Interaction forces between soft magnetic particles in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields

The influence of the magnetization of a soft magnetic sphere on the surrounding magnetic field is measured and characterized.The interaction force between two soft magnetic particles is directly measured using an ultra precision load sensor in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields. The interaction force largely follows an inverse fourth power law as a function of separation distance between particle centers. At small distances,the effect of magnetization of one particle on the magnetization of its adjacent particle causes the attractive（repulsive） force to be larger（smaller） than that predicted by the inverse fourth power law.The theoretical prediction based on a modified dipole model,that takes into account the coupling effect of the magnetization among soft magnetic particles,gives excellent agreement with the measured force in a uniform magnetic field.The interaction force under a non-uniform applied magnetic field can be reasonably predicted using the dipole-dipole interaction model when the local magnetic field is used to determine the magnetization.

Difference in Unbalanced Magnetic Force of Fractional-Slot PM Machines between Internal and External Rotor Topologie

This paper presents a comparative investigation into unbalanced magnetic force(UMF)of asymmetric permanent magnet machines without rotor eccentricities,particularly focusing on the difference between internal-and external-rotor topologies.The asymmetric field distribution results in radial and tangential asymmetric force waves.Although the radial and tangential stresses are in different direction,the UMF components they produce are nearly aligned.The UMF from asymmetric radial force wave can be additive or subtractive to that from asymmetric tangential force wave.Investigation shows that for the same pole slot number combination,if the UMFs due to radial and tangential force waves are additive in internal rotor machine,they are subtractive in the external rotor counterpart,and vice versa.Investigation reveals a general rule determining whether additive or cancelling:for a UMF produced by any two field harmonics,they are additive if the higher order is produced by the outer part outside the airgap,but cancelling if the higher order is produced by the inner part.Therefore,for a machine with pole number 2p=3k+1,they are additive if it is an external-rotor machine,but otherwise subtractive.On the other hand,for a machine with pole number 2p=3k-1,they are subtractive if it is an external-rotor machine,but otherwise additive.For the UMF due to armature reaction only,they are subtractive for external-rotor machines,but otherwise additive.The investigation is carried out by an analytical model and validated by finite element analysis.

Three-Dimensional Analytical Modeling of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Drivers

In this paper, the axial-flux permanent magnet driver is modeledand analyzed in a simple and novel way under three-dimensional cylindricalcoordinates. The inherent three-dimensional characteristics of the deviceare comprehensively considered, and the governing equations are solved bysimplifying the boundary conditions. The axial magnetization of the sectorshapedpermanent magnets is accurately described in an algebraic form bythe parameters, which makes the physical meaning more explicit than thepurely mathematical expression in general series forms. The parameters of theBessel function are determined simply and the magnetic field distribution ofpermanent magnets and the air-gap is solved. Furthermore, the field solutionsare completely analytical, which provides convenience and satisfactoryaccuracy for modeling a series of electromagnetic performance parameters,such as the axial electromagnetic force density, axial electromagnetic force,and electromagnetic torque. The correctness and accuracy of the analyticalmodels are fully verified by three-dimensional finite element simulations and a15 kW prototype and the results of calculations, simulations, and experimentsunder three methods are highly consistent. The influence of several designparameters on magnetic field distribution and performance is studied and discussed.The results indicate that the modeling method proposed in this papercan calculate the magnetic field distribution and performance accurately andrapidly, which affords an important reference for the design and optimizationof axial-flux permanent magnet drivers.

Modeling of segregation in magnetized fluidized bed with binary mixture of Geldart-B magnetizable and nonmagnetizable particles

For the magnetized fluidized bed(MFB)with the binary mixture of Geldart-B magnetizable and nonmagnetizable particles,the magnetically induced segregation between these two kinds of particles occurs at high magnetic field intensities(H),leading to the deterioration of the fluidization quality.The critical intensity(H_(ms))above which such segregation commences varies with the gas velocity(U_g).This work focuses on establishing a segregation model to theoretically derive the H_(ms)–U_g relationship.In a magnetic field,the magnetizable particles form agglomerates.The magnetically induced segregation in essence refers to the size segregation of the binary mixture of agglomerates and nonmagnetizable particles.Consequently,the segregation model was established in two steps:first,the size of agglomerates(d_A)was calculated by the force balance model;then,the H_(ms)–U_g relationship was obtained by substituting the expression of d_Ainto the basic size segregation model for binary mixtures.As per the force balance model,the cohesive and collision forces were 1_2 orders of magnitude greater than the other forces exerted on the agglomerates.Therefore,the balance between these two forces largely determined d_A.The calculated d_A increased with increasing H and decreasing U_g,agreeing qualitatively with the experimental observation.The calculated H_(ms)–U_ g relationship agreed reasonably with the experimental data,indicating that the present segregation model could predict well the segregation behavior in the MFB with the binary mixture.

New model of body force in electromagnetic stirring gas tungsten-arc welding

After measuring arc electrical current density distribution in gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW) with a probe method, the new expression of body force and model of LD10CS aluminum alloy weld pool are put forward for the first time in GTAW with additional longitudinal magnetic field controlling. The influence of additional longitudinal magnetic field on body force is discussed by electromagnetic principle. This study provides the basis to study fluid flow of the weld pools and arc welding technique with electromagnetic controlling. [

Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion Explained and Modelled Mathematically Using Classical Physics—A Detailed Mechanism Based on Particle Wave Functions

The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the wave functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of the particle’s wave functions, causing a change in their momenta.

Preliminary experimental study on applicability of Lorentz force velocimetry in an external magnetic field

Lorentz force velocimetry(LFV) is a noncontact technique for measuring electrically conducting fluids based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. This work aims to answer the open and essential question of whether LFV can work properly under a surrounding external magnetic field(ExMF). Two types of Ex MFs with different magnetic intensities were examined: a magnetic field with a typical order of 0.4 T generated by a permanent magnet(PM) and another generated by an electromagnet(EM) on the order of 2 T. Two forces, including the magnetostatic force between the Ex MF and PM in the LFV, and the Lorentz force generated by the PM in LFV were measured and analyzed in the experiment. In addition,Ex MFs of varying strengths were added to the LFV, and the location of the LFV device in the iron cores of the EM was considered. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that it is possible for a LFV device to operate normally under a moderate Ex MF. However, the magnetostatic force will account for a high proportion of the measured force,thus inhibiting the normal LFV operation, if the Ex MF is too high.

Extraction algorithm for longitudinal and transverse mechanical information of AFM

The atomic force microscope(AFM)can measure nanoscale morphology and mechanical properties and has a wide range of applications.The traditional method for measuring the mechanical properties of a sample does so for the longitudinal and transverse properties separately,ignoring the coupling between them.In this paper,a data processing and multidimensional mechanical information extraction algorithm for the composite mode of peak force tapping and torsional resonance is proposed.On the basis of a tip–sample interaction model for the AFM,longitudinal peak force data are used to decouple amplitude and phase data of transverse torsional resonance,accurately identify the tip–sample longitudinal contact force in each peak force cycle,and synchronously obtain the corresponding characteristic images of the transverse amplitude and phase.Experimental results show that the measured longitudinal mechanical characteristics are consistent with the transverse amplitude and phase characteristics,which verifies the effectiveness of the method.Thus,a new method is provided for the measurement of multidimensional mechanical characteristics using the AFM.

基于比例谐振内模扩张状态观测器的PMLSM推力波动抑制策略

定位力是永磁同步直线电机(PMLSM)产生推力波动的主要原因,导致振动和噪声,恶化驱动系统运行性能。针对这一问题,该文提出一种基于比例谐振内模扩张状态观测器(PR-IMESO)的PMLSM推力波动抑制策略以提高系统控制精度和运行性能。首先,对PMLSM推力波动进行建模与分析,针对推力波动中占比较大的定位力分量,根据内模原理研究考虑定位力模型的内模扩张状态观测器(IMESO),并在观测器中引入谐振项以加强对二次脉动定位力的抑制。所提出抑制策略对PMLSM定位力具有良好的观测及补偿能力,还可对其余未建模的复杂动子推力波动进行抑制,具有较好的推力波动整体抑制效果。最后,在一台750 W的PMLSM实验平台上验证所提出抑制策略的有效性。

宽转子无轴承开关磁阻电机的计及磁饱和径向力模型

针对无轴承开关磁阻电机现有的基于无磁饱和假设的数学模型只适用于未磁饱和工况的缺点,为宽转子单绕组无轴承开关磁阻电机建立了一种可以计及磁饱和影响的全周期径向力数学模型。首先依据该电机的磁场有限元分析结果,基于麦克斯韦应力法求出了径向力关于气隙磁密的表达式;然后对铁心材料的非线性磁化特性进行拟合,再根据该电机的等效磁路计算了计及磁饱和影响的气隙磁密;之后建立了该电机的径向力模型,并在对比分析了边缘气隙磁密和主气隙磁密对径向力的影响后,对所建径向力模型进行简化,以减小计算量和复杂度。最后利用三维有限元分析进行验证,结果表明所建径向力模型对该电机未磁饱和、部分磁饱和以及完全磁饱和工况均适用。计及磁饱和的全周期径向力模型的建立,可以为电机运行特性分析、本体优化设计以及控制策略研究提供更准确的理论参考。

Modeling and Measurements of Heat Transfer Phenomena in Two-Phase PbSn Alloy Solidification in an External Magnetic Field

The main aim of this work is to study numerically the influence of an external magnetic field on the solidification processes of two-component materials. Based on the continuum model of two-phase flow a mathematical model for the directional solidification of a binary alloy in a magnetic field is presented. The model includes mass, momentum, energy and species mass conservation equations written in compressible form and additional relationships describing the temperature-solute coupling. The geometry under study is a cylindrical mold with adiabatic walls and cooled bottom. The macroscale transport in the solidification of alloys is governed by the progress of the two-phase mushy zone, which is treated by means of a porous medium approach. The volume fraction of liquid and solid phases, respectively, is calculated from a 2D approximation of the phase diagram. The results of calculation are compared with experimental data.

桩网复合地基离心模型试验中桩顶轴力测试方法研究

桩网复合地基是常见的软土加固措施。在开展桩网复合地基离心模型试验时,为了分析桩土应力比,需要测量桩顶轴力和桩间土压力。微型土压力计在离心模型试验中已经得到广泛应用,但尚无成熟的微型桩顶轴力测试传感器。利用模型桩的桩帽,开发了一种离心模型试验专用桩顶轴力测试方法,标定结果显示该方法测试线性度好。通过某桩网复合地基离心模型试验和数值分析的桩土应力比结果对比分析,验证了该方法的测试效果。

电火花加工用磁悬浮驱动器控制系统

针对传统电火花加工时,主轴不能及时调整极间间隙导致加工效率低下的问题,提出了一种多自由度磁悬浮驱动器代替传统电火花主轴运动。分析了该磁悬浮驱动器的结构及原理并建立了磁悬浮驱动器的动力学模型,运用有限元仿真软件对该驱动器所产生的电磁力进行仿真分析,通过设计传统PID控制系统及模糊PID控制系统对磁悬浮驱动器的控制效果进行仿真与实验验证。结果表明,该磁悬浮驱动器具有较好的跟随特性和快速的响应速度及符合要求的电磁力,满足微细电火花加工要求。

混合励磁式电涡流制退机电磁场与阻力特性分析

电涡流制退机具有无液体泄漏、无需密封、阻力稳定的优势。与目前应用较多的永磁式电涡流制退机相比,混合励磁式电涡流制退机采用线圈替代了一部分永磁体,对阻力特性的调节效果更好。对比了混合励磁式电涡流制退机2种可能的结构形式,然后根据磁路分析与初步计算选择出具有更好阻力性能的结构。针对该结构,利用等效磁路法计算气隙磁场,采用子域模型考虑感生涡流影响,建立了求解混合励磁式电涡流制退机阻力值的等效子域模型。根据某口径火炮反后坐要求,确定了制退机的主要尺寸参数,完成了混合励磁式电涡流制退机结构参数的前期设计,并通过数值计算对解析计算结果进行了验证。接着,针对某口径火炮发射时的工况建立仿真模型,以炮膛合力曲线和复进机力的后坐行程函数曲线作为条件输入,分析强冲击载荷下混合励磁式电涡流制退机的电磁阻尼力、后坐位移和后坐速度规律。最后,分析了不同气隙宽度与内筒的电导率对电磁阻尼力的影响,结果表明气隙宽度越小电磁阻尼力越大,同时过大的内筒电导率会导致电磁阻尼力呈现“马鞍”型。本文研究可为混合励磁式电涡流制退机的工程化应用提供理论基础。

电磁感应与磁悬浮实验误差来源分析及改进措施

基于电磁感应定律研究导体在磁场中运动而产生的磁悬浮现象实验中,存在一个突出的问题是铝盘和轴承的转速不稳定,导致仪器数显不稳定,读数不易确定,最终给实验结果带来了较大的误差.论文对实验操作和数字仪表记录数字的过程进行了改进,主要是把铝盘多次手动设定升速过程改为铝盘一次性自动降速完成,人工多次计数改为智能手机一次录像后再记录数.这一改进解决了常规操作中数字仪表数显不稳定的问题,减小了实验误差,简化了实验流程、提高了实验操作效率.

矢量波场法计算金属板与附近载流线圈的电磁推力

金属板接近交流载流线圈时会产生排斥力,但是产生排斥力的原因以及如何计算力的大小尚有待研究。本文提出一种理论推导与工程实践经验相结合的方案,既可以解释电磁驱动系统在空间中产生力的原因,也可以计算出低频和高频波载流线圈与附近金属板的推力。推导和求解公式时使用了多次循环迭代以及累加变换消元的运算步骤,之后通过实验成功地确定了未知参数,结合Matlab程序求出了不同情况下积分的解。最后,经实践验证,该方法较好地解决了交流电磁驱动线圈的复杂推力计算问题。

基于Anylogic的城市轨道交通客流仿真优化

轨道交通作为城市居民日常出行的主要交通方式之一,其车站的运营效率和服务水平对整个轨道交通线路网的顺畅运营起重要作用。针对我国地铁现存的问题,以轨道交通站点中的换乘站为研究对象,从乘客进站流畅性、优化方案的时效性、站内设施利用率3个方面对车站进行研究。利用Anylogic仿真软件建立济南地铁八涧堡换乘站的仿真模型,通过导入真实人流数据进行仿真模拟,针对各个瓶颈问题从站内设施布局和客流组织两方面提出科学合理的优化方案,并利用仿真实验对换乘方案进行检验。结果表明,通过研究站内人员、乘客、配套设施的集散状况,本文优化方案提高了车站面积和站内设施的利用率,消除了站内客流瓶颈,可有效缓解站内拥堵现象的产生并提高流线的流畅性,能为其他城市轨道交通换乘站优化提供决策性的支持。

基于ARMA模型的海洋磁力测量数据小波去噪方法研究

海洋磁力测量是指通过安置在海底质子旋进磁力仪来直接测量地磁场,这样在海洋表面和海底同时测量,就可以得到地磁场的垂直梯度。但处理海洋磁力测量数据时不仅需要消耗大量时间,并且分块处理拼图还会导致精确度较低。为了实现对海洋地质层参数的准确测量,提出基于ARMA模型的海洋磁力测量数据小波去噪方法。构建海洋磁力测量数据的小波降噪和滤波检测模型,通过对海洋磁力测量数据的类型化分类识别,进行多波束的信息分割,实现对海洋磁力测量数据的自动滤波降噪,使得输出数据更清晰、自然。测试结果表明,使用ARMA模型后,输出数据的信噪比较之前提升了33.6632 dB,海洋磁力测量数据去噪效果好。通过ARMA模型对海洋磁力数据进行去噪,有助于达到更精确的海洋磁力测量数据,为研究地磁场及其变化、海洋地质构造、矿产预测和国防建设提供了重要支持。

基于DSR理论-综合云理论的中俄冻土区管道保温层效果失效类型研究

冻土区管道保温层效果与评价指标变化的随机性密切相关,以往冻土区管道保温层效果评价模型存在一定的局限性与不足。为了提升冻土区管道保温层效果模型的应用效果,本文基于驱动力-状态-响应(Driving force-State-Response,DSR)理论、综合云理论和迭代运算方法相结合的综合评价方法,构建适用于中俄冻土区管道保温层效果的评价模型。为了验证冻土区管道保温层效果评价模型的科学性,以中俄管道沿线(漠河—大庆段)四处典型监测区域MDX007、MDX113、MDX304和MDX364为实例,应用评价模型对管道保温层效果的失效类型和失效可能性概率进行了综合分析。结果表明:运用评价模型可以科学指导中俄原油管道保温层效果的评估,并依据相应的保温层效果失效类型结果给出对应的措施建议。综合云模型能够结合不同理论模型的优势,保证冻土工程环境评价的科学性,通过置信度值验证,具有良好的应用前景。研究成果可为中俄原油管线安全稳定运营提供战略性的科学支撑。