How farmers’non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China?

To clarify the impact of non-agricultural employment on rural land circulation in China,we built logit models using the Chinese Household Income Project 2013 dataset,which includes 18,948 household samples over 15 provinces,126 cities and 234 counties of China in 2013.We use the proportion of non-agricultural income,the proportion of non-agricultural laborers and non-agricultural fixed operating assets to reflect the degree of the households’dependence on agriculture,the degree of the households’laborers committed to non-agricultural employment and the stability of non-agricultural employment,respectively.The results show that the stability of non-agricultural employment is an important reason for farmers to transfer out their land,and an increase in non-agricultural income is the fundamental reason.The proportion of non-agricultural assets has the greatest impact on the decision to transfer land,followed by the proportion of non-agricultural income.Per unit increase in the non-agricultural income ratio has a stronger effect on the transfer-out decision than it does on the transfer-in decision,which is a 0.09 increase of the probability of transfer-out the land and a 0.07 decrease of the probability of transfer-in the land.In terms of regional differences,when considering the impact of non-agricultural employment on the land transfer-out decision,the impacts of non-agricultural income and labor force are the greatest in the Central region.The impact of non-agricultural assets is the greatest in the Eastern region.For the Eastern region,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets and the non-agricultural labor force,and the decision to transfer in land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets.In the Central and Western regions,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural income and the non-agricultural labor force,in that order.The decision to transfer in land in the Central region is not significantly affected by non-agricultural employment.The decision to transfer in land in the Western region is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural labor force and non-agricultural income,in that order.We note that non-agricultural assets have a prominent impact on land transfer,which shows that the stability of non-agricultural employment has an important impact on land transfer decision-making.Vocational training for rural labor forces may be an effective means to promote stable non-agricultural employment and simultaneously facilitate rural land circulation,especially in Central and Western China.

荔枝种植户是否存在适度生产经营规模——基于土地生产效率的视角

基于国家荔枝龙眼产业技术体系产业经济岗,于2017年8~9月开展了对广东和广西2省荔枝种植户一对一的实地调研,构建了计量模型,实证检验了土地规模对土地生产率的影响。结果表明:土地规模与土地生产率之间表现出先升后降的倒“U”型关系,土地的边际生产率最高为7250.63 kg/hm^(2),荔枝种植规模在0.6~1.0 hm^(2)时,存在最优生产经营规模。鉴于此,提出了加强荔枝种植户接受技术培训的效用、适度扩大或减少荔枝种植户的生产规模,以及降低荔枝种植细碎化程度等对策建议。

发展家庭农场的困境与出路

经济的快速发展要求农业生产方式必须适应现代农业,农业改革势在必行。2013年中央一号文件颁布以来,家庭农场已经在全国各地推行两年多的时间,针对发展家庭农场所遭遇的困境,在借鉴国内外经验的基础上,从提高土地利用效率、加快农村土地流转、完善农村金融支持、培育新型职业农民等方面提出相应的建议。

碳排放条件约束下农户耕地适度规模经营研究

适度的耕地经营规模是实现农户增产、增收及土地生态的重要途径。基于陕西省长武县252份问卷调查数据,将碳排放纳入农户耕地适度规模经营测度体系,运用SBM-Undesirable模型对耕地适度规模进行了测度,以期更加科学、合理地指导生产实践。结果表明:碳排放条件约束下陕西省长武县农户耕地适度经营规模为1.20～1.53 hm^2;碳排放对耕地适度规模经营有负向约束,有碳排放条件约束的农户耕地适度经营规模小于无碳排放条件约束的适度规模;农户耕地适度规模经营受多重因素影响,其中家庭风险偏好、农业灌溉便利程度、农户耕地碳排放认知、经营权流转认知对耕地适度规模经营有显著正向作用,地块数和是否加入农业合作社负向影响耕地适度规模经营。

农业补贴政策与农业适度规模经营关系探讨——以江西省A村为例

通过对地处丘陵地区的江西省A村的实地调查发现:在农业补贴背景下,该村在土地流转方面呈现的特征较为特殊。研究表明:"普惠制"的农业补贴政策打破了该村原有的合理的农业生产规模,加剧了土地的细碎化,不利于农业生产规模的提高。相关政府部门应当加强农业补贴政策的指向性,规范土地流转行为,加大对从事农业生产的留守农户的扶持,促进农业生产适度规模经营。

农户耕地经营适度规模及其绩效研究——基于湖北6县市农户调查的实证分析

定量测度农户耕地经营适度规模及其绩效,对推进农村耕地流转和规模化经营、进而提高农民收入具有重要意义。本文构建了农户耕地经营适度规模的理论模型,并采用湖北省江汉平原和大别山区6个县的327份农户调查问卷进行了实证分析。研究表明:①在农户追求利润最大化的情况下,农户耕地经营存在一个适度规模,此适度规模主要受农业生产技术、农产品市场价格、各投入要素市场价格和农户自家劳力情况的影响;②由于各个地区的自然环境和社会经济发展水平不同,农户耕地经营适度规模存在区域差异,一般而言,平原地区农户耕地经营适度规模高于丘陵山区。目前,无论是平原地区还是丘陵山区,农户耕地经营的现状规模都小于适度规模,耕地经营效益低下;农户要提高家庭收入,就得依赖于耕地流转和劳力流动,或者增加耕地经营规模,或者转出剩余的劳动力;③在耕地经营适度规模下,农户粮食生产利润较现有规模下要高。扩大农户耕地经营规模对提高农户农业生产利润是非常重要的,而且经济较发达的平原地区农户耕地经营规模效益明显高于经济较落后的丘陵山区。

土地适度规模经营与农户经营行为特征研究——基于浙江蔬菜产业调查

土地适度规模经营对推进我国农业现代化实践具有重要的意义。以浙江省蔬菜产业为例,基于倒U曲线理论,采用二次回归方法,比较分析不同目标下的适度经营规模及农户的经营行为特征。结果表明,微观目标下农户的适度经营规模要远高于宏观目标下农户的适度经营规模,但均能保证农户获得高于社会的平均收入水平。与非适度规模经营农户相比,适度规模经营农户综合素质较高,且其综合生产经营行为更加审慎、积极与科学;扩大生产规模而产生的经济效益是适度规模经营农户能够获得更高总收入的主要原因。最后提出应根据政策调整目标确定重点支持的生产规模范围;出台统一土地流转指导价格,主导发展有序的土地流转市场;大力提高农民经营决策的综合素质并提高科技支撑的有效性等有助于推进土地适度规模经营健康发展的对策建议。

农户耕地适度经营规模:稳产与增收——基于黑龙江省农村固定观察点数据

耕地经营规模的"适度性"须同时考虑社会及农民利益,并区分农作物种类。兼顾"稳定粮食生产"和农民"增收"目标,基于规模经济理论和生产函数理论构建耕地适度经营规模模型,确定黑龙江省农户种植玉米、水稻和大豆的适度规模及农户耕地规模经营净收入。结果表明:需针对不同粮食作物种类,差别化引导农户耕地适度规模经营。以稳定粮食生产和农户耕地规模经营净收入最大化为目标,得到黑龙江省农户种植玉米、水稻和大豆的户均适度规模为125.89-218.13亩、41.52-50.82亩和84.5亩,三种粮食作物基本处于规模报酬不变的生产阶段,扩大耕地种植规模对增加粮食单产作用不大。同等劳动力投入下,农户经营适度规模玉米和水稻的净收益高于非适度规模经营状态下的净收益,而经营适度规模大豆的净收益明显低于非适度规模经营状态下的净收益,推进大豆适度规模经营重点应增加政府补贴力度。