Present-day movement characteristics of the Qinghai Nanshan fault and its surrounding area from GPS observation

The Qinghai Nanshan fault is a larger fault in the Northeastern Xizang Plateau.In previous studies,its movement characteristics are mainly investigated with geological and seismic observations,and the tectonic transformation role of the fault on its east is not yet clear.This study uses data fusion to obtain denser GPS observations near the Qinghai Nanshan fault.Based on tectonic characteristics,we establish a block model to investigate the fault slip rate,locking degree,and slip deficit.The results show that the Qinghai Nanshan fault slip rate is characterized by sinistral and convergent movement.Both the sinistral and convergent rates display a decreasing trend from west to east.The locking degree and slip deficit are higher in the western segment(with an average of about 0.74 and 1.1 mm/a)and lower in the eastern segment.Then,we construct a strain rate field using GPS observations to analyze the regional strain characteristics.The results indicate that along the fault,the western segment shows a larger shear strain rate and negative dilation rate.Regional earthquake records show that the frequency of earthquakes is lower near the fault.The joint results suggest that the western segment may have a higher earthquake risk.In addition,the insignificant fault slip rate in the eastern segment may indicate that it does not participate in the tectonic transformation among the Riyueshan,Lajishan,and West Qinling faults.

Model of rigid and elastic-plastic motion in intraplate blocks and strain status of principal blocks in Chinese mainland

The model of rigid and elastic-plastic motion and strain in intraplate blocks is established in the paper. The unique of strain parameters and minimum root-mean-square error of velocity residual of blocks are tested in the model. Based on the velocity fields in Chinese mainland and its peripheral areas, the strain parameters of 8 blocks are estimated and their strain status analyzed. The estimated strain status of each block is well consistent with those derived by the methods of geology and geophysics. The principal direction of collision force from India plate to Eurasia plate estimated from the azimuth of principal compressive strain of Himalaya block might be N7.1°E.

Aseismic negative dislocation model and deformation analysis of crustal horizontal movement during 1999--2001 in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block

Through numerical simulation for GPS data, aseismic negative dislocation model for crustal horizontal movement during 1999~2001 in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block is presented, combined with the spatial distribution of apparent strain field in this area, the characteristics of motion and deformation of active blocks and their boundary faults, together with the place and intensity of strain accumulation are analyzed. It is shown that: a) 9 active blocks appeared totally clockwise motion from eastward by north to eastward by south. Obvious sinistral strike-slip and NE-NEE relative compressive motion between the blocks separated by Qilianshan-Haiyuan fault zone was discovered; b) 20 fault segments (most of them showed compression) locked the relative motion between blocks to varying degrees, among the total, the mid-east segment of Qilianshan fault (containing the place where it meets Riyueshan-Lajishan fault) and the place where it meets Haiyuan fault and Zhuanglanghe fault, more favored accumulation of strain. Moreover, the region where Riyueshan-Lajishan fault meets north boundary of Qaidam block may have strain accumulation to some degree. c) Obtained magnitude of block velocities and locking of their boundaries were less than relevant results for observation in the period of 1993~1999.

Application and Validation of a Multi-block Constitutive Model at Landslides of the Wenchuan Earthquake

A multi-block model and a corresponding computer program have been developed which predict the kinematics of landslides.Furthermore,a unique event for studying different models simulating the triggering and movement of landslides is the 2008Wenchuan earthquake in the mountainous region in Sichuan Province of China,which caused a large number of rapid landslides.The purpose of the paper is two-fold:(a)to propose and incorporate into the multi-block model constitutive relations predicting soil response along slip surfaces,and(b)to apply the multi-block model with the constitutive relations at landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake.The proposed constitutive equations predict the shape of the shear stress-displacement response measured in ring shear tests.In the application,four landslides caused by the Wenchuan earthquake were considered.Only in one of these landslides the shear resistance-displacement response along the slip surface has been measured in laboratory tests.At this landslide,the triggering and movement of the landslide was predicted.In the other landslides,back analyses were performed and it was observed that the multi-block model predicted reasonably well the final configuration of all slides.In addition,as the measured and back-estimated total friction angle of all landslides was less than 180,and the materials along the slip surface were sandy,it is inferred that some,or all of the slip surface during these slides was sheared in an undrained manner and excess pore pressures generated during sliding played a key role in the triggering and movement of these landslides.Concluding,the paper(A)proposed and validated a multi-block constitutive model which can be applied to predict the triggering and movement of earthquake-induced slides and(B)by analyzing four landslides of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,it concludes that some,or all of the slip surface during these slides,was sheared in an undrained manner and excess pore pressures generated during sliding played a key role in the triggering and movement of these landslides.

Inversion for negative dislocation on elastic block boundaries in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang block and prediction for strong earthquake location

On the basis of the velocity field results of horizontal crustal movement obtained from GPS measurements during the periods of 1993-1999, 1999-2001 and 2001-2003 in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang block, and by the inversion of negative dislocation model for the elastic block boundaries, we provide in this paper a qualitative analysis and quantitative description for the difference of motion and deformation between the tectonic blocks and their boundary faults, time-space distribution of tectonic strain field, and locations with highly accumulated strain energy and correlative intensity. Furthermore, taking the regional tectonics and block strain into full consideration, we investigate the common features of background precursors relating to location prediction for M greater than or equal 6 earthquakes.

Experiment of Dividing the Active Blocks Based on Horizontal Crustal Movement Observed by GPS

In this paper, the discrepancy between the movements of intraplate blocks and plates isdiscussed, and the method to divide the intraplate active blocks is presented by selecting Bursaformula as the kinematic model for the intraplate blocks. Based on the data of three GPScampaigns in North-China network in l995, 1996 and l999, respectively, the northern area inNorth China is divided into eight small blocks with the mathematical model and methodpresented in this paper. The divided blocks based on tbe horizontal and vertical crustalmovements in the paper are consistent or approximate with each other in the area as a whole.The divided blocks in the paper is also basically accordant with the neotectonic movement,which indicates that the current movement of active blocks in this area is the succession anddevelopment of neotectonic movement. Moreover, some new activity characteristics in the areahave been revealed by the tectonic units divided with the horizontal crustal movement.

Effect of Solving Models on Euler Vectors

In the process of solving Euler vectors based on GNSS horizontal movement field,the number of estimated parameters can affect Euler vector results. This issue is analyzed through theoretical deduction and practical example in this paper. Firstly,the difference between the results of Euler vectors in different solving models is deduced. Meanwhile, based on GNSS horizontal movement field in the Chinese mainland from 2004 to 2007,two common models( RRM and REHSM) are used to discuss the impact of solving models on Euler vectors and the follow-up study. The result shows that the maximum value of the difference in a block's entire rotation can reach 2. 6mm /a,and should not be ignored. Therefore,the results of horizontal movement are different using different kinematic block models,and this should be paid more attention in the analysis of crustal horizontal movement.

TEMPORAL SPATIAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUST DEFORMATION OF ACTIVE TECTONIC BLOCKS IN NORTH CHINA

Global Positioning System (GPS) observations during four measurement campaigns from 1992 to 1999 are used in a study of the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of crustal deformation of active tectonic blocks in North China. The Euler vectors for these active blocks are determined on the basis of GPS velocities of a group relative stable points in 1992,1995,1996 and in 1996,1999 respectively. We have studied the relative motion between blocks at the boundaries and the intra block deformation field. We have also inverted the strain rate fields for these active blocks by bi cubic spline model based on the GPS velocity field. The results show that the intra block deformation rates are different from those in block boundary zones, and are also different in different periods; the deformational field is generally characterized by intra-block extension in North China.

新疆及邻区现今GNSS变形特征与地震关系研究

基于GNSS观测数据,采用球面最小二乘配置方法计算了新疆及邻区的应变率张量特征,在统计分析研究区域应变率分布以及1900—2022年M≥6.0地震分布之间的关系的基础上,研究了GNSS应变率特征对强震地点的指示意义。通过构建三维弹性块体模型反演得到的区内主要断裂的运动变形特征,结合震源机制解结果,对比分析了断裂运动变形特征与不同区域强震类型之间的关系。结果表明:天山西段—帕米尔地区、阿尔金断裂带邻近地区呈现第二应变率高值特征,其中帕米尔构造结附近高值特性最明显;最大剪应变率方向在南天山西段—帕米尔地区主要为NE-NEE向,反映了该区以倾滑变形为主的特征。研究区域的M≥6.0地震主要分布在应变率高值区及其边缘,特别是帕米尔构造结东部地区的强震集中非常明显。区内断裂运动性质具有明显的分类特征,除整体以挤压运动为主外,NE走向断裂带以左旋走滑运动为主,NW走向的断裂以右旋走滑运动为主。NE走向的柯坪、迈丹和那拉提断裂带与NW走向的克孜勒陶、塔拉斯—费尔干纳断裂带汇集的南天山西段和帕米尔西构造结东部地区强震密集分布,强震的震源机制类型与断层运动方式较为一致。

Movement and strain conditions of active blocks in the Chinese mainland

The definition of active block is given from the angles of crustal deformation and strain. The movement and strain parameters of active blocks are estimated according to the unified velocity field composed of the velocities at 1598 GPS stations obtained from GPS measurements carried out in the past years in the Chinese mainland and the surrounding areas. The movement and strain conditions of the blocks are analyzed. The active blocks in the Chinese mainland have a consistent E-trending movement component, but its N and S components are not consistent. The blocks in the western part have a consistent N-trending movement and the blocks in the eastern part have a consistent S-trending movement. In the area to the east of 90°E, that is the area from Himalayas block towards NE, the movement direction of the blocks rotates clockwisely and the movement rates of the blocks are different. Generally, the movement rate is large in the west and south and small in the east and north with a difference of 3 to 4 times between the rates in the west and east. The distributions of principal compressive strain directions of the blocks are also different. The principal strain of the blocks located to the west of 90oE is basically in the SN direction, the principal compressive strain of the blocks in the northeastern part of Qingzang plateau is roughly in the NE direction and the direction of principal compressive strain of the blocks in the southeastern part of Qingzang plateau rounds clockwisely the east end of Himalayas structure. In addition, the principal strain and shear strain rates of the blocks are also different. The Himalayas and Tianshan blocks have the largest principal compressive strain and the maximum shear strain rate. Then, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Southwest Yunnan (SW Yunnan), Qilian and Sichuan-Yunan (Chuan-Dian) blocks followed. The strain rate of the blocks in the eastern part is smaller. The estimation based on the stain condition indicates that Himalayas block is still the area with the most intensive tectonic activity and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 15.2±1.5 mm/a. Tianshan block ranks the second and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 10.1±0.9 mm/a. At present, the two blocks are still uprising. It can be seen from superficial strain that the Chinese mainland is predominated by superficial expansion. Almost the total area in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland is expanded, while in the western part, the superficial compression and expansion are alternatively distributed from the south to the north. In the Chinese mainland, most EW-trending or proximate EW-trending faults have the left-lateral or left-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides, and most NS-trending faults have the right-lateral or right-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides. According to the data from GPS measurements the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 4.8±1.3 mm/a in the central part of Altun fault and 9.8±2.2 mm/a on Xianshuihe fault. The movement of the fault along the block boundary has provided the condition for block movement, so the movements of the block and its boundary are consistent, but the movement levels of the blocks are different. The statistic results indicate that the relative movement between most blocks is quite significant, which proves that active blocks exist. Himalayas, Tianshan, Qiangtang and SW Yunnan blocks have the most intensive movement; China-Mongolia, China-Korea (China-Korea), Alxa and South China blocks are rather stable. The mutual action of India, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates versus Eurasia plate is the principal driving force to the block movement in the Chinese mainland. Under the NNE-trending intensive press from India plate, the crustal matter of Qingzang plateau moves to the NNE and NE directions, then is hindered by the blocks located in the northern, northeastern and eastern parts. The crustal matter moves towards the Indian Ocean by the southeastern part of the plateau.

压缩浇筑混凝土的应力-应变关系

压缩浇筑可以显著提高混凝土的强度和耐久性,无需添加任何化学添加剂和矿物掺料.采用压缩浇筑方法制作压缩浇筑混凝土试件,并开展单轴受压试验.试验结果表明,相比于普通混凝土,压缩浇筑混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量显著提高,而峰值应力对应的应变稍有减小.基于现有混凝土应力-应变模型对试验结果进行回归分析,得到压缩浇筑混凝土的应力-应变关系模型.在此基础上,利用受弯定理推导了压缩浇筑混凝土受弯构件的等效矩形应力块参数模型.研究成果可为压缩浇筑混凝土构件的抗弯设计和分析提供理论依据.

一种优化均值漂移模型的测站筛选方法

针对均值漂移模型在异常测站剔除过程中出现的“回漂”现象导致粗差未能尽数剔除、使其拟合结果有偏于实际的问题,提出基于惩罚回归优化均值漂移模型对异常测站进行剔除的方法。利用优化后的模型方法对“中国内地构造环境监测网络”华南块体中东部观测的水平速度场数据进行拟合对比分析,并利用剔除后的有效测站进行形变特征反演。结果表明:利用惩罚回归优化的均值漂移模型能更有效地识别异常测站点,筛选后的测站数据能顾及块体整体运动的平滑性,同时比均值漂移模型剔除具有更高的拟合精度,利用有效数据反演的形变特征也符合该区域实际运动趋势。

板内块体的刚性弹塑性运动模型与中国大陆主要块体的应变状态

建立了板内块体的刚性弹塑性运动应变模型 ,并对其进行了块体应变参数唯一性与速度残差中误差最小检验 .根据中国大陆及周围地区的速度场 ,估计了 8个块体的应变参数 ,分析了这些块体的应变状态 .本文估计的各个块体的应变状态与地质学、地球物理学方法估计的结果具有很好的一致性 .由喜马拉雅块体主压应变方向估计的印度板块向欧亚板块碰撞力的主方向为北东 7.

青藏块体东北缘近期水平运动与变形

利用青藏块体东北缘地区 1 993、1 999年GPS观测资料 ,给出了本区地壳水平运动速度场及视应变场分布图 ,提出了由位移观测值直接求解块体旋转和变形参数的方法 ,初步研究了本区构造块体运动与变形特征 .结果表明 :①本区存在整体性向东—东南方的运动(速率约 9mm/a) ;②南部的甘肃—青海块体的运动较快 ,而北部的阿拉善块体的运动较慢 ,二者运动速率相差近 6mm/a,祁连—海原断裂带左旋走滑运动显著 .③自西向东存在北北东—北东东向压性运动 ;④阿拉善块体、甘肃—青海块体内部存在北西西向张性变形 ,阿拉善块体的整体张性变形更显著 ,鄂尔多斯块体西侧的块体交接地带为压性运动 .

鄂尔多斯块体周缘地区现今地壳水平运动与应变

位于青藏块体和华北块体之间的鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘地区是中国大陆构造活动最活跃的地区之一,从1300年至今,在块体周边断陷盆地和西南缘断裂带上发生了五次8级以上的地震.为了了解该地区现今地壳运动、应变状态以及断裂滑动分布,我们收集了中国大陆构造环境监测网络2009—2013年、国家GPS控制网、跨断陷盆地的8个GPS剖面等共527个流动站和32个连续站GPS观测数据,获得了高空间分辨率的地壳水平运动速度场,进一步用均匀弹性模型计算了应变率分布.结果表明,块体内部GPS站点向NEE方向运动,速度变化较小,应变率大多在(-1.0~1.0)×10^(-8)/a之间;山西断陷带构造运动与变形最为强烈,盆地相对于鄂尔多斯块体为拉张变形,应变率为(1.0~3.0)×10^(-8)/a,相对于东部山地则为挤压变形,应变率为(-2.0^-3.0)×10^(-8)/a,盆地西侧断裂(如罗云山断裂、交城断裂)以拉张运动为主,拉张速率为2~3mm·a-1,盆地东侧断裂主要以右旋缩短运动为主,速率为1~3mm·a-1;河套断陷带西部的临河凹陷处于较强的张性应变状态,应变率为(2.0~3.0)×10^(-8)/a;块体西南边缘处于压缩应变状态,应变率为(-1.0^-2.0)×10^(-8)/a,六盘山断裂存在明显的地壳缩短运动,速率约为2.1mm·a-1,速率在断裂附近逐渐减小,反映了断裂处于闭锁状态;相对于鄂尔多斯块体内部渭河断裂带为左旋运动,速率为1.0mm·a-1,盆地处在弱拉张变形状态.

基于多种GPS数据研究福建及其邻近海域1994-1997年地壳水平运动

为研究中国大陆东南部的边缘海动力学，基于中国大陆和福建区域的ＧＰＳ观测网 以及环绕中国大陆的ＩＧＳ（Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ ＧＰＳ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ）跟踪站在１９９４—１９９７年间的测量数据， 建立块体运动和块内变形两种力学模型，研究了福建及其邻近海域现今地壳水平运动速度场 和应变率场．结果表明：无论在中国大陆还是在中国大陆周边框架内，或相对于台湾而言，福 建及其邻近海域均整体地向着东南或东偏南方向，即指向海洋的方向作水平运动．运动平均 速率为１１．２±３．０ｍｍ／ａ（福建网）或１４．０±４．０ｍｍ／ａ（全国网）．然而在福建区域内还存在着 一种由海洋指向大陆内部的北西向运动，其运动平均速率为 ３．０± ２．６ｍｍ／ ａ．区域应变率场 主压应变方位为ＮＷ（ＮＷＷ）－ＳＥ（ＳＥＥ）．印度板块对欧亚板块的碰撞通过中国大陆内部各 块体间的侧向传递和菲律宾海板块对台湾（欧亚大陆东南沿）的仰冲与挤压，同时作用到福建 及其邻近海域。此种联合作用现今仍在继续进行中，前者的影响比后者更强烈，但前者形成的 速率场均匀，而后者不均匀。

对青藏东北缘现今块体划分、运动及变形的初步研究

利用 2维非连续变形分析方法 (DDA) ,以位移代替围压作为边界约束力 ,研究青藏东北缘现今块体划分及其运动变形。根据该地区地质构造及地震活动 ,以 GPS点测量位移作为模拟结果约束点 ,得出了较合理的块体划分模型和随时间演化的主应变分布图 ,并把应变高值区与近几年来发生的 5级以上地震作对比 ,得出了研究区内地震危险性可能较大的区域。另外 。

空间大地测量GPS揭示的汾渭盆地及其邻域现今地壳应变场变化特征

利用汾渭盆地及其邻域2001—2007年与2009—2011年高精度GPS监测资料,基于区域构造特点,采用块体运动应变模型结合数理统计假设检验法,建立了区域合理的地壳运动应变模型,基于此定量研究了区域现今地壳应变场及其变化特征,特别是2008年汶川强震对汾渭盆地区域变形特征的作用影响,同时从盆地整体上分析了盆地内多发的地裂缝灾害与区域整体构造变形特征之间的内在关系.研究结果表明:经统计检验判断,选择合理的区域地壳运动应变模型,对获取真实反映区域实际构造变形特性的应变参数具有重要的作用;2008年汶川强震对青藏东边缘地块及渭河盆地西侧局部地区应变场造成一定的影响,但是震后上述区域并没有出现显著的应变积累而是呈现出应变量值较震前减小的特征,分析其原因可能是因为此区域并不是强震造成的库仑应力显著增加区,在震后2009—2011年时间段内处于构造应力场的松弛调整期;汶川强震没有显著改变研究域现今整体的构造变形背景特征,区域地壳构造活动特征仍具有较好的继承性;基于研究域构造块体具有各向同性连续弹性变形的前提,初步推断整个汾渭盆地内多发的地裂缝灾害可能是区域NW—SE向拉张应力场作用下的地表破裂响应.

川滇地区地壳块体运动特征研究

通过对川滇地区块体细划，借助均匀弹性块体应变模型，利用1999～2007年和2009—2011年两个时段GPS观测地壳水平运动场，计算了这两个时间段该区块体应变状态、块体内部均匀弹性变形场及相邻块体边界带的相对运动。考虑汶川I地震、玉树地震对该区域的地壳运动的影响，分析计算结果认为：（1）计算结果较好地反映了该区域构造运动特征；（2）川滇地区块体东边界运动主要以走滑为主，安宁河断裂和则木河断裂的交汇部位表现为明显的左旋走滑运动受阻，且其两侧块体应变率积累显著，是未来可能的强震孕育区；（3）2009—2011年与2007—2009年相比，整个区域块体边界运动空间差异增强，可能反映了汶川、玉树地震对该区域地壳运动的影响。

华南块体的现今构造运动与内部形变

运用华南块体及周围地区最新的GPS观测结果,研究了华南块体的现今构造运动。华南块体无论是相对于欧亚板块或相对于西伯利亚块体都存在逆时针方向的旋转。由GPS观测结果得到的华南块体相对于西伯利亚块体的现今旋转运动与由地质学和地球物理学方法得到的自晚新生代以来华南块体相对于西伯利亚的旋转运动相比,运动速率相同,但运动方向顺时针旋转了20.7°。