Integration of traditional,complementary,and alternative medicine with modern biomedicine:the scientization,evidence,and challenges for integration of traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional medicine has garnered significant global recognition,with an estimated 80%of the global population using it.Therefore,it is essential to fully understand the integration of traditional medicines into current healthcare systems.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the standard process to modernize traditional medicine scientifically in the context of modern biomedicine,further termed here as“scientization”.Specifically,we aim to summarize the advancements made in understanding the efficacy,effectiveness,and underlying mechanisms of herbal medicine.We also examined the transition from experience-to evidence-based medicine during acupuncture.Furthermore,we explore the development of universal safety and quality control standards.Finally,we discuss international trade and export markets for Chinese medical products.The development and integration of traditional medicine have allowed it to further improve human health,resulting in a more comprehensive health solution for the global population.

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Combined with Modern Rehabilitation Training Improves the Spasticity and Motor Function of Hemiplegia after Stroke

Objective:To analyze the impact of comprehensive rehabilitation therapy of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)(based on modern rehabilitation training)on the spasticity and motor function in stroke patients with hemiplegia.Methods:Seventy-nine stroke and hemiplegia patients admitted to the hospital from June 2021 to June 2023 were selected and randomly divided into a control group(39 cases)using modern rehabilitation training,and an observation group combined with comprehensive TCM rehabilitation therapy(40 cases),over 1 month.The clinical index data of the two groups were compared.Results:There were differences in the clinical index data between the two groups.The total effective rate after 2 treatment in the observation group(92.50%)was higher than that of the control group(74.36%)(χ^(2)=4.727,P<0.05).All central sensitization inventory(CSI)and stroke quality of life(PRO)scores in both groups were lower after treatment,with the observation group having lower scores as compared to the control group(P<0.05).The scores of FMA(upper limbs,lower limbs),Barthel index scores,and Functional Ambulation Categories(FAC)scores of both groups increased after treatment,with the observation group having higher scores as compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Comprehensive TCM rehabilitation therapy had a significant therapeutic effect on patients with hemiplegia after stroke.It improved the patient’s spasticity,limb movement,and walking function.Their daily living abilities and quality of life were also enhanced.

Discussion on Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment of Liver-Depression-Spleen-Deficiency Type Insomnia Based on the State-Target Theory and the Regulation of Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis

Insomnia has become an urgent clinical problem in modern society.Current research has found that the gut flora-gut-brain axis plays an important role in regulating insomnia.The state-target theory is a product of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and modern molecular biology technology.This paper clarifies the correlation between the state-target theory,the intestinal flora-gut-brain axis,and liver-depression-spleen-deficiency insomnia.The use of traditional Chinese medicine to regulate the structure and abundance of intestinal flora was also explored,aiming to integrate traditional Chinese medicine with Western medicine for the prevention and treatment of liver-depression-spleen-deficiency insomnia.

Exploring the compatibility theory of traditional Chinese medicine formulae:the disassembled prescriptions study

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has become very popular in the treatment of complex diseases worldwide in recent decades.Despite the promising performance of TCM,how herbs work synergistically in a formula and their therapeutic targets remain ambiguous.This largely limits the correct use and modernization of TCM formulas clinically.The study of disassembled prescriptions is important for investigating the compatibility theory of Chinese medicines.By dissecting the mechanisms of TCM formulae,the compatibility principles of some well-known formulae,such as Realgar-Indigo naturalis,have been elucidated to a certain extent.In this review,several common methods of disassembled prescription studies are summarized,including those of single herb or mineral,sub-prescription,active ingredients or effective parts,large formulae,and systems pharmacology studies,as well as the methods of grouping based on the properties or efficacy of Chinese medicines,in order to provide evidence for formulae study.Moreover,some challenges to be addressed in disassembled prescriptions studies have been identified in this review.

The basic core traditional C hinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and its active mechanisms

Background:COVID-19 has had a dramatic impact on human health,economies,societies,and livelihoods around the world.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formulae have played an important role in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.WHO evaluated the role of TCM in treating of COVID-19 and encouraged other countries to promote the use of TCM formulae.However,the key is to find the basic core traditional Chinese medicine(BC-TCM)among those formulae.Methods:For the first time,we mined the data of TCM formulae in CNIPA and analyzed herb characteristics and association rules.We then determined the BC-TCM and screened main compounds and therapeutic targets.Finally,the potential molecular mechanisms were explored by using enrichment analyses and molecular docking.Results:This study screened 123 patented TCM formulae,including 312 herbs.According to frequency statistics and association rules,nine herbs(Gan Cao,Jin Yinhua,Guang Huoxiang,Fu Ling,Huang Qi,Jie Geng,Lian Qiao,Cang Zhu,Ku Xingren)were selected as the BC-TCM.The BC-TCM involved 166 main compounds and 48 therapeutic targets.The active compounds Hederagenin,Spinasterol,Beta-sitosterol,and Liquiritin had high binding activity to the COVID-19 targets 3CL,ACE2,and core targets RELA,HSP90AA1,STAT3,MAPK3,and TP53 according to molecular docking results.Interestingly,Hederagenin might be a potential compound for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.Conclusion:Our research predicted and confirmed the preventive therapeutic effect of BC-TCM on COVID-19.This has the potential to broaden the scope of TCM,guide people in using clinical formulae,and provide valuable insights for future TCM discovery research.

A Unifying Theory of Aging between Modern Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine

With the increasing aging population around the world as a result of birth rates and advances in medical technologies, there is an urgent need to unravel the primary cause of aging, in the hope of developing a rational approach to retard the aging process. This is crucial to reduce the societal impact of aging. Although modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine view the process of aging from different perspectives, this article aims to develop a common understanding between these two distinct medical systems in relation to the aging process. As such, a unified approach can hopefully be developed to effectively slow down the aging process. Modern medicine has proposed the “mitochondrial theory” of aging, which implicates a causal relationship between the rate of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and lifespan as noted in a wide spectrum of primate species, while traditional Chinese medicine views aging as the result of a gradual depletion of congenital primordial Qi, which can be spared by the sufficient generation of postnatal pectoral Qi. By amalgamating the knowledge of modern medicine with that of traditional Chinese medicine in relation to aging, it is suggested that while Chinese tonifying herbs can be used to restore the balance of body functions enabling the generation of sufficient pectoral Qi, active ingredients isolated from Chinese tonifying herbs or other plant sources capable of inducing mitohormesis and mitophagy, as well as senolysis, can be used to retard the aging process.

Research on the Reform of“Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing”Teaching Based on the Concept of Outcome-Based Education

Continuously evolving teaching concepts and the adoption of diverse teaching methods have led to outcome-oriented education becoming a fundamental focus of teaching reform in colleges and universities.In this article,the“Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing”course is used as an example to discuss the reform of education based on the concept of outcome-based education,with the purpose of improving students'learning outcomes and practical skills.

Property theory of Chinese materia medica: Clinical pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine

The property theory of Chinese materia medica is one of the foundations of traditional Chinese medicine.The property of Chinese materia medica(PCMM)is a multi-dimensional expression of the effect of Chinese materia medica(CMM),and it is related to the clinical prescription that fully reflects the clinical effect evaluation of CMM in a holistic,systematic,and scientific way.This paper discusses the source,development,and application of the PCMM by considering not only the five dimensions that constitute the PCMM but also the recognition of the human body and disease as given in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational use and development of CMM.

Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine

By using mathematical reasoning, this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Virtual disease is to fill his mother but real disease is to rush down his son” and “Strong inhibition of the same time, support the weak” based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). We defined two kinds of opposite relations and one kind of equivalence relation, introduced the concept of steady multilateral systems with two non-compatibility relations, and discussed its energy properties. Later based on the treatment of TCM and treated the healthy body as a steady multilateral system, it has been proved that the treatment principle is true. The kernel of this paper is the existence and reasoning of the non-compatibility relations in steady multilateral systems, and it accords with the oriental thinking model.

Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (II)

By using mathematical reasoning, this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Do not treat a disease after it has occurred. But treat the disease before it will occur” (不治已病治未病) based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). We defined generalized relations and reasoning, introduced the concept of generalized steady multilateral systems, and discussed its energy properties. Later based on the treatment of TCM and treated the healthy body as a steady multilateral system, it has been proved that the treatment principle above is true. The kernel of this paper is the existence and reasoning of the non-compatibility relations in steady multilateral systems, and it accords with the oriental thinking model.

The theory development of traditional Chinese medicine constitution: a review

Traditional Chinese medicine constitution (TCMC),as one of the most important parts of Chinese medicine theory,attracted the attention of more and more researchers and many research projects were conducted during past several decades in China's Mainland.This review provided a historic overview of TCMC theory and research progress in its classification,evaluation criteria and epidemiology,so as to give people through a different lens to understand human health.

Acupuncture Treating Dystrophy Based on pH <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (III)

Theory of both Zangxiang (藏象) and Jingluo (经络) is useful in understanding disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Searching for a root cause of disease in cure, treatment of both the root-cause and symptoms at the same time” (治病求本, 标本兼治). It means that for a human body, there is the mathematical structure of both Zangxiang and Jingluo as her/his second physiological system. It can be used to determine both the root-cause and symptoms of the sick organ by using both Zangxiang and Jingluo. In general, for the human blood pH value, the normal range of theory is [7.34539, 7.45461] nearly to [7.35, 7.45], and the center is 7.4. The first or second transfer law of a human body’s energies changes according to the different blood pH values whether in the normal range or not. Human disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.

Adolescence dysfunctional uterine bleeding:perspectives from the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine

Because their endocrine system is not yet developmentally mature,adolescent girls are prone to dysfunctional uterine bleeding caused by insufficiency of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.The view of modern medicine is mainly aimed at the secretory function of sex hormones,such as estrogen and progesterone.However,it causes distress to patients because of the susceptibility of their treatment to endocrine system disorders.Traditional Chinese medicine considers the damage to the function of the Conception Vessel and Thoroughfare Vessel as the key to the disease.In this way,we guide the use of traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture and achieve good results.The pathogenesis and management of functional uterine bleeding in adolescence are discussed from two medical perspectives in this article.

Acupuncture Treating Heart Disease Based on Eight Palaces or Eight Veins <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (IV)

Theory of eight palaces (八宫) or eight veins (八脉) is useful in understanding the basic sick subsystems that may be to fall ills as the root-cause. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Even if all changed, it is hard to change one’s nature” (江山易改, 本性难移). The eight palaces or eight veins can be used to diagnose basic sick subsystems that may be to fall ills as the root-cause. The first or second transfer law of human body energies of the eight palaces or eight veins according to the different blood pH values of a human body whether in the normal range or not, respectively, assuming that the range of blood pH value is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of human body energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of human body energies. A disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat atrial premature beats as a congenital heart disease.

Application of the preventive treatment theory of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of chronic venous insufficiency of lower extremity

Chronic venous insufficiency is characterized by high incidence,difficult treatment and high recurrence rate.Traditional Chinese Medicine Preventive Treatment Theory is one of the important core contents in the theory of TCM.By using the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preventive Treatment,using the theory of“prevention before illness,prevention the disease continues to change and prevention repeated when the disease has been cured”,can reduce the incidence rate effectively,improve the effect of clinical treatment,it is also to enrich and develop the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preventive Treatment.

A preliminary study on the properties of red traditional Chinese medicine

Objective: From the aspect of meridian tropism, this paper makes a preliminary discussion on the medicinal properties of red traditional Chinese medicine belonging to the heart meridian, with a view to providing a reference for the further study of the relationship between the color of traditional Chinese medicine and its medicinal properties. Method: Based on clinical practice and modern pharmacology, pharmacochemistry and other research, this paper analyzed the material basis of red traditional Chinese medicine belonging to the heart meridian. Result: Finally, it was found that most of the chemical constituents of red traditional Chinese medicine were flavonols, and their pharmacological effects were related to cardiovascular system. Conclusion: Red Chinese medicine belonging to the heart meridian has a certain theoretical basis and modern research basis, which can provide a reference to the further study of the relationship between color and drug properties of Chinese medicine in the future.

A Skopos Theory-based Study of Translation Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoctions

English translations of Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terms and prescriptions need standardizing to minimize ambiguity as the popularity of TCM spreads globally.Herein an evaluation guide for translation of TCM decoctions in English into diverse social,cultural and medical systems,is proffered which integrates Skopos theory and Li Zhaoguo’s principles of English translation(conciseness of lexical composition,information accuracy,and similarity in lexical composition).Based on a case study of the traditional herbal medicine Mahuang Xingren Gancao Shigao Tang,direct translation methods with concise lexical composition are determined to most clearly convey the sophisticated and verbose original TCM prescription.

Prospects for the future of clinical efficacy evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine——Emphasis on original theory and clinical practice

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)clinical efficacy evaluation runs through the development of TCM and has been progressing so far.With the introduction of evidence-based medicine(EBM)in recent 20 years,TCM clinical efficacy evaluation has developed rapidly,accumulated research and experience,improved the quality and standardization of research,but also gradually found deep-seated deficiencies.In 2019,the China Center for Evidence-based Traditional Chinese Medicine(CCEBTCM)was established,and TCM was included in the 11th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases(ICD-11).In above opportunities for TCM clinical efficacy evaluation,it is necessary to face up to the previous deficiencies,so that the TCM clinical efficacy evaluation can truly reflect the actual clinical practice characteristics,including TCM clinical problems,TCM thinking and TCM diagnosis&treatment mode.Based on the summary and analysis of past research,development concepts are proposed in this article.On the one hand,original concepts of TCM should be confidently paid more attention to the design and implementation of TCM clinical efficacy evaluation to be close to TCM clinical practice.On the other hand,it is necessary to consolidate the foundation of TCM clinical practice before evaluating efficacy.Evaluated object built on TCM ontology knowledge should be demonstrated based on clinical practice,and unknown evaluated object combined with new methods,technologies and concepts should be maturely integrated in clinical practice firstly.

Acupuncture Treating Heart Diseases Based on Sixty JiaZi and Eight Palaces <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (V)

Theory of Sixty JiaZi (60 甲子) is useful in understanding a human body disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “seize the momentum of development, hasten lucky avoids disaster” (顺势而为, 趋吉避凶). Sixty JiaZi is hidden behind eight palaces. The first or second transfer law of human body energies of Sixty JiaZi changes according to the different blood pH values of a human body whether in the normal range or not, respectively, assuming that the range of blood pH values of a human body is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of human body energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of human body energies. The treating disease of a human body should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat atrial premature beats as congenital heart disease.