The Models of Modern Human Origins:Eastern Perspective

The origin of modern humans is one of the fundamental scientific questions that has been widely debated in the international academic community.Since the 1980s,the discussion on this issue has formed two opposing camps:the""Out of Africa"hypothesis and the"Multiregional Evolution"hypothesis.With the continuous accumulation of new materials and rapid technological advancements in the new century,there have been significant adjustments in the debate over the origin models of modern humans,with materials from the East Asia playing an increasingly important role.This article reviews the major hypotheses and models regarding the origin of modern humans and the evolution of modern behavior,tracing their sources,history,and development.It also provides a comprehensive overview of some of the latest archaeological discoveries and research progress.Furthermore,it discusses the motives and directions for adjusting the models of modern human origins and behavioral evolution,emphasizing the importance of considering a vast amount of archaeological evidence in the discussion of various models and reflecting on the cultural implications of"modernity".The article calls for increased investment in research on the origin of modern humans in China and emphasizes the need to provide a solid Eastern perspective for discussing modern human origin models.

Revisiting the origin of modern humans in China and its implications for global human evolution

The debates over the origin of modern humans have long been centered on two competing theories:the "Out-of-Africa"(single-place origin) theory and the "Multi-regional Evolution" theory.China is an extremely important region where many ancient human fossils were collected along with numerous associated faunal remains and artefacts.These cultural remains,unearthed from different areas in the country and covering a long time span,will help clarify the controversy.The study of cultural materials in China is expected to shed important light on biological evolutionary patterns and social and technical developments of those early humans as well as their environmental conditions.Based on the analysis of Chinese fossils and associated materials,in conjunction with some genetic studies,this paper aims at evaluating each of the two theories in order to stimulate more discussions.Our study suggests that the evolutionary model of "Continuity with Hybridization" is most relevant in reflecting the current understanding of human evolutionary history in China.Furthermore,we propose that the concept of regional diversity of evolutionary models should be seriously considered to illustrate different evolutionary modes applied to different parts of the world.

Y-chromosome haplotype distribution in Han Chinese populations and modern human origin in East Asians

We investigated the distribution of Y-chromosome haplotype using 19 Y-SNPs in Han Chinese populations from 22 provinces of China. Our data indicate distinctive patterns of Y chromosome between southern and northern Han Chinese populations. The southern populations are much more polymorphic than northern populations. The latter has only a subset of the southern haplotypes. This result confirms the genetic difference observed between southern and northern ethnic populations in East Asia. It supports the hypothesis that the first settlement of modern hu-mans of African origin occurred in the southern part of East Asia during the last Ice Age, and a northward migration led to the peopling of northern China.

New progress in understanding the origins of modern humans in China

Hypotheses concerning the origins of modern humans have been intensively debated, and two competing models, the recent "Out-of-Africa" and "Multiregional Evolution" paradigms, have dominated research and discussions for decades. Evidence from China has played a fundamental role in this debate: regional continuity and replacement by populations in-migrated from Africa have both been suggested and supported mainly by paleoanthropologists and geneticists, respectively. As more evidence has accumulated, new results obtained, and more scholars from various disciplines become involved, supporters of the recent "Out-of-Africa" model agree more or less with the "Multiregional Evolution" model regarding the complex history of modern humans and their interbreeding with other archaic populations(e.g., Neandertals). Recent discoveries of new human fossils, Paleolithic archaeological materials, and ancient DNA evidence in China have yielded a large body of information regarding the formation and development of modern humans in this region. However, controversies continue, including that most molecular biologists insist on the replacement of archaic populations by modern humans dispersed from Africa, while most paleoanthropologists and archaeologists propose an enhanced "Continuity with Hybridization" model. In this paper, we compile new results and progress in China and present the current debates and issues on the origins of modern humans. Finally, we offer several suggestions for future studies.

Origin of modern humans in East Asia:clues from the Y chromosome

East Asia is one of the most important regions for studying modern human origin and evolution.A lot of efforts have been made to detect the genetic diversity and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of East Asians,especially using Y chromosome genetic data,in recent years.The Y chromosome data supports the African origin of modern humans in East Asia and the later migration to East Asia through the southern tropic coastline route,and then the northward migration occurred,leading to peopling of the main continent.The genetic data of the Y chromosome reflects a clear prehistoric evolution and migration course of East Asians.As well,the Y chromosome data of East Asians provides clues to elucidate modern human origins and evolution in the neighboring regions,i.e.America,Oceania and the Pacific Islands.

Fuyan human of 120–80 kya cannot challenge the Out-of-Africa theory for modern human dispersal

Recently,Liu et al.reported a mass collection of human teeth found in Fuyan cave in Hunan province of southern China,dating back to 120–80 thousand years age(kya)[1].Morphological measurement of these samples indicated that they can be unequivo-

Modern human behaviors during the late stage of the MIS3 and the broad spectrum revolution:Evidence from a Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site

The last glacial period was vital for the distribution and evolution of early modern humans in Asia. The Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site, dated at 30-20 ka BP, accumulated cultural remains during the important late stage of MIS 3 period in the last glacial. These remains represent characteristics of typical Late Paleolithic conditions in North China:high degree of standardization and morphological variability of tool types, exploitation of bone materials, systematic use of body decorations, extensive use of earth-pit hearths, distinct functional spatial organization within habitations, and conversion of subsistence patterns. These characteristics illustrate early modern human behaviors during the late MIS3 period, and provide clues and perspectives for the analysis of early modern human origins in China. At the same time, the conversion of subsistence patterns is considered to be a combination of multiple early modern human behaviors, as well as the result of the Broad Spectrum Revolution. In this paper, we argue for the dynamic mechanism of Broad Spectrum Revolution from a human behavioral and ecological perspective.

Y-chromosome evidence for no independent origin of modern human in China

East Asia is one of the few regions in the world where a large number of human fossils have been unearthed. The continuity of hominid fossils in East Asia, particularly in China has been presented as strong evidence supporting an independent origin of modern humans in this area. To search for such evidence of a possible independent origin of modern humans in China, a total of 9988 male individuals were sampled across China. Three Y-chromosome biallelic markers (M89, M130 and YAP), which were located at the non-re-combinant region of Y-chromosome, were typed among the samples. Our result showed that all the individuals carry a mutation at one of the three loci. The three mutations (M89T, M130T, YAP+) coalesce to another mutation (M168T), which was originally derived from Africa about 31000 to 79000 years ago. In other words, all Y-chromosome samples from China, with no exception, were originally derived from a lineage of African origin. Hence, we conclude that even a very minor contribution of in situ hominid origin in China cannot be supported by the Y-chromosome evidence.

Mortality profiles of the large herbivores from the Lingjing Xuchang Man Site,Henan Province and the early emergence of the modern human behaviors in East Asia

This paper presents the results of a detailed study of mortality profiles of the large herbivores from the Middle Palaeolithic (MP) bone assemblage of the Lingjing Xuchang Man Site, Henan Province. Based on the analysis of the crown heights of fossil teeth from this assemblage, we come to a conclusion that aurochs (Bos primigenius) and horse (Equus caballus) are the major prey species in this assemblage and the age structures of these animals can be best described as the "prime-dominated pattern". This study confirmed the well-established notions at many Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites across Eurasia and Africa that MSA/MP foragers were fully effective in hunting aggressive prey species, particularly aurochs and horse. This find indicates that the hunting behaviors and subsistence strategies were not significantly different between MP and UP (the Upper Palaeolithic) humans in East Asia and hence suggests the early emergence of the modern human behaviors in this area.

Heat treatment and associated early modern human behaviors in the Late Paleolithic at the Shuidonggou site

Unearthed artifacts and cultural relics from the Shuidonggou site revealed extensive information and insights regarding the activities of early modern humans.A series of experimental research and physical analysis suggest that stone artifacts from Locality 2 and Locality 12 have undergone heat treatment.The utilization ratio and knapping properties of raw materials were consequently enhanced.Heat treatment technology reflects the production capacities and the survival strategies in the Upper Paleolithic period.This discovery indicates the earliest existence of this technology in the East Asia and thus confirms a wider geographic distribution of this technology which provides new perspectives and evidence for understanding the associated early modern human behaviors.

Modern Bioethics and Human Rights

Ⅰ Since the late 1940s, the ethical studies aimed at safeguarding human dignity to life and health security in the fields of medical and life sciences have witnessed rapid development. The main domains in this regard include the studies of medical ethics, which involve ethical issues concerning the purposes, missions, subjects, technical means, doctor-patient relations in clinical treatments and making of public health policies centering around medical activities; and the studies of bioethics, which touch upon a variety of ethical issues cropping up along with the progress and intervention of bio technologies with regard to human life and its cycles, from human reproduction, medical care, human experiments till the end of the life. In addition, there are also studies of eco-

A Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings in the Vision of Modernization of Global Governance: China's Expression and Practice

The human rights cause in the world still faces structural challenges and crises, the factor of which including scarcity of living material resources, global environmental crisis and global terrorism. However, the existing global governance model and governance pattern have made it difficult to deal effectively with the above structural challenges and crises facing the development of human rights in the world. Therefore, it’s necessary to advance and modernize global governance. In order to realize these ends, the Chinese government presents the ideal of a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings as the modernization of global governance and the Belt and Road Initiative as the proper project for this process of modernization. It calls on all countries to work hand in hand and work together to build a community with a shared future for mankind so as to realize the modernization of global governance and hence the comprehensive development of human beings.

Boost the Modernization of Human Rights Protection Systems and Endeavor to Fulfill the Chinese Dream——An Address at the Opening Ceremony of the 7th Beijing Forum on Human Rights, Sept. 17, 2014

This session of the Forum has the theme, “The Chinese Dream： New Progress in the Cause of Human Rights in China.” This theme concentrates on such important subtopics as “The Chinese Dream and Human Rights” ,

论中国式现代化进程中教育、科技、人才一体化建设

教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑,坚持三者一体化建设、一体化推进,是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的必然要求,是开辟发展新领域新赛道、塑造发展新动能新优势、推动经济社会高质量发展的解码密钥。教育、科技、人才均为强国建设之基石,三者统一于推进和拓展中国式现代化的伟大实践,整体服务于社会主义现代化国家建设。科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略要实现有效联动,坚持一体推进教育发展、科技创新、人才培养,一体设计原始创新、集成创新、开放创新,一体部署创新链、产业链、资金链、人才链。教育强国、科技强国、人才强国是全面建成社会主义现代化强国的题中应有之义,要加强党的全面领导,努力实现各方面政策举措的贯通融通。

Preservation of Human Rights as the Basis and Objective of a Modern State Governance System

A good state governance system, which features democracy, scientific decision-making, efficiency, civility and rule of law, is indispensable for realizing the Chinese Dream. As both the foundation and the objective of a good governance system, human rights protection should be integrated in all the processes of building a modern governance system. Adherence to public law in administration should be guaranteed in this connection.

中国式现代化的纵向叙事逻辑

在中国式现代化的叙事逻辑阐释上,目前学界呈现一种“重横向逻辑,轻纵向逻辑”的不均衡态势,“逻辑起点—逻辑中介—逻辑终点”的纵向叙事逻辑屈指可数。以马克思唯物史观为指引,中国式现代化的纵向叙事逻辑在于:现实的人是中国式现代化得以形成的最大可能,是中国式现代化的逻辑起点。中国式现代化的逻辑中介作为连接逻辑起点(最大可能)和逻辑终点(最大结果)的中间枢纽,包括以马克思主义为指导的思想中介、以党的全面领导为根本的组织中介、以高质量发展为任务的主题中介、以国家制度体系为架构的基础中介、以中华民族伟大复兴中国梦为导向的目标中介、以面临的内外部环境为形势的条件中介。人的现代化是中国式现代化得以实现的最大结果,是中国式现代化的逻辑终点,包括以人民为中心的现代化和人的自由全面发展。科学合理地精准定位并论证好中国式现代化的纵向叙事逻辑,对于新时代全面推进社会主义现代化建设事业意义重大,成为推进中国式现代化向纵深发展的时代要求。

关于推动好房子建设助力中国式现代化住房发展之路的研究与思考

党的二十大报告提出要增进民生福祉,提高人民生活品质,不断实现人民对美好生活的向往,以中国式现代化推进中华民族伟大复兴。住房和城乡建设部也要求牢牢抓住让人民群众安居这个基点,以努力让人民群众住上更好的房子为目标,大力提高住房品质,为人民群众建设好房子。本文分析了推动好房子建设对于助力中国式现代化建设等方面的重要作用和意义,梳理了推动过程中政策、标准、科技、产业、人才、国际合作、宣传推广等方面的困惑和问题,并提出了相关工作推进建议。

新质生产力:内涵特征、重大意义及发展重点

新时代新征程,发展新质生产力是中国特色社会主义解放生产力、发展生产力的重大战略举措,是推进中国式现代化建设的必由之路,是坚持高质量发展这一新时代硬道理的应有之义。新质生产力是创新起主导作用,摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径,具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征,符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。这是马克思主义中国化时代化的又一重大理论和实践创新。发展新质生产力,需要坚持创新是核心要素、人才是重要支撑,推进高水平科技自立自强、加快构建现代化产业体系,坚持社会主义基本经济制度、加快完善与新质生产力相适应的制度体系,从而为中国式现代化提供坚实支撑。

Human Rights Protection in the Modernization of China's State Governance

In China, the development of human rights is an inherent part of good governance, as reflected in the following: Firstly, people are able to participate in social and public administration through exercising their 'democratic rights' under the constitution. Secondly, citizens' fundamental human rights and other civil rights are protected by law. Thirdly, people's rights to know and to express are expanding. Fourthly, the Chinese government is responsive to people's demands, ready to accept their supervision, and is doing its best to improve their living standard. To modernize governance, China must adhere to human rights principles by guaranteeing people's rights to participation, to information and to supervision, and by protecting the fundamental rights of the disadvantaged.

建设中华民族现代文明的历史逻辑

建设中华民族现代文明是时代提出的重大理论问题。我们应该在历史的宏阔视野内理解并阐释建设中华民族现代文明的内在逻辑和历史动力,它是中国式现代化的必然诉求,是站在历史的宏阔视野中对人类文明和中华民族文明的洞察和把握,是对中国的未来道路和人类前途命运的深刻思考。与此同时,我们也要明确的是,建设中华民族现代文明不是简单的文化复古主义或空洞的全人类文明,其前提必须是建立在马克思主义理论基础之上的中华民族文明的新创造和新形态。