Assimilating the along-track sea level anomaly into the regional ocean modeling system using the ensemble optimal interpolation

The ensemble optimal interpolation （EnOI） is applied to the regional ocean modeling system （ROMS） with the ability to assimilate the along-track sea level anomaly （TSLA）. This system is tested with an eddy-resolving system of the South China Sea （SCS）. Background errors are derived from a running seasonal ensemble to account for the seasonal variability within the SCS. A fifth-order localization function with a 250 km localization radius is chosen to reduce the negative effects of sampling errors. The data assimilation system is tested from January 2004 to December 2006. The results show that the root mean square deviation （RMSD） of the sea level anomaly decreased from 10.57 to 6.70 cm, which represents a 36.6% reduction of error. The data assimilation reduces error for temperature within the upper 800 m and for salinity within the upper 200 m, although error degrades slightly at deeper depths. Surface currents are in better agreement with trajectories of surface drifters after data assimilation. The variance of sea level improves significantly in terms of both the amplitude and position of the strong and weak variance regions after assimilating TSLA. Results with AGE error （AGE） perform better than no AGE error （NoAGE） when considering the improvements of the temperature and the salinity. Furthermore, reasons for the extremely strong variability in the northern SCS in high resolution models are investigated. The results demonstrate that the strong variability of sea level in the high resolution model is caused by an extremely strong Kuroshio intrusion. Therefore, it is demonstrated that it is necessary to assimilate the TSLA in order to better simulate the SCS with high resolution models.

Down-scaled regional ocean modeling system (ROMS) for high-resolution coastal hydrodynamics in Korea

A down-scaled operational oceanographic system is developed for the coastal waters of Korea using a re- gional ocean modeling system （ROMS）. The operational oceanographic modeling system consists of at- mospheric and hydrodynamic models. The hydrodynamic model, ROMS, is coupled with wave, sediment transport, and water quality modules. The system forecasts the predicted results twice a day on a 72 h basis, including sea surface elevation, currents, temperature, salinity, storm surge height, and wave information for the coastal waters of Korea. The predicted results are exported to the web-GIS-based coastal informa- tion system for real-time dissemination to the public and validation with real-time monitoring data using visualization technologies. The ROMS is two-way coupled with a simulating waves nearshore model, SWAN, for the hydrodynamics and waves, nested with the meteorological model, WRE for the atmospheric surface forcing, and externally nested with the eutrophication model, CE-QUAL-ICM, for the water quality. The op- erational model, ROMS, was calibrated with the tidal surface observed with a tide-gage and verified with current data observed by bottom-mounted ADCP or AWAC near the coastal waters of Korea. To validate the predicted results, we used real-time monitoring data derived from remote buoy system, HF-radar, and geostationary ocean color imager （GOCI）. This down-scaled operational coastal forecasting system will be used as a part of the Korea operational oceanographic system （KOOS） with other operational oceanographic systems.

VALIDATION OF NEAR-SURFACE WINDS OBTAINED BY A HYBRID WRF/CALMET MODELING SYSTEM OVER A COASTAL ISLAND WITH COMPLEX TERRAIN

The results from a hybrid approach that combines a mesoscale meteorological model with a diagnostic model to produce high-resolution wind fields in complex coastal topography are evaluated.The diagnostic wind model(California Meteorological Model,CALMET) with 100-m horizontal spacing was driven with outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model to obtain near-surface winds for the 1-year period from 12 September 2003 to 11 September 2004.Results were compared with wind observations at four sites.Traditional statistical scores,including correlation coefficients,standard deviations(SDs) and mean absolute errors(MAEs),indicate that the wind estimates from the WRF/CALMET modeling system are produced reasonably well.The correlation coefficients are relatively large,ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 for the zonal wind component and from 0.75 to 0.85 for the meridional wind component.MAEs for wind speed range from 1.5 to 2.0 m s-1 at 10 meters above ground level(AGL) and from 2.0 to 2.5 m s-1 at 60 m AGL.MAEs for wind direction range from 30 to 40 degrees at both levels.A spectral decomposition of the time series of wind speed shows positive impacts of CALMET in improving the mesoscale winds.Moreover,combining the CALMET model with WRF significantly improves the spatial variability of the simulated wind fields.It can be concluded that the WRF/CALMET modeling system is capable of providing a detailed near-surface wind field,but the physics in the diagnostic CALMET model needs to be further improved.

Subdivision surface modeling system based on arbitrary topological curves network and combined subdivision

Arbitrary topological curve network has no restriction in topology structure,so it has more powerful representing ability in defining complex surfaces.A complex surface modeling system is presented based on arbitrary topological curve network and the improved combined subdivision method,its functions including creating and editing curve network,and generating and modifying curve network＇s interpolated surface.This modeling system can be used to the process of products＇concept design,and its applications is also significant to the development of subdivision method.

The Design of a Three-Dimensional Physical Modeling System for Real-Time Groundwater Flows

In the past decades,physical modeling has been widely used in hydrogeology for teaching,studying and exhibition purposes.Most of these models are used to illustrate hydrogeological profiles,but few can depict three-dimensional groundwater flows,making it impossible to validate groundwater flows simulated by numerical methods with physical modeling.

The Multi-Scale Numerical Modeling System for Research on the Relationship between Urban Planning and Meteorological Environment

Considering the urban characteristics, a customized multi-scale numerical modeling system is established to simulate the urban meteorological environment. The system mainly involves three spatial scales: the urban scale, urban sub-domain scale, and single to few buildings scale. In it, different underlying surface types are employed, the building drag factor is used to replace its roughness in the influence on the urban wind field, the effects of building distribution, azimuth and screening of shortwave radiation are added, and the influence of anthropogenic heating is also taken into account. All the numerical tests indicate that the simulated results are reasonably in agreement with the observational data, so the system can be used to simulate the urban meteorological environment. Making use of it, the characteristics of the meteorological environment from the urban to urban sub-domain scales, even the among-buildings scale, can be recognized. As long as the urban planning scheme is given, the corresponding simulated results can be obtained so as to meet the need of optimizing urban planning.

A Feature-Based Parametric Product Modeling System in CIMS Environment

This paper proposes an approach of developing the feature based parametric product modeling system which is suitable for integrated engineering design in CIMS environment.The architecture of ZD--MCADII and the characteristics of its each module are introduced in detail. ZD--MCADII’s product data is managed by an object--oriented database management system OSCAR, and the product model is built according to the standard STEP. The product design is established on a unified product model, and all the product data are globally associated in ZD--MCADII. ZD--MCADII provides various design features to facilitate the product design, and supports the integrity of CAD, CAPP and CAM.

Tracking topological entity changes in 3D collaborative modeling systems

One of the key problems in collaborative geometric modeling systems is topological entity correspondence when topolog- ical structure of geometry models on collaborative sites changes, ha this article, we propose a solution for tracking topological entity alterations in 3D collaborative modeling environment. We firstly make a thorough analysis and detailed categorization on the altera- tion properties and causations for each type of topological entity, namely topological face and topological edge. Based on collabora- tive topological entity naming mechanism, a data structure called TEST （Topological Entity Structure Tree） is introduced to track the changing history and current state of each topological entity, to embody the relationship among topological entities. Rules and algo- rithms are presented for identification of topological entities referenced by operations for correct execution and model consistency. The algorithm has been verified within the prototype we have implemented with ACIS.

Improving the WRF/urban modeling system in China by developing a national urban dataset

Accurate modeling of urban climate is essential to predict potential environmental risks in cities.Urban datasets,such as urban land use and urban canopy parameters(UCPs),are key input data for urban climate models and largely affect their performance.However,access to reliable urban datasets is a challenge,especially in fast urbanizing countries.In this study,we developed a high-resolution national urban dataset in China(NUDC)for the WRF/urban modeling system and evaluated its effect on urban climate modeling.Specifically,an optimization method based on building morphology was proposed to classify urban land use types.The key UCPs,including building height and width,street width,surface imperviousness,and anthropogenic heat flux,were calculated for both single-layer Urban Canopy Model(UCM)and multiple-layer Building Energy Parameterization(BEP).The results show that the derived morphological-based urban land use classification could better reflect the urban characteristics,compared to the socioeconomic-function-based classification.The UCPs varied largely in spatial within and across the cities.The integration of the developed urban land use and UCPs datasets significantly improved the representation of urban canopy characteristics,contributing to a more accurate modeling of near-surface air temperature,humidity,and wind in urban areas.The UCM performed better in the modeling of air temperature and humidity,while the BEP performed better in the modeling of wind speed.The newly developed NUDC can advance the study of urban climate and improve the prediction of potential urban environmental risks in China.

Evaluation of the Precision Agricultural Landscape Modeling System (PALMS) in the Semiarid Texas Southern High Plains

Accurate models to simulate the soil water balance in semiarid cropping systems are needed to evaluate management practices for soil and water conservation in both irrigated and dryland production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of the Precision Agricultural Landscape Modeling System (PALMS) model to simulate soil water content throughout the growing season for several years and for three major soil series of the semiarid Texas Southern High Plains (SHP). Accuracy of the model was evaluated by comparing measured and calculated values of soil water content and using root mean squared difference (RMSD), squared bias (SB), squared difference between standard deviations (SDSD), and lack of correlation weighted by the standard deviation (LCS). Different versions of the model were obtained by modifying soil hydraulic properties, including saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and residual (θr) and saturated (θs) soil volumetric water content, which were calculated using Rosetta pedotransfer functions. These modifications were combined with updated routines of the soil water solver in PALMS to account for rapid infiltration into dry soils that often occur in the SHP. Field studies were conducted across a wide range of soil and water conditions in the SHP. Soil water content was measured by neutron attenuation and gravimetrically throughout the growing seasons at each location to compare absolute values and the spatial distribution of soil water with PALMS calculated values. Use of Rosetta calculated soil hydraulic properties improved PALMS soil water calculation from 1% - 13% of measured soil volumetric water content (θv) depending on soil type. Large-scale models such as PALMS have the potential to more realistically represent management effects on soil water availability in agricultural fields. Improvements in PALMS soil water calculations indicated that the model may be useful to assess long-term implications of management practices designed to conserve irrigation water and maximize the profitability of dryland and irrigated cropping systems in the SHP.

BGHMS: A Geohistory Modeling System for Cratonic Basins

The BGHMS system described in this paper was designed to model the geohistory for cratonic basins and written in turbo BASIC language with a user-friendly interface for data inputs and outputs on IBM PC-compatible computers. The major mathematical models in this system include the models of compaction correction. unconformity restoration. sea-level change and paleo-water-depth correction. and tectonic subsidence modeling. Two geological events of sediment compaction and erosion are considered in this system. It consists of three modules for data input, geohistory modeling and graph conversion and output. containing more than twenty subroutine programs, is an easy-to-use. menu-driven program system with many obvious advantages, and is a useful tool for hydrocarbon geologists to make quantitative studies on geohistory and to make exploration decisions in regional evaluation.

Using a Coupled Air Quality Modeling System for the Development of an Air Quality Plan in Madrid (Spain): Source Apportionment and Analysis Evaluation of Mitigation Measures

In this contribution, we use a coupled air quality modelling system (AQM) as a tool to design and develop an air quality plan in Madrid. AQM has allowed us to obtain a preliminary evaluation of the effect of mitigation measures over regional and local air quality levels. To achieve these goals, we have prepared a sophisticated AQM, coupling the meteorological model WRF, the emission model AEMM, and the photochemical model CMAQ. AQM was evaluated using the whole modelling year 2010 working with high horizontal resolution, 3 km for the region of Madrid and 1km for urban metropolitan area of Madrid. Two different analyses have been realized: a source apportionment exercise following a zero-out methodology to obtain the contribution to the air quality levels of the different emission sector;and an evaluation of the main mitigation measures considered in the air quality plan using sensitivity analysis. The air quality plan was focused on the improvement of NO2 levels and AQM analyzed the effect of the mitigation measures during ten episodes of 2011 where NO2 or O3 levels were the highest of the year;so we analyzed the effect of the mitigation plan in worst conditions. Results provided by the AQM system show that it accomplishes the European Directive modelling uncertainty requirements and the mean absolute gross error for 1-h maximum daily NO2 is 31% over locations with higher levels of this atmospheric pollutant;the road traffic is the main contributor to the air quality levels providing a 81% for NO2, 67% for CO and 46% for PM10;measures defined in the plan achieve to reduce up to 11 μgm-3 NO2 levels offering highest reductions over urban areas with traffic influence.

Coding of Topological Entities in Feature-Based Parametric Modeling System

How to identify topological entities during rebuilding features is a critical problem in Feature-Based Parametric Modeling System (FBPMS). In the article, authors proposes a new coding approach to distinguish different entities. The coding mechanism is expatiated,and some typical examples are presented. At last, the algorithm of decoding is put forward based on set theory.

Complex adaptive system theory,agent-based modeling,and simulation in dominant technology formation

Dominant technology formation is the key for the hightech industry to“cross the chasm”and gain an established foothold in the market(and hence disrupt the regime).Therefore,a stimulus-response model is proposed to investigate the dominant technology by exploring its formation process and mechanism.Specifically,based on complex adaptive system theory and the basic stimulus-response model,we use a combination of agent-based modeling and system dynamics modeling to capture the interactions between dominant technology and the socio-technical landscape.The results indicate the following:(i)The dynamic interaction is“stimulus-reaction-selection”,which promotes the dominant technology’s formation.(ii)The dominant technology’s formation can be described as a dynamic process in which the adaptation intensity of technology standards increases continuously until it becomes the leading technology under the dual action of internal and external mechanisms.(iii)The dominant technology’s formation in the high-tech industry is influenced by learning ability,the number of adopting users and adaptability.Therein,a“critical scale”of learning ability exists to promote the formation of leading technology:a large number of adopting users can promote the dominant technology’s formation by influencing the adaptive response of technology standards to the socio-technical landscape and the choice of technology standards by the socio-technical landscape.There is a minimum threshold and a maximum threshold for the role of adaptability in the dominant technology’s formation.(iv)The socio-technical landscape can promote the leading technology’s shaping in the high-tech industry,and different elements have different effects.This study promotes research on the formation mechanism of dominant technology in the high-tech industry,presents new perspectives and methods for researchers,and provides essential enlightenment for managers to formulate technology strategies.

Modeling of Large-Scale Hydrogen Storage System Considering Capacity Attenuation and Analysis of Its Efficiency Characteristics

In the existing power system with a large-scale hydrogen storage system,there are problems such as low efficiency of electric-hydrogen-electricity conversion and single modeling of the hydrogen storage system.In order to improve the hydrogen utilization rate of hydrogen storage system in the process of participating in the power grid operation,and speed up the process of electric-hydrogen-electricity conversion.This article provides a detailed introduction to the mathematical and electrical models of various components of the hydrogen storage unit,and also establishes a charging and discharging efficiency model that considers the temperature and internal gas partial pressure of the hydrogen storage unit.These models are of great significance for studying and optimizing gas storage technology.Through these models,the performance of gas storage units can be better understood and improved.These studies are very helpful for improving energy storage efficiency and sustainable development.The factors affecting the charge-discharge efficiency of hydrogen storage units are analyzed.By integrating the models of each unit and considering the capacity degradation of the hydrogen storage system,we can construct an efficiency model for a large hydrogen storage system and power conversion system.In addition,the simulation models of the hydrogen production system and hydrogen consumption system were established in MATLAB/Simulink.The accuracy and effectiveness of the simulation model were proved by comparing the output voltage variation curve of the simulation with the polarization curve of the typical hydrogen production system and hydrogen consumption system.The results show that the charge-discharge efficiency of the hydrogen storage unit increases with the increase of operating temperature,and H2 and O2 partial voltage have little influence on the charge-discharge efficiency.In the process of power conversion system converter rectification operation,its efficiency decreases with the increase of temperature,while in the process of inverter operation,power conversion system efficiency increases with the increase of temperature.Combined with the efficiency of each hydrogen storage unit and power conversion system converter,the upper limit of the capacity loss of different hydrogen storage units was set.The optimal charge-discharge efficiency of the hydrogen storage system was obtained by using the Cplex solver at 36.46%and 66.34%.

Background removal from global auroral images:Data-driven dayglow modeling

Global images of auroras obtained by cameras on spacecraft are a key tool for studying the near-Earth environment.However,the cameras are sensitive not only to auroral emissions produced by precipitating particles,but also to dayglow emissions produced by photoelectrons induced by sunlight.Nightglow emissions and scattered sunlight can contribute to the background signal.To fully utilize such images in space science,background contamination must be removed to isolate the auroral signal.Here we outline a data-driven approach to modeling the background intensity in multiple images by formulating linear inverse problems based on B-splines and spherical harmonics.The approach is robust,flexible,and iteratively deselects outliers,such as auroral emissions.The final model is smooth across the terminator and accounts for slow temporal variations and large-scale asymmetries in the dayglow.We demonstrate the model by using the three far ultraviolet cameras on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration(IMAGE)mission.The method can be applied to historical missions and is relevant for upcoming missions,such as the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.

Three-dimensional magnetotelluric modeling in the spherical and Cartesian coordinate systems:A comparative study

With the increase in the coverage area of magnetotelluric data,three-dimensional magnetotelluric modeling in spherical coordinates and its differences with respect to traditional Cartesian modeling have gradually attracted attention.To fully understand the influence of the Earth’s curvature and map projection deformations on Cartesian modeling,qualitative and quantitative analyses based on realistic three-dimensional models need to be examined.Combined with five representative map projections,a type of model conversion method that transforms the original spherical electrical conductivity model to Cartesian coordinates is described in this study.The apparent resistivity differences between the spherical western United States electrical conductivity model and the corresponding five Cartesian models are then compared.The results show that the cylindrical equal distance map projection has the smallest error.A meridian convergence correction resulting from the deformation of the map projection is introduced to rotate the Cartesian impedance tensor from grid north to geographic north,which reduces differences from the spherical results.On the basis of the magnetotelluric field data,the applicability of the Cartesian coordinate system to western and contiguous United States models is quantitatively evaluated.Precise interpretations of the contiguous United States model were found to require spherical coordinates.

Humanization for neurological disease modeling:A roadmap to increase the potential of Drosophila model systems

Neuroscience and neurology research is dominated by experimentation with rodents.Around 75%of neurology disease-associated genes have orthologs in Drosophila mel-anogaster,the fruit fly amenable to complex neurological and behavioral investiga-tions.However,non-vertebrate models including Drosophila have so far been unable to significantly replace mice and rats in this field of studies.One reason for this situ-ation is the predominance of gene overexpression(and gene loss-of-function)meth-odologies used when establishing a Drosophila model of a given neurological disease,a strategy that does not recapitulate accurately enough the genetic disease condi-tions.I argue here the need for a systematic humanization approach,whereby the Drosophila orthologs of human disease genes are replaced with the human sequences.This approach will identify the list of diseases and the underlying genes that can be adequately modeled in the fruit fly.I discuss the neurological disease genes to which this systematic humanization approach should be applied and provide an example of such an application,and consider its importance for subsequent disease modeling and drug discovery in Drosophila.I argue that this paradigm will not only advance our un-derstanding of the molecular etiology of a number of neurological disorders,but will also gradually enable researchers to reduce experimentation using rodent models of multiple neurological diseases and eventually replace these models.

A goal-based approach for modeling and simulation of different types of system-of-systems

A system of systems(SoS)composes a set of independent constituent systems(CSs),where the degree of authority to control the independence of CSs varies,depending on different SoS types.Key researchers describe four SoS types with descending levels of central authority:directed,acknowledged,collaborative and virtual.Although the definitions have been recognized in SoS engineering,what is challenging is the difficulty of translating these definitions into models and simulation environments.Thus,we provide a goal-based method including a mathematical baseline to translate these definitions into more effective agent-based modeling and simulations.First,we construct the theoretical models of CS and SoS.Based on the theoretical models,we analyze the degree of authority influenced by SoS characteristics.Next,we propose a definition of SoS types by quantitatively explaining the degree of authority.Finally,we recognize the differences between acknowledged SoS and collaborative SoS using a migrating waterfowl flock by an agentbased model(ABM)simulation.This paper contributes to the SoS body of knowledge by increasing our understanding of the degree of authority in an SoS,so we may identify suitable SoS types to achieve SoS goals by modeling and simulation.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium modeling for binary system of R152a/R1234ze(E)

At present,the environment impact of refrigerants has been given attention.The binary mixture R152a/R1234ze(E)is an environmentally friendly refrigerant,which solves problems of poor cooling performance of the R1234ze(E)cycle and flammability of R152a.In order to obtain its basic thermal and physical parameters,it is necessary to carry out vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE)research,and the cubic equation of states(EOS)is often used in the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of mixtures.In this paper,the VLE predicted models for R152a/R1234ze(E)in the temperature range of 298.15-328.15 K were constructed using Soave-Redlich-Kwong(SRK),Peng-Robinson(PR)equations of state(EOS)combined with van der Waals(vd W),Huron-Vidal(HV)mixing rules,respectively.The equilibrium pressures and vapor-phase mole fractions of the models were obtained by calculation,and all four models presented an extreme correlation with the experimental data.And it can be concluded that the calculated results of the PR+HV model are closer to the experimental data than those of the other three models,with the average absolute deviation of 0.0027 for vapor-phase mole fraction(AAD(ycal))and the average absolute relative deviation of 0.243%for equilibrium pressure(AARD(pcal)),which provides a basis for accurately calculating the thermophysical properties of the mixture R152a/R1234ze(E).