Analytical Model and Topology Optimization of Doubly-fed Induction Generator

As the core component of energy conversion for large wind turbines,the output performance of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) plays a decisive role in the power quality of wind turbines.To realize the fast and accurate design optimization of DFIGs,this paper proposes a novel hybriddriven surrogate-assisted optimization method.It firstly establishes an accurate subdomain model of DFIGs to analytically predict performance indexes.Furthermore,taking the inexpensive analytical dataset produced by the subdomain model as the source domain and the expensive finite element analysis dataset as the target domain,a high-precision surrogate model is trained in a transfer learning way and used for the subsequent multi-objective optimization process.Based on this model,taking the total harmonic distortion of electromotive force,cogging torque,and iron loss as objectives,and the slot and inner/outer diameters as parameters for optimizing the topology,achieve a rapid and accurate electromagnetic design for DFIGs.Finally,experiments are carried out on a 3MW DFIG to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Modeling and small-signal stability analysis of doubly-fed induction generator integrated system

Owing to their stability,doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)integrated systems have gained considerable interest and are the most widely implemented type of wind turbines and due to the increasing escalation of the wind generation penetration rate in power systems.In this study,we investigate a DFIG integrated system comprising four modules:(1)a wind turbine that considers the maximum power point tracking and pitch-angle control,(2)induction generator,(3)rotor/grid-side converter with the corresponding control strategy,and(4)AC power grid.The detailed small-signal modeling of the entire system is performed by linearizing the dynamic characteristic equation at the steady-state value.Furthermore,a dichotomy method is proposed based on the maximum eigenvalue real part function to obtain the critical value of the parameters.Root-locus analysis is employed to analyze the impact of changes in the phase-locked loop,short-circuit ratio,and blade inertia on the system stability.Lastly,the accuracy of the small-signal model and the real and imaginary parts of the calculated dominant poles in the theoretical analysis are verified using PSCAD/EMTDC.

适应并离网模式切换的DFIG电磁暂态仿真建模

目前,常用的商业仿真软件中的双馈式感应发电机(double-fed Induction Generator,DFIG)模型通常不支持离网运行模式,难以实现风力发电系统由离网到并网的全过程电磁暂态仿真,对电力系统仿真分析工作带来极大不便。研究适应并离网模式切换的DFIG电磁暂态仿真建模方法。基于模块化思想分别对风力机、异步电机、变流器以及断路器进行建模,在系统组装形成DFIG风力发电系统电磁暂态仿真模型。提出了适应并离网模式切换的DFIG受控源等效电路模型和离散时间域实现方法,通过设计状态变量矩阵元素的截取和扩充算法实现了模型在并离网模式下的无缝衔接。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建DFIG发电系统模型对所提方法和模型进行验证,仿真结果表明,所提建模方法能够很好地支持DFIG离网运行模式,实现DFIG由离网到并网的全过程电磁暂态仿真。

不平衡电压下的DFIG模型预测直接功率控制

为提高双馈风力发电机在不平衡电网电压工况下的运行性能,提出一种扩张状态观测器与模型预测控制相结合的直接功率控制策略。首先,采用扩张状态观测器对系统中因负序分量引起的不确定项、模型误差及外部扰动等不确定因素进行参数估计。然后,结合模型预测控制理论建立双馈风力发电机模型预测直接功率控制数学模型。最后,针对不平衡电网电压下的功率振荡分量讨论功率优化补偿方案。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

Coordination between Fault-Ride-Through Capability and Over-current Protection of DFIG Generators for Wind Farms

Fault Ride-Through （FRT） capabilities set up according to the grid codes may affect the performance of related protective elements during fault periods. Therefore, in this paper the coordination between the FRT capability and over-current protection of DFIG Wind Generators in MV networks is investigated. Simulation test cases using MATLAB-Simulink are implemented on a 365-MW wind farm in AL-Zaafarana, Egypt. The simulation results show the influence of the FRT capability on the protective relaying coordination in wind farms, showing that the FRT may work in situations where is were expected not to work, and then disabling the over-current protection, which should have worked in this situation.

Dynamic modelling and robust current control of wind-turbine driven DFIG during external AC voltage dip

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator （DFIG）, with vector control applied, is widely used in Variable-Speed Constant- Frequency （VSCF） wind energy generation system and shows good performance in maximum wind energy capture. But in two traditional vector control schemes, the equivalent stator magnetizing current is considered invariant in order to simplify the rotor current inner-loop controller. The two schemes can perform very well when the grid is in normal condition. However, when grid disturbance such as grid voltage dip or swell fault occurs, the control performance worsens, the rotor over current occurs and the Fault Ride-Through （FRT） capability of the DFIG wind energy generation system gets seriously deteriorated. An accurate DFIG model was used to deeply investigate the deficiency of the traditional vector control. The improved control schemes of two typical traditional vector control schemes used in DFIG were proposed, and simulation study of the proposed and traditional control schemes, with robust rotor current control using Internal Model Control （IMC） method, was carded out. The validity of the proposed modified schemes to control the rotor current and to improve the FRT capability of the DFIG wind energy generation system was proved by the comparison study.

Distributed Model Predictive Load Frequency Control of Multi-area Power System with DFIGs

Reliable load frequency control LFC is crucial to the operation and design of modern electric power systems. Considering the LFC problem of a four-Area interconnected power system with wind turbines, this paper presents a distributed model predictive control DMPC based on coordination scheme. The proposed algorithm solves a series of local optimization problems to minimize a performance objective for each control area. The generation rate constraints GRCs, load disturbance changes, and the wind speed constraints are considered. Furthermore, the DMPC algorithm may reduce the impact of the randomness and intermittence of wind turbine effectively. A performance comparison between the proposed controller with and without the participation of the wind turbines is carried out. Analysis and simulation results show possible improvements on closed-loop performance, and computational burden with the physical constraints. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Dynamic modeling and direct power control of wind turbine driven DFIG under unbalanced network voltage conditions

This paper proposes an analysis and a direct power control (DPC) design of a wind turbine driven doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under unbalanced network voltage conditions. A DFIG model described in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames is presented. Variations of the stator output active and reactive powers are fully deduced in the presence of negative sequence supply voltage and rotor flux. An enhanced DPC scheme is proposed to eliminate stator active power oscillation during network unbalance. The proposed control scheme removes rotor current regulators and the decomposition processing of positive and negative sequence rotor currents. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC are presented on a 2-MW DFIG wind power generation system to validate the feasibility of the proposed control scheme under balanced and unbalanced network conditions.

Application of fuzzy logic control algorithm as stator power controller of a grid-connected doubly-fed induction generator

This paper discusses the power outputs control of a grid-connected doubly-fed induction generator （DFIG） for a wind power generation systems. The DFIG structure control has a six diode rectifier and a PWM IGBT converter in order to control the power outputs of the DFIG driven by wind turbine. So, to supply commercially the electrical power to the grid without any problems related to power quality, the active and reactive powers （Ps, Qs） at the stator side of the DFIG are strictly controlled at a required level, which, in this paper, is realized with an optimized fuzzy logic controller based on the grid flux oriented control, which gives an optimal operation of the DFIG in sub-synchronous region, and the control of the stator power flow with the possibility of keeping stator power factor at a unity.

Model of DFIG Wind Farm and Study on Its LVRT Capability

As a typical clean and renewable energy, wind power is becoming more and more widely used in electrical industry. However, its characteristics of random and intermittent have brought serious problems to the power system, such as voltage fluctuation and insufficient reactive power. Based on the K-means clustering algorithm, this paper classifies the doubly-fed induction generators （DFIG） according to the operation of propeller pitch angle control. At the same time, to obtain the optimal parameter, advanced particle swarm optimization （PSO） is used. Then the dynamic model of DFIG under the network fault condition is built. What is more, the role that crowbar circuit plays in low voltage ride through （LVRT） is discussed. Finally, simulations in DigSILENT verify the model.

Doubly-fed induction generator drive based WECS using fuzzy logic controller

The purpose of this paper is to improve the control performance of the variable speed, constant frequency doubly-fed induction generator in the wind turbine generation system by using fuzzy logic controllers. The control of the rotor-side converter is realized by stator flux oriented control, whereas the control of the grid-side converter is performed by a control strategy based on grid voltage orientation to maintain the DC-link voltage stability. An intelligent fuzzy inference system is proposed as an alternative of the conventional proportional and integral （PI） controller to overcome any disturbance, such as fast wind speed variation, short grid voltage fault, parameter variations and so on. Five fuzzy logic controllers are used in the rotor side converter （RSC） for maximum power point tracking （MPPT） algorithm, active and reactive power control loops, and another two fuzzy logic controllers for direct and quadratic rotor currents components control loops. The performances have been tested on 1.5 MW doubly-fed induction generator （DFIG） in a Matlab/Simulink software environment.

计及不同电压跌落和GSC馈出电流的DFIG精细化故障计算模型

当含双馈感应发电机(DFIG)的交流电网发生故障时,DFIG输出特性的精确性将影响到整个故障网络计算结果的准确性。首先,从DFIG的不同电压跌落出发,详细推导了撬棒保护投入、转子侧变流器(RSC)励磁控制和外环控制下DFIG定子侧输出电流的计算公式。接着,考虑网侧变流器(GSC)的馈出电流,推导了GSC和RSC在不同控制策略下DFIG的输出电流表达式,进而提出了计及不同电压跌落和GSC馈出电流的DFIG精细化故障计算模型。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink平台中进行了DFIG并入无穷大系统和典型电网仿真来验证该精细化模型的准确性。仿真结果表明,所提精细化模型理论计算值与仿真值误差较小;与现有模型相比,该模型在应用于电网故障计算时具有更高的准确性。

计及低电压穿越及故障全过程动态的双馈风电场等值方法

在分析双馈感应发电机(DFIG)故障各阶段动态的基础上,提出了一种计及低电压穿越控制的双馈风电场等值方法。首先,讨论了低电压穿越控制策略,给出了含双馈风电场的电力系统故障稳态潮流计算方法。在考虑电压暂态过程的条件下,分析了外部系统短路故障后DFIG转子电流的变化机理,指出电压跌落深度及风电功率是影响短路电流的主要因素,可根据动作分界线判断撬棒是否动作。然后,根据初始风速及撬棒状态将风电场中的DFIG分为3群,并对等值DFIG及集电网络进行聚合。为提高等值模型在恢复阶段的精度,根据故障稳态电压对双馈风电场功率恢复曲线进行预估,并在此基础上对等值DFIG恢复速率进行分段修正。最后,对含双馈风电场的算例系统进行了等值计算。仿真结果表明,等值模型较好地保持了原系统在故障各阶段的动态,在保持较高精度的前提下有效简化了系统,提高了计算速度。

基于传递函数分析的双馈风力发电系统动态建模方法研究

以双馈风力发电系统(doubly-fed induction generator based wind energy conversion system,DFIG-based WECS)为例,利用小信号分析法推导出由风机、双质量块传动链构成的动力与传动系统通用传递函数方程。动力与传动系统传递函数的零极点位置、稳定性与系统参数及系统运行工作点相关。该传递函数可进一步分解为扭转分量和非扭转分量。传动链参数仅对扭转分量造成影响。在此基础上,建立了考虑动力传动、电机、变流器、控制等环节的风力发电系统传递函数模型。模型综合了各环节参数,可直观反映系统参数对系统响应的影响,有助于深入了解系统动态行为。算例及时域仿真结果证明了所提出传递函数模型的准确性和高效性,可为系统参数设计研究提供理论依据。

Phase–amplitude model for doubly fed induction generators

The doubly fed induction generator(DFIG) is major type of wind turbine generator used in grid-connected wind farms. Practical models of DFIG have been built to study the influence of wind power generation on power system dynamics. However, most existing practical models of the DFIG are based on rectangular coordinates,in which frequency variation is neglected. In this paper, a phase-amplitude(P-A) model is proposed for a DFIG based on phase and amplitude of the internal voltage. The model structure is much like that of the synchronous generator, and the rotor voltage can manipulate both the amplitude and the phase of the internal voltage.Comparisons have been made between the new P-A model of the DFIG and the synchronous generator model,as well as the asynchronous motor model.The contributions of the new P-A model of the DFIG are discussed and it is demonstrated that the proposed model has better ability in describing power system dynamic phenomena such as voltage dynamics and structural dynamics. Simulation results and a field test validate these contributions.

考虑撬棒与直流卸荷协同保护动作特性的双馈风电场通用等值建模方法

低电压穿越(low voltage ride through,LVRT)期间撬棒(Crowbar)保护和直流卸荷(Chopper)保护的工作状态均对双馈风电机组(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)的暂态响应特性有重要影响。传统等值方法往往只能识别与表征撬棒保护动作情况及其暂态特性,对于目前普遍的硬件协同保护场景而言,将造成等值误差,进而难以从电网侧准确描述风电接入后的动态特性及作用规律,在高比例风电场景下这样的误差将被放大,严重时可能会对电力系统安全稳定分析造成影响。因此,该文充分考虑双馈感应风机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)低电压穿越控制策略,揭示风机低电压穿越下两种保护协同动作特性,提出一种双馈型风电场通用等值方法,通过MATLAB/Simulink验证理论分析的正确性,并与仅考虑Crowbar保护的等值方法对比,说明所提等值建模方法的准确性。

基于频域阻抗的新能源并网振荡风险评估方法

随着新能源装机规模不断增加,如何评估由其引发的系统次/超同步振荡风险是目前电网运行高度关注的重要问题。提出了一种基于频域阻抗的新能源并网振荡风险评估方法,首先利用系统各元件频域导纳模型形成网络节点导纳矩阵,实现对新能源场站并网点系统侧网络等效阻抗的计算,能准确反映电网结构特性以及网内其他设备的动态特性,然后结合新能源场站阻抗特性,通过阻抗分析评估新能源场站并网振荡风险。该方法采用电路节点分析法,算法易于实现,能够适应系统结构和运行方式变化,充分反映网侧动态元件的影响,可利用电网同步相量测量装置提供的结构和潮流数据对系统内新能源场站并网振荡风险进行评估分析。以某地区实际电力系统为研究对象,利用所提方法展开了次同步振荡风险评估,同时基于特征值法和时域仿真验证了评估结果的准确性和评估方法的有效性。

定子匝间故障下DFIG机组的模型与仿真

建立了体现为标准形式状态空间方程的定子匝间故障下DFIG(Doubly Fed Induction Generator)的数学模型。在Matlab环境下建立了其仿真模型——S-函数模块,将之嵌入Matlab内置的DFIG机组(由风机、变流器、相关机械与电气控制以及DFIG组成)仿真例程,构建了定子匝间故障下的DFIG机组仿真模型,这一工作是对Matlab的有益拓展。进而,对DFIG机组在正常与故障情况下的运行稳定性做了仿真分析,结果表明:在低风速与高风速临界情况下,定子匝间故障将导致DFIG机组转速小幅振荡而恶化其运行稳定性。

DFIG短路电流热效应及对转子撬棒温升影响

为量化短路电流热效应对双馈感应发电机(DFIG)的影响,提出热效应解析模型,并分析其对转子撬棒的温升影响。考虑转子磁链稳态分量以减小误差,提出适于热效应的短路电流解析表达形式。分解短路电流各分量,对其平方求积分,得到热效应各分量表达项。忽略对热效应影响较小分量,简化热效应解析表达。考虑热效应影响,量化转子撬棒温升和阻值变化。仿真结果表明:所提热效应解析表达形式与时域仿真结果的误差在7%以内,电压跌落深度、撬棒阻值、风速均影响热效应的大小,热效应会显著提高撬棒温度,使得撬棒阻值增大,一定程度上减小短路电流和热效应。因此,所提模型有助于短路时DFIG的安全运行。

基于C_p函数初值模型的并网DFIG稳定性分析

双馈异步风电机组初值模型影响并网双馈异步风电机组稳定性分析结果的可信度。现有恒机械功率(P_(wt))模型未考虑转速变化对机械功率的影响,恒最优功率系数(k_(opt))模型不适用于转速限制、桨距角控制等降额运行状态。本文提出基于风能利用系数(C_p)函数的并网双馈异步风电机稳定性分析模型,其中初值模型的风速、转速与桨距角皆为可控变量,实现了不同转速、调度出力与桨距角条件下双馈异步风电机组初值求解与大/小扰动的稳定性分析。将C_p模型得到的稳定性分析结果与现有恒机械功率及恒最优功率系数模型进行对比,分析现有模型误差可发现,恒机械功率与恒最优功率系数模型的机械功率误差会导致降额运行时转速初值误差,降低大扰动下转速与机端功率动态仿真结果精度,机械转矩的误差也会影响小扰动稳定性分析结果。