Analysis of reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks in Markov models

Mobile ad hoc networks （MANETs） have become a hot issue in the area of wireless networks for their non-infrastructure and mobile features. In this paper, a MANET is modeled so that the length of each link in the network is considered as a birthdeath process and the space is reused for n times in the flooding process, which is named as an n-spatiai reuse birth-death model （n-SRBDM）. We analyze the performance of the network under the dynamic source routing protocol （DSR） which is a famous reactive routing protocol. Some performance parameters of the route discovery are studied such as the probability distribution and the expectation of the flooding distance, the probability that a route is discovered by a query packet with a hop limit, the probability that a request packet finds a τ-time-valid route or a symmetric-valid route, and the average time needed to discover a valid route. For the route maintenance, some parameters are introduced and studied such as the average frequency of route recovery and the average time of a route to be valid. We compare the two models with spatial reuse and without spatial reuse by evaluating these parameters. It is shown that the spatial reuse model is much more effective in routing.

Performance analysis in 3G/ad hoc integrated network

An analytical approach to evaluate the performance of the 3G/ad hoc integrated network is presented. A channel model capturing both path loss and shadowing is applied to the analysis so as to characterize power falloff vs. distance. The 3G/ad hoc integrated network scenario model is introduced briefly. Based on this model, several performances of the 3G/ ad hoc integrated network in terms of outage probability, call dropping probability and new call blocking probability are evaluated. The corresponding performance formulae are deduced in accordance with the analytical models. Meanwhile, the formula of the 3G/ad hoc integrated network capacity is deduced on the basis of the formula of the outage probability. It is observed from extensive simulation and numerical analysis that the 3G/ad hoc integrated network remarkably outperforms the 3G network with regards to the network performance. This derived evaluation approach can be applied into planning and optimization of the 3G/ad hoc network.

An Empirical Examination of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organizing, temporary, infrastructure-free, multi-hop, dynamic topology wireless network that contains collection of cooperative autonomous freely roaming mobile nodes. The nodes communicate with each other by wireless radio links with no human intervention. Each mobile node functions as a specialized router to forward information to other mobile nodes. In order to provide efficient end-to-end communication with the network of nodes, a routing protocol is used to discover the optimal routes between the nodes. The routing protocols meant for wired networks can not be used for mobile ad hoc networks because of the mobility of nodes. Routing in ad hoc networks is nontrivial due to highly dynamic nature of the nodes. Various routing protocols have been proposed and widely evaluated for efficient routing of packets. This research paper presents an overview on classification of wide range of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc wireless networks proposed in the literature and shows the performance evaluation of the routing protocols: DSDV, AODV, FSR, LAR, OLSR, STAR and ZRP using the network simulator QualNet 4.0 to determine which protocols may perform best in large networks. To judge the merit of a routing protocol, one needs performance metrics (throughput, end-to-end delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead) with which to measure its suitability and performance. Our simulation experiments show that the LAR protocol achieve relatively good performance compared to other routing protocols.

An energy-degree evaluation metric for clustering purposes in mobile ad hoc networks

Network clustering is the process of partitioning a network into a number of virtual entities mastered by certain nodes,called cluster centers that are responsible for collecting and maintaining topology information and managing the routing processes.In ad hoc networking,clustering has been introduced to deal with the dynamic topology by providing a temporarily stable network core.Clustering process mainly depends on the metric upon which the selection of cluster centers is performed.A wide range of clustering metrics were introduced in the literature based on network issues including mobility and connectivity degree,giving rise to a variety of clustering schemes.Although clustering provides energy consumption reduction,residual energy has not received enough attention and few studies have addressed the clustering on the basis of this feature.This paper discusses the current clustering metrics and proposes an energy-degree evaluation metric with mobility consideration taking into account the nodes residual energy and the network connectivity as two main keys of clustering.

CROSS LAYER COORDINATED ENERGY SAVING STRATEGY IN MANET

Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) consists of a set of mobile hosts which can operate independently without infrastructure base stations. Energy saving is a critical issue for MANET since most mobile hosts will operate on battery powers. A cross layer coordinated framework for energy saving is proposed in this letter. On-demand power management, physical layer and medium access control layer dialogue based multi-packet reception, mobile agent based topology discovery and topology control based transmit power-aware and battery power-aware dynamic source routing are some of new ideas in this framework.

A fuzzy trust-based routing model for mitigating the misbehaving nodes in mobile ad hoc networks

Purpose–Security is one of the major challenges in the design and implementation of protocols for mobile ad hoc networks(MANETs).In such systems,the cooperation between nodes is one of the important principles being followed in the current research works to formulate various security protocols.Many existing works assume that mobile nodes will follow prescribed protocols without deviation.However,this is not always the case,because these networks are subjected to a variety of malicious attacks.Since there are various models of attack,trust routing scheme can guarantee security and trust of the network.The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel trusted routing model for mitigating attacks in MANETs.Design/methodology/approach–The proposed model incorporates the concept of trust into the MANETs and applies grey relational analysis theory combined with fuzzy sets to calculate a node’s trust level based on observations from neighbour nodes’trust level,these trust levels are then used in the routing decision-making process.Findings–In order to prove the applicability of the proposed solution,extensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model,aiming at improving the network interaction quality,malicious node mitigation and enhancements of the system’s security.Originality/value–The proposed solution in this paper is a new approach combining the fundamental basics of fuzzy sets with the grey theory,where establishment of trust relationships among participating nodes is critical in order to enable collaborative optimisation of system metrics.Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is useful for reducing the effects of malicious nodes and for the enhancements of system’s security.

An SPN analysis method for parallel scheduling in Ad Hoc networks

In this paper, a new analytic method for modeling and evaluating mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is proposed. Petri nets technique is introduced into MANET and a packet-flow parallel scheduling scheme is presented using Stochastic Petri Nets (SPN). The flowing of tokens is used in graphics mode to characterize dynamical features of sharing a single wireless channel. Through SPN reachability analysis and isomorphic continuous time Markov process equations, some network parameters, such as channel efficiency, one-hop transmission delay etc., can be obtained. Compared with conventional performance evaluation methods, the above parameters are mathematical expressions instead of test results from a simulator.

Network Coding and Quality of Service for Mobile <i>Ad Hoc</i>Networks

Network Coding is a relatively new forwarding paradigm where intermediate nodes perform a store, code, and forward operation on incoming packets. Traditional forwarding approaches, which employed a store and forward operation, have not been able to approach the limit of the max-flow min-cut throughput wherein sources transmitting information over bottleneck links have to compete for access to these links. With Network Coding, multiple sources are now able to transmit packets over bottleneck links simultaneously, achieving the max-flow min-cut through-put and increasing network capacity. While the majority of the contemporary literature has focused on the performance of Network Coding from a capacity perspective, the aim of this research has taken a new direction focusing on two Quality of Service metrics, e.g., Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Latency, in conjunction with Network Coding protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Simulations are performed on static and mobile environments to determine a Quality of Service baseline comparison between Network Coding protocols and traditional ad hoc routing protocols. The results show that the Random Linear Network Coding protocol has the lowest Latency and Dynamic Source Routing protocol has the highest PDR in the static scenarios, and show that the Random Linear Network Coding protocol has the best cumulative performance for both PDR and Latency in the mobile scenarios.

一种均衡流量的Mobile Ad Hoc网络能量路由选择方法

由于Ad hoc网络是能量受限网络,因此如何提高Ad hoc网络的能量效率问题非常重要.该文提出了一种新的路由选择度量,该度量把节点链路层的拥塞度与节点当前剩余能量综合在一起考虑,使得网络中能量消耗和网络负荷能更加均匀地分布,提高了网络的连通性,增加了网络的吞吐量.仿真结果表明,该度量对于不同规模的网络,其吞吐量均有不同程度的提高.

一种应用于AdHoc无线局域网的随机接入协议

本文分析了应用于AdHoc无线局域网的BSAC(BufferedSlottedALOHACDMA)随机接入协议 ,并且首次提出了采用Markov(马尔可夫 )链方法的分析模型 .此模型应用两个Markov链模型 ,一个表示节点中的M/M/ 1/k排队模型 ,另一个表示网络中活动节点数量 .两个Markov链模型通过节点空闲概率相互联系 .在此模型基础上 ,本文详细分析了扩频增益、队列长度与最大允许重传次数等输入参数对网络吞吐量、平均延迟与丢包概率等性能尺度的影响 ,推导得出了BSAC协议的吞吐量极限 .另外 ,本文还引入多数据包接收技术 -延迟捕获技术 ,该项技术可以有效降低数据包冲突概率 ,相对于没有采用延迟捕获技术的BSAC协议 ,平均提高吞吐量 2 9.1% ,最大吞吐量提高 2 0 .8% ,使网络性能接近于理论极限 .

Ad Hoc网络和无线传感器网络中连通支配集的分布式构造(英文)

Ad hoc网络和无线传感器网络具有广泛的应用,但对于这样自组性的网络须采用分层结构的聚簇来有效管理.通过选择具有支配属性的节点构成虚拟主干以支持路由、广播及覆盖等应用.大部分的研究都集中在高效选择较小的连通支配集.全面阐述了连通支配集构造的研究进展,并依据不同的网络假设、设计目标和性能对超过20种连通支配集的构造算法进行分类和总结.指出这一领域的研究方向.

基于蚁群优化的AdHoc网络生存时间和其他网络性能平衡路由协议

本文提出了基于蚁群优化(ACO)算法的Ad Hoc网络生存时间和其他网络性能平衡路由协议(ABEAR)。协议按需发送人工蚂蚁进行路由发现,综合节点残留的信息素浓度、下一跳节点剩余能量、节点周围链路质量和拥塞情况选择下一跳节点来转发数据包,尽量避开信道使用频率较高的路径,减少了因信道冲突、数据包丢失和数据包重传所造成的能量损失,还缩短了网络传输时延,提高了网络吞吐量。协议还采用跨层机制根据MAC层通信活动情况,在保证网络连通性的前提下使部分空闲节点转入睡眠状态来节省能量消耗。仿真表明,与AODV协议相比,ABEAR协议在网络生存时间、数据包交付率和端到端平均时延方面均有较大改善。

移动Ad Hoc网络路由协议综述

1引言 无线网络由于其移动性和灵活性给人们的生活带来了极大的方便,因此日益广泛地进入我们的日常生活.近年来,一种新型的无线网络即移动Ad Hoc网络(MANET)[1]诞生了.

移动模型对Ad hoc网络路由协议能耗的影响

Ad hoc网络节点能量受限的路由协议的研究是目前的一个热点,IETF的MANET小组提出的几种经典的路由协议,属于最短路由,即最小跳数路由,没有考虑能量因素。由于Ad hoc网络中的节点是由电池供电,整个网络是一个能量受限系统,如何节省节点的能量,尽可能延长网络的可操控时间成为衡量路由协议性能的重要指标。目前针对这几种路由协议基于节点能量约束的评估很少。基于移动模型,该文以能量消耗程度为指标,对Ad hoc 4种典型的路由协议在不同的运动场景下进行了比较系统的仿真研究,得出了一些有益的结论,为进一步研究基于能耗的Ad hoc网络路由协议提供一些参考。

移动Ad Hoc网络中的节能路由协议

提出移动Ad Hoc网络中的节能路由协议(energy saving routing protocol based on mathematical modeling,ESRPMM)。建立一种包含节点信号属性的数学模型,引入带宽效率作为路由评估参数,将基于链路质量和能耗的路由成本作为最佳路由选择标准,使用一种简单通信策略同时实现能量最小消耗和路由寻优。使用OPNET网络仿真软件仿真比较ESRP-MM和传统节能路由协议的性能差异,实验结果表明,ESRP-MM在大规模动态网络场景下具有更优的网络传输效能和能耗。

无线移动Ad Hoc网络高效路由技术研究

无线移动自组织AdHoc网络是目前国际上前沿和热点的研究领域。综述了AdHoc网络的基本概念、原理、特点、研究现状和相关研究问题,提出了能耗平衡、瞬态链路/路由、路由算法集成等概念和思想,给出了优化路由选择的数学模型,在此基础上提出了我们自己的基于代价优化、能耗平衡、综合考虑链路状况的优化的路由算法,该算法可以显著提高网络的性能及增加结点和网络的寿命。

一种新的Ad Hoc网络容量快速估计算法

讨论了在定向天线的传输模式下,当信道带宽和端到端时延同时受限时,Ad Hoc网络容量的估计问题,提出了一种基于矩阵运算的网络容量快速估计算法,该算法能够跟踪网络拓扑的变化,为快速估计网络容量提供了一种较为有效的解决方案,并给出了网络时延的估计算法。

定向天线在Ad Hoc网络中的设计与应用

定向天线系统可以有效提升Adhoc网络路由协议和接入控制的性能,已经成为Adhoc网络研究的重点。但是定向天线的DOA算法复杂度较高,因此可以考虑利用位置信息实现波束方向的调整。另外由于寻路机制的区别,不同路由协议采用定向天线传输时,性能表现有较大差别,而且MAC层协议对定向天线的有效调度也会对网络整体性能产生较大的影响。通过仿真评估和深入分析,表明了这种定向波束调整算法应用于Adhoc网络时,应该在路由与信道接入过程中联合调度,从而可以有效地提升网络性能。