

奖赏预测误差对时间顺序记忆和来源记忆的影响

先前研究表明,事件边界会增强边界处来源记忆、削弱跨边界的时间顺序记忆,但对于两者之间是否存在一种权衡关系,以及内在的、具有社会性意义的变化作为事件边界是如何影响记忆的,尚鲜有研究。本研究以奖赏预测误差(reward prediction errors,RPE)作为事件边界,通过两个行为实验和一个ERP实验,探讨RPE事件边界对时间顺序记忆和来源记忆的影响。结果发现,RPE事件边界增强了边界处信息的来源记忆,高RPE事件边界引发了记忆权衡效应;相对于事件内/非边界条件,跨事件/边界条件记忆的正确提取诱发出更大的N400波幅,时间顺序记忆的激活主要集中在头皮中前部,来源记忆的激活主要集中在头皮中后部。本研究表明,事件边界的切分强度是影响记忆权衡效应的重要因素,N400成分可能是反映事件边界对情景记忆的整合与切分的重要指标。

奖赏预测误差对记忆辨别的影响:行为及眼动的证据

记忆辨别反映了个体对所经历事件能够形成独特的记忆表征并正确拒斥相似诱饵的能力,是情景记忆最重要的特征之一。研究采用奖赏条件学习范式和记忆相似任务考察奖赏预测误差对记忆辨别的影响。结果显示奖赏预测误差的绝对值越大,记忆辨别值越高;在诱饵击中项目中,高奖赏预测误差绝对值条件下的瞳孔扩张值(pupil dilation,PD)显著高于低绝对值条件;而在诱饵虚报项目中,两者无显著差异;瞳孔扩张值是记忆辨别的正向预测因子。综上,不带符号的奖赏预测误差能够引发个体的意外反应、提高其情绪唤醒水平(瞳孔扩张)、促进个体对细节信息的加工、提高记忆辨别。

光影记忆术与治愈系影像——《芳华》与《只有芸知道》中的温情叙事逻辑

影像是一种现代光影记忆术,它召唤回逝去的时光留影,也承载着温润心灵的艺术效果。怀旧影像是诸多个体持留印象的投映,透过《芳华》和《只有芸知道》两部影片前承后续的影像叙事逻辑,观众可以看到碎片化记忆在光影中所唤醒的时代青春印象和情感印痕。回归真诚的生活叙事、展示自然情感的流淌、呈现碎片化生存记忆,成为后现代文化语境中记忆离散与聚合的呈现方式。重拾个体记忆,表达现代温情,也成为新时代影像中叩问心灵、创造精品的一个重要路径。

非英语专业学生词汇记忆策略训练研究

本研究旨在探索词汇记忆策略训练对中国英语学习者词汇学习的效果,探索适合于学生的有效词汇记忆训练模式。研究以非英语专业一年级本科生为实验对象,其中实验1班只进行同化策略、分类组织策略、拼读策略三种词汇记忆策略的专门训练;实验2班除进行这三种记忆策略的专门训练外,还将训练内容渗透于英语日常教学中;实验3班在实验2班训练内容的基础上,又增加词汇记忆元认知意识的培养训练。对照班被试按常规进行词汇学习。实验结果表明,词汇记忆策略训练有助于非英语专业本科生词汇水平、词汇记忆技能的提高,并能在一定程度上提高其英语学习兴趣,改善词汇学习观念,促进词汇元认知策略、认知策略意识的提高。研究还表明词汇记忆策略训练辅以词汇元认知策略训练的效果相对更为明显。

基于微粒群算法的采煤机记忆截割路径优化

为了解决采煤机记忆截割过程中的路径优化问题,提出了基于环形微粒群算法的采煤机截割路径优化方法,研究了基于环形邻域微粒群算法的采煤机记忆截割策略。当煤层地质条件发生变化时,初始的记忆截割轨迹会产生偏差,借助环形微粒群优化算法快速收敛和全局寻优特性实现采煤机的截割路径优化。试验结果表明:该算法可快速有效地实现复杂地质环境下采煤机的路径优化,优化路径平稳可靠,利于采煤机的记忆截割和自动控制。

一种求解数据校正问题的基于经验增强的方法

基于机理模型的数据校正问题中,过程系统比较复杂时就要面临求解大规模非线性规划问题。如果直接求解,由于方程维数大且为非线性,问题自由度大,因此求解难度较高,容易导致求解收敛失败。数据校正问题的特点是当测量变量的测量值发生变化时对同一过程对象模型重复地进行求解计算。基于此特点,今提出了一种基于经验增强的求解方法。此方法通过合理地利用以前求解的经验,以达到提高收敛性的效果。设计了此方法的框架及其具体实现步骤,并应用脱丙烷塔和脱丁烷塔的联塔系统与乙烯分离系统进行测试,结果显示相比于传统求解方法,此方法具有很好的收敛性。

运用关键字母法记忆外文词汇的实验研究

本实验以大学生为被试 ,以西班牙文单词为实验材料 ,采用实验室实验法 ,在此前研究的基础上 ,进一步探讨了关键字母法对于外文词汇记忆作用的普遍性问题。研究结果表明 :标准关键字母法对于西班牙文具体名词和抽象名词的记忆都有极大的促进作用。文章最后讨论了关键字母法对于外文词汇记忆作用的普遍性和关键字母法的作用机制。

关键字母法对中国学习不良儿童英语词汇记忆的作用(英文)

关键字母法是将西方世界著名的关键词方法的原理同汉字特点相结合的产物。以 39名普通初一学生为控制组 ,以 2 1名学习不良的小学五年级学生为实验组 ,以 6 4个罕见的英文单词作为记忆测验材料 ,考察了关键字母法对于中国儿童英语词汇记忆的作用。该研究最重要的结果是 ,在关键字母法干预实验前 ,作为实验组的小学五年级被试的英语词汇记忆成绩显著地低于作为控制组的初一学生的记忆成绩 ,然而 ,在关键字母法干预实验后 。

HELPERR法处理肩难产对母婴结局的影响

目的:探讨HELPERR法处理肩难产对母婴结局的影响。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,将采用HELPERR法处理的肩难产病例21例设为研究组,将用传统方法处理的肩难产17例设为对照组,比较两组新生儿窒息、臂丛神经损伤、锁骨骨折、颅内出血及新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病的发生率,产妇会阴伤口延裂、会阴III度裂伤的发生率及产后出血等情况,并进行统计对比分析。结果:研究组新生儿轻度窒息发生率14.28%(3/21);对照组新生儿轻度窒息发生率47.0%(8/17),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组新生儿重度窒息、新生儿臂丛神经损伤、锁骨骨折、新生儿颅内出血及新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病及产后出血、会阴Ⅲ度裂伤发生率均为0%(0/21);对照组分别为5.88%(1/17)、9.52%(2/17)、5.88%(1/17)、5.88%(1/17)、5.88%(1/17)、9.52%(2/17)、11.76%(2/17),两组比较虽差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但研究组母婴并发症明显低于对照组。结论:HELPERR法处理肩难产显著降低母婴并发症的发生,值得临床推广,每位产科医生及助产士必需熟练掌握HELPERR法。

形状记忆环抱接骨板治疗多发性肋骨骨折的临床评价

目的:评价形状记忆环抱接骨板治疗多发性肋骨骨折的临床效果。方法:利用形状记忆环抱接骨板内固定治疗多发性肋骨骨折11例,观查术后近期效果。结果:11例术后胸廓形状恢复正常,反常呼吸消失,呼吸困难显著改善;肋骨骨折均达到解剖复位,术后1月复查胸片,无1例肋骨骨折错位,亦未发现1例环抱接骨板松动移位。结论:形状记忆环抱接骨板治疗多发性肋骨骨折简单易行,临床效果好,是处理胸壁软化的一种行之有效的好方法。

黄粉虫油脂对小鼠体重及学习记忆能力的影响

为了探讨黄粉虫油脂对KM小鼠体重与学习记忆能力的影响,采用电子天平及Morris水迷宫法测试灌胃不同剂量该油脂（0.0095、0.019、0.029m L/（g·d））30d小鼠体重与学习记忆的增效情况。结果显示,灌胃黄粉虫油脂后,小鼠体重增长显著低于对照,且中剂量组增重最少（p〈0.01）;Morris水迷宫实验中,灌胃不同剂量黄粉虫油脂后小鼠的潜伏期比对照缩短10.1%~53.2%,而反应次数多2.7%~64.3%,且中剂量组在潜伏期和反应次数上与对照组有显著的差异（p〈0.05）。表明黄粉虫油脂具有抑制小鼠增重和提高小鼠学习记忆能力的功效,且影响程度与其剂量有关,中剂量（0.019m L/（g·d））为较适剂量。因此,黄粉虫油脂对KM小鼠增重及学习记忆能力的研究,为进一步开发和利用黄粉虫提供了理论依据。

基于记忆机制的动态交通路径优化算法

在对经典路径优化算法性能进行分析的基础上,指出了现有路径优化算法在大规模路网条件下实时性差的问题.通过比较道路交通网络路径优化和机器人寻路过程的异同点,基于智能机器人寻路的D^＊ Lite算法和记忆规则,提出一种新的道路网络动态路径优化算法,并对其性能进行了测试和对比分析.结果表明,该方法在保证路径优化结果相近的情况下可以减少优化计算时间26%～50%.

运用关键字母法记忆英文词汇的实验研究

本研究以大学生为被试 ,以英文单词为实验材料 ,采用实验室实验法 ,进一步探讨了关键字母法在英文单词记忆中对汉英线索提取的作用。结果表明 :在单词的汉英线索提取中 ,关键字母法对于整个单词的提取有一定作用 ,对于单词关键字母部分的提取有极大的作用。

《西国记法》及其历史命运

利玛窦的《西国记法》是最早一部以汉文撰写的记忆术论著,也是20世纪以前惟一用汉文撰写的记忆术论著。长期以来,我国学术界对此书一直没有给予足够的重视,西方学术界却向来对此书给予了充分的关注。