Relationship between Pepper Cultivars' Yields and High Temperatures with Pepper in Different Genotypes

[Objective] The aim was to research effects of high temperature stress on pepper yield by cultivation of peppers in different genotypes and provide theoretical references for pepper breeding and high-yield cultivation. [Method] Four pepper va- rieties were studied with varied genotypes to explore effects of temperatures on pepper fruiting and yield in the whole growth stage. [Result] The optimal-temperatre term for pepper blooming and fruiting were shorter. For example, the periods from June 16 to July 15 and from August 16 to September 15 would be the best, with temperature ranging from 20.70 ℃ to 30.74 ℃. In the stage from July 16 to August 15, the temperature range of 24.22 ℃-32.17 ℃ would severely affect pepper growth and yield. Pepper No. 1 and pepper No. 1-1＇s yields were just 38.21% and 51.74% of the yields in the stage 1st and 52.01% and 62.35% in the stage 3rd and eady No. 1 and late No. 1 were 48.1% and 72.38%, respectively. Under high tem- perature stress in summer, pepper No. 1, pepper No. 1-1, and late No. 1 showed extremely significant differences with early No. 1 （P〈0.01）. The yield ratios of pep- per No. 1 and pepper No. 1-1 in stage 1st （May 25-July 15） and the later three stages were 42.34：57.66 and 39.50：60.50; the ratio was 47.99：52.21 of early No. 1; the ratio of late No. 1 was 20.25：79.75. [Conclusion] The cultivation approaches should vary upon pepper variety, necessitating the focus on pepper management, fertilization, and irrigation, and locating peak-blooming term in moderate-temperature stage to accelerate pepper growth.

Experimental Performance of Moderate and High Temperature Heat Pump Charged with Refrigerant Mixture BY-3

Theoretical and experimental analysis of a new refrigerant mixture BY-3 was conducted based on a single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system. The water-water heat pump system used BY-3 to produce hot water when the low temperature was 20 ℃. The following results were obtained: the highest temperature at the condenser outlet reached about 85 ℃; when the difference between the water temperatures at the condenser outlet and the evaporator inlet was less than 40 ℃, the coefficient of performance (COP) was larger than 4; when the difference reached 55 ℃, the COP still kept 3; the discharge temperature of BY-3 was lower than 100 ℃, and the refrigerant vapor pressure kept lower than 1.8 MPa. When the water temperature at the condenser outlet reached over 85 ℃, nearly a 5 ℃ superheating temperature was maintained.

Nanodiamond films deposited at moderate temperature on pure titanium substrate pretreated by ultrasonic scratching in diamond powder suspension

Nanocrystalline diamond （NCD） film deposition on pure titanium and Ti alloys is extraordinarily difficult because of the high diffusion coefficient of carbon in Ti, the large mismatch in their thermal expansion coefficients, the complex nature of the interlayer formed during diamond deposition, and the difficulty to achieve very high nucleation density. In this investigation, NCD films were successfully deposited on pure Ti substrate by using a novel substrate pretreatment of ultrasonic scratching in a diamond powder-ethanol suspension and by a two-step process at moderate temperature. It was shown that by scratching with a 30-μm diamond suspension for 1 h, followed by a 10-h diamond deposition, a continuous NCD film was obtained with an average grain size of about 200 nm. Detailed experimental results on the preparation, characterization, and successful deposition of the NCD films on Ti were discussed.

Aluminium-based moderate temperature filler metals for vacuum brazing of 6061 aluminium alloy

Four kinds of aluminum based moderate temperature filler metals used for vacuum brazing of 6061 aluminum alloy were prepared by rapid solidification-isothermal rolling.The effects of alloy elements content on the melting characteristics of filler metals was studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC).The microstructures of the filler metals and brazed joints were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS).The results show that with the increase of Cu content into the filler metals,the liquid phase temperature gradually is decreased.Microstructure characterzation of the brazed joints shows the eutectic structure of(α+β)and(α+θ)decrease gradually,θ-CuAl_(2)(Ni)gradually increases and transforms from small fishbone shapes to block shapes.Peak shear strength of 83 MPa for the 6061 aluminum joint with Al-9.5Si-10Cu-2Ni-0.5Mg was achieved after brazing at 575℃for 2 min.

Effect of mixed rare earth and Sr on microstructure and brazability of Al-20Cu-5Si-2Ni filler metal

The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of adding tiny amount of mixed rare earth （ La, Ce） and Sr to Al-20Cu-SSi-2Ni filler metal, by analyzing the microstructure, wettability and mechanical properties of brazed joints. The results show that with the addition of mixed rare earth （La, Ce ） into Al-2OCu-SSi-2Ni alloy, the α-Al solid solution as well as CuAl2 （ Ni） intermetallic compound phase significantly reduced, while more Al-Si eutectic phase and AI-Si-Cu ternary eutectic phase were produced. And as mixed rare earth （La, Ce ） added in, the wettability of Al-2OCu-SSi-2Ni filler metal decreased, while the shear strength of the brazed joints increased. The addition of Minor Sr modificated Al-2OCu-SSi-2Ni filler metal, further reduced the CuAl2 （ Ni ） intermetallic compound phase, which was partially replaced Al-Si-Cu ternary eutectic phase. As a result, the tensile strength as well as the wettability of the filler metal was improved.

Zonal Metamorphic Complex in the Tongulack Mountain Ridge, Altai, Russia, and Explanation ofIts Origin with the Help of Thermal Modelling

A moderate pressure/high temperature zonal metamorphic complex in the Tongulack Mountain Ridge, Altai, Russia, is described, and the applicability of the models of magmatic intrusion and fluid flow to explanation of its origin discussed. The Precambrian complex was formed at 500–700°C and 3.0–5.5 kbars; it is a linear, 25–30 km wide, thermal anticline with a curved axis showing symmetric metamorphic zoning. The metamorphism was isochemical by its nature, as is corroborated by the chemical compositions of the rocks. Four zones can be recognized within the metamorphic complex: chloritic (on the peripheries), cordieritic, sillimanitic and staurolite-out (in the centre). The zones are separated by successive isograds: cordierite, staurolite-in or sillimanite and staurolite-out. It is argued that the origin of the metamorphic zoning can be explained best by a combined fluid-magmatic model; conductive heat flow from the intrusion predominated considerably over the fluid flux in heat transfer: the fluid flow rate was estimated as about 3 ? 10?9 g/cm2, ? s. The modern position of the axial region of the metamorphic belt is predicted to be lying roughly about 1.5 km above the roof of the intrusive body.

Controlling of cements and physical property of sandstone by fault as observed in well Xia503 of Huimin sag,Linnan sub-depression

Cement content of carbonate in tight sandstone near section is much the fault of well Xia503, in the Huimin sag in Linnan sub-depression higher than that of the normal sandstones far away from In order to understand the origin and its impact on fault sealing, analyses of the whole-rock minerals, casting thin sections, cathodoluminescence, isotope and physical properties are conducted on cores from well Xia503. It is found that c~ L3C varies from 0.1%o to 0.6%o with the average value of 0.42%o, c~ LSO varies from -13.5%o to -12.3%c with the average of-13.1%~., and C-O isotope plotting points are distributed in the low to moderate temperature area of the hydrothermal dolomite. According to the occupied relationship, cathodoluminescence, and C-O isotope feature, the carbonate cementation could be divided into four stages： calcites, dolomite, ankerite, and ferrocalcite. It is discovered that the carbonate cementation is negatively related to reservoir physical property, with the porosity of 4.8%, permeability of 0.37 roD, and displacement pressure of 1.97 MPa in the tight sandstone, which have increased by almost one order of magnitude compared to the porosity of 14.3%, permeability of 3.73 mD, and displacement pressure of 0.27 MPa in the normal sandstone, which is far away from the fault. Regardless of the lithology of the counterpart wall of the fault, only the displacement pressure difference caused by carbonate cementation between the tight sandstone and the normal sandstone could seal 41 m high oil column.

Statistical Estimation of High-Resolution Surface Air Temperature from MODIS over the Yangtze River Delta,China

High-resolution surface air temperature data are critical to regional climate modeling in terms of energy balance,urban climate change,and so on.This study demonstrates the feasibility of using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer（MODIS）land surface temperature（LST）to estimate air temperature at a high resolution over the Yangtze River Delta region,China.It is found that daytime LST is highly correlated with maximum air temperature,and the linear regression coefficients vary with the type of land surface.The air temperature at a resolution of 1 km is estimated from the MODIS LST with linear regression models.The estimated air temperature shows a clear spatial structure of urban heat islands.Spatial patterns of LST and air temperature differences are detected,indicating maximum differences over urban and forest regions during summer.Validations are performed with independent data samples,demonstrating that the mean absolute error of the estimated air temperature is approximately 2.5°C,and the uncertainty is about 3.1°C,if using all valid LST data.The error is reduced by 0.4°C（15%）if using best-quality LST with errors of less than 1 K.The estimated high-resolution air temperature data have great potential to be used in validating high-resolution climate models and other regional applications.