On the Relationship Between Human Rights Protection and the Modernization of State Governance

The protection of human rights inherently related to modern state-governance. On the one hand, human rights protection is the foundation and criteria for modern state-governance, characterized by democracy, rule of law and civility, with human rights as a cross-cutting theme in all these elements. On the other hand, human rights protection provides conditions and motives for modernizing state governance. Human rights are pursued as a fundamental value in modern state-governance. Human rights protection is also a driving force for good governance and a touchstone for the modernity of governance.

Preservation of Human Rights as the Basis and Objective of a Modern State Governance System

A good state governance system, which features democracy, scientific decision-making, efficiency, civility and rule of law, is indispensable for realizing the Chinese Dream. As both the foundation and the objective of a good governance system, human rights protection should be integrated in all the processes of building a modern governance system. Adherence to public law in administration should be guaranteed in this connection.

The Modernization of State Governance Will Promote Protection of Civil and Political Rights

The modernization of state governance and innovation in governing measures will strengthen the protection of human rights in China, including civil and political rights. Firstly, legal control over public power will reduce arbitrary restrictions on civil rights. Secondly, public participation in policy-making will provide more opportunities for citizens to exercise their political rights. Thirdly, governing by law will better guarantee equal protection of law for all people. Fourthly, an effective accountability mechanism will reinforce people's right of supervision. Lastly, innovation in governing measures will help identify and satisfy citizens' demands.

Human Rights Protection in the Modernization of China's State Governance

In China, the development of human rights is an inherent part of good governance, as reflected in the following: Firstly, people are able to participate in social and public administration through exercising their 'democratic rights' under the constitution. Secondly, citizens' fundamental human rights and other civil rights are protected by law. Thirdly, people's rights to know and to express are expanding. Fourthly, the Chinese government is responsive to people's demands, ready to accept their supervision, and is doing its best to improve their living standard. To modernize governance, China must adhere to human rights principles by guaranteeing people's rights to participation, to information and to supervision, and by protecting the fundamental rights of the disadvantaged.

Development of Chinese Cultural Governance since the Reform and Opening-up

Contemporary Chinese cultural governance is an important part of the national governance system and the modernization of national governance capacity. It must combine international experience and local method together and run through the whole process of cultural system reform. The good governance of culture is the goal pursued by Chinese cultural governance, which displays the management process of maximizing cultural public interest. In the new era, cultural governance reform has experienced governance subject centralized to pluralism, governance space from inside to outside, governance method from ruling by man to the rule of law, governance path from control-oriented government to service-oriented government. To further improve Chinese cultural governance in the new era, relationships between top-level design and grass-root innovation, cultural democracy and cultural concentration, national cultural interests, social cultural interests and cultural interests of the citizens, domestic cultural governance and global culture must be dialectically dealt with. In the government-market-social governance structure, mutual assistance of multiple missions and win-win of multiple subjects can be achieved, thus promoting harmony of multiple interests.

Local State Capacity and Uneven Taxation across Industrial Firms

In this research we investigate the association between local state capacity(LSC)and effective tax burdens(ETBs)on industrial firms within counties between 1998 and 2013.The LSC measures a state's capacity for policy implementation and specifically its ability to acquire low-cost agricultural land for nonagricultural(industrial or commercial)purposes.Based on China's government-led development experience since the 1990s,we draw on two unique household survey datasets to capture LSC at county level.We find robust evidence that greater LSC was associated with much lower ETBs on large industrial firms.This taxation pattern implies local government's primary reliance on larger manufacturing firms,while the ETBs for small-and-medium enterprises are not as prominently addressed.This research highlights that LSC can affect both the amount of revenue a local government can generate and the methods it uses to collect these revenues.

The Reforming Logic of State-owned Enterprise Corporate Governance:Proceeding from National Governance to Corporate Governance

The top-level design of national governance plays a leading role in reforming the corporate governance of state-owned enterprises(SOEs)at the micro level.Following the overall objectives of comprehensively deepening reforms,this paper argues that the objective of SOEs corporate governance reform at this stage should be to improve and develop the SOEs corporate governance system with Chinese characteristics and modernize SOEs corporate governance system and governance capacity.To achieve this ambitious objective,this paper considers the theory of SOEs corporate governance with Chinese characteristics,and then explores the concrete manifestation and implementation pathway to the modernization of SOEs corporate governance system and governance capacity.This paper thus enriches the theory of corporate governance and provides insights into the newera SOEs corporate governance reform.

基层治理新趋势:以系统化改革破解基层治理的难题

随着我国走向现代化发展新阶段,基层治理也面临着现代化的转型。在此过程中,要突破基层治理在认知性、结构性和功能性方面的困境,全面深化改革“必须坚持系统观念”。为此,基层治理改革要加强党政统筹的顶层设计,通过优化治理系统结构、明确系统主体职责和推进数字化治理等改革措施,实现由“要素管理”向“系统治理”转变,以求增强基层治理的系统性、整体性和协同性,从而全面推进基层治理体系和治理能力现代化。

全过程人民民主:中国式现代化的显著标志与本质要求

民主是衡量现代化水平的重要指标,现代化是推进民主发展的必要保障。全过程人民民主作为中国民主发展的时代升华,以最广泛、最真实、最管用为其特色和优势。它基于中国国情和历史文化,吸收借鉴世界民主发展的有益经验,开创了人类政治文明新形态。全过程人民民主是中国式现代化的重要构成部分,充分契合中国式现代化的中国特色,并在促进中国式现代化良政善治和弘扬全人类民主共同价值的过程中,展现出了民主的治理效能,成为中国式现代化超越西方现代化的显著标志。发展全过程人民民主是中国式现代化的本质要求。这就需要以人民逻辑统领全过程人民民主的发展,以人民代表大会和人民政协为组织载体推进全过程人民民主的实践运行。同时,中国式现代化进程中的全过程人民民主,在民主话语建构、民主形象塑造以及推动政治文明交流互鉴等方面,将为后发型现代化国家进行现代化建设和推进民主发展提供全新选择。

国家治理能力现代化评价指标体系及进展监测

从治理效能角度出发,构建一套全面、科学且具有中国特色的国家治理能力现代化评价指标体系,由经济、政治、文化、社会、生态、党建6个一级指标、21个二级指标和53个三级指标组成。同时,依据政府官方文件、学者预测结果和趋势预测设定2035年的目标值,测算全国2013—2021年的国家治理能力现代化进展程度。研究发现,2021年我国的国家治理现代化指数达63.65,距离2035年基本实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的目标已进程过半。此外,通过贡献分析发现在2013—2015年、2017—2019年和2019—2021年间,政治指标在所有指标中对国家治理现代化的贡献度最高。

环境数据认证的法治意蕴

环境治理中的国家认证可以简称为环境数据认证,其作为数字时代环境信息制度的重要组成部分,意味着具有环境治理权力的部门对关涉环境治理的人(自然人、法人)、物(自然物、人造物)、行(环境违法行为、环境保护行为)的“身份”确认,其间既包括一定的分类、规则、标准和规范体系,也包括明确认证信息的基本功能、用途和意义,确定基本环境事实同具体环境治理行为之间的关系。而环境数据认证之于环境治理的重要性体现在完善环境信息公开制度、提供信息制度保障、降低环境治理法律成本以及促进环境治理评估合理化等方面。具体至法律制度构建,环境数据认证的完善路径主要包括明确环境数据认证权力的范围与界限、建立认证数据的开放与共享机制以及完善行政相对人的法律救济程序与制度。

后发国家自主现代化的中国经验

现代化是人类的共同事业,但现代化并非一个自然的社会演变过程,而是拥有复杂层次结构和因素变量的长历史演化过程。后发国家被西方“冲击”后的被动现代化“反应”,需遵循发展的政治经济学逻辑,即国家建构、政党领导和政府质量是促成自主现代化的基础要素。从国家建构看,后发国家自主现代化的前置问题是国权问题,国家认同持续注入则是国家建构的根本;从政党领导看,后发国家需要政党的自主现代化共识凝结和政治动员,且后发国家政党应以自身制度化带动国家政治制度化;从政府质量看,渐进经济改革的政策创制是政府质量高低的关键指标,公正、回应和廉洁则是政府质量的价值依归。中国式现代化的国家建构、政党领导和政府质量的目标分别指向国家人民属性和建设人民国家、以人民为中心的现代化新形态以及效能与公信力兼具的法治政府,它们是中国式现代化高度自主性的根本保障。后发国家现代化如果仅聚焦技术层面的工业化或硬性照搬照抄西方制度模式,未基于基本国情以渐进模式促成经济、政治和社会的相适改革演进,则必然遭遇挫折,沦为西方现代化的“附庸”。

中国乡村治理现代化——理论源流、历史变迁和发展路径

回顾党领导乡村治理的百年历程,可以看到,中国乡村治理的理论渊源是马克思主义乡村治理思想;党领导的乡村治理经历了新民主主义革命、社会主义革命和建设、改革开放等不同历史时期的理论和实践探索。在新时代,中国乡村治理现代化以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,形成了独特的发展路径:建立健全以政治为领导、自治为基础、法治为保障、德治为教化、智治为手段的“五治”一体的乡村治理体系,加快提升农村资源汲取、经济发展、社会管理、公共服务以及制度建设“五能”并举的乡村治理能力。

新时代生态文明制度体系的基本内涵、原则架构和鲜明特征

新时代生态文明制度体系是进入新时代以来,以国家治理体系和治理能力现代化为保障的规范体系,其中蕴含着中国共产党是生态文明制度体系建设的领导力量,全体社会成员都要受生态文明制度体系的约束,主要处理生态文明领域的国家事务和社会事务。新时代生态文明制度体系的原则架构是以生态文明体制改革的“六个坚持”为基本原则、以社会主义制度为根本依据、以生态文明领域中若干重大制度为基础性规范、以生态文明建设具体领域一系列重要体制机制为全面表现。新时代生态文明制度体系具有以下鲜明特征:(1)鲜明的现实性,即在新时代生态文明建设实践中形成和发展;(2)系统的完备性,即生态文明法治和制度越来越完整严密;(3)保障的规范性,即真正实现用规范的制度来管理生态环境;(4)持续的发展性,即与时俱进地推进生态文明制度体系创新;(5)根本的政治性,即“四维”政治性质在生态文明领域具体展开;(6)价值的人民性,即始终以人民对优美生态环境需要为中心。

习近平总书记关于推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化重要论述探析

中国特色社会主义进入新时代以来,习近平总书记提出推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化,系统阐述了新时代为什么要推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化、什么是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化、如何推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化等重大问题。推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化具有深刻的时代背景:制度达到更加成熟更加定型、推进全面深化改革走向深入、运用制度威力应对风险挑战的冲击。推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的理论内涵主要包括核心内涵上的制度之治论、建设内容上的治理体系与治理能力结合论、建设路径上的守正创新方法论、实施步骤上的“三步走”论。推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的实践要义是:进一步全面深化改革,与时俱进地完善发展制度和国家治理体系,提高制度执行力和治理能力。

王阳明心学思想及其基层社会治理的实践价值

王阳明作为明代著名的哲学家、政治家、教育家,以心学为儒学的基本学理,力图通过心学的实学取向对儒学自身的积弊予以克制和纠正,并在实践过程中增进儒学的生活日用性、平民大众性,以促使儒学“里落化之”,提升其教化、濡化、涵化的实际功能和效果。王阳明的思考和实践有明显的合理因素,对于推进中国式现代化的发展,提高国家治理、社会治理和基层治理的现代化水平,无疑具有一定的启发和借鉴意义。

The State Logic of Modernizing the Governance System

The governance system is the institutional carrier and mechanism guaranteeing the operation of the state.The Western governance dilemma and China’s governance practice show that state dominance is the intrinsic logic behind the modernization of the governance system.As a worldwide issue,the core question in the logic of state modernization of the governance system is to develop governance rules,procedures and orders that effectively respond to and resolve the problems of the state-society relationship.In other words,state logic is rooted in the historical process of the dynamic evolution of the building of the state-society relationship community,and looks toward practice in solving the issue of balanced national development.In advocating a modern governance system led by state logic,China does not simply wish to continue the master page of its history and culture,but to hold fast to being guided by the issues and focusing on the transformation of the principal contradictions of Chinese society to bring about good governance that is oriented toward the people,in order to systematically respond to the major adjustments in national governance variables brought about by IT development and globalization.In the current context in which governance solutions dominated by the logic of capital have difficulty coping with global problems of development,adhering to the logic of the state in modernizing the governance system not only helps us break away from “polycentric governance” and correctly ensures that the state plays an authoritative and leading role in the governance system while also providing an institutional framework and mechanism that achieves social justice,improves market efficiency and fosters social autonomy,thus forging a new type of civilization for national and global governance on a global scale.

论强国家能力向基层治理效能转化--以乡村治理国家化实践逻辑为视角

以解决“三农”问题为核心的乡村工作既要完成自上而下的工作任务,也要广泛接触并动员群众,乡村治理既具有国家属性也具有基层属性。我国部分地方改革社会治理体系、推动技术手段运用,在强化国家治理下沉的同时,出现了基层治理自主性弱化的问题。在国家综合实力提升的背景下,推进乡村治理现代化关键是将强国家治理能力转化为基层治理效能。积极的“三农”政策构成了乡村善治的必要条件,在此基础上,要立足“三农”工作的基层性、复杂性和地区差异,善于利用惠农政策来调动农民的积极性,做到政策统一与因地制宜的兼顾,进而实现国家治理与基层治理的契合。

东亚发展型国家转型的政治经济逻辑及其镜鉴

东亚发展型国家的形成与维系依赖一套独有的政治经济制度,其中最为关键的是发展导向的政商关系。20世纪80年代以来,东亚进入转型时刻,以新自由主义为要义的经济改革和以民主化为核心的政治改革动摇了这种政商关系存续的基础,东亚的现代化迈入下半程,金融改革成为重要议题。发展型国家及其转型对包括中国在内的后发国家而言,具有重要启示与借鉴价值。

中国治理转型过程中社会需求回应的组织形式及其演变机制

政府组织如何回应复杂社会需求的增长一直是中国式现代化过程中所面临的结构性难题之一,也是学界关注的经典理论议题。通过对G省的实证分析发现:政府在回应复杂社会需求过程中逐渐衍生出脱耦型、直控型、间质型3种不同的组织形式。从早期将社会组织编织在科层组织链条中的脱耦型组织,到以专业化运作为主、强化条线控制的直控型组织,再到通过弱化“条线控制”、强化“点块运作”的间质型组织,社会需求回应的组织形式发生了显著的转变。特别是间质型组织打破了典型科层组织的基本特征,一方面,以“结构缺失”促进政府科层组织与组织环境交换,降低科层组织在新的社会制度环境中所面临的组织创新风险;另一方面,组织目标和任务具有灵活性,分工的自主性也较强。由此,通过聚集大量原科层组织的人力、物质等资源,促进社会需求回应创新。研究结论表明,多重组织机制的交织构成政府应对复杂社会需求的动态调适机制,这一机制呈现出“向上趋同、近地变异”的演变特征,更能适应复杂制度环境,这些不同的组织策略与类型在不同阶段促进了政府组织的长期发展,有效回应了社会需求的发展与变化。