Comprehensive analysis of the gut microbiome and posttranslational modifications elucidates the route involved in microbiota-host interactions

The gut microbiome interacts with the host to maintain body homeostasis,with gut microbial dysbiosis implicated in many diseases.However,the underlying mechanisms of gut microbe regulation of host behavior and brain functions remain unclear.This study aimed to elucidate the influence of gut microbiota on brain functions via post-translational modification mechanisms in the presence or absence of bacteria without any stimulation.We conducted succinylome analysis of hippocampal proteins in germ-free(GF)and specific pathogen-free(SPF)mice and metagenomic analysis of feces from SPF mice.These results were integrated with previously reported hippocampal acetylome and phosphorylome data from the same batch of mice.Subsequent bioinformatics analyses revealed 584 succinylation sites on 455 proteins,including 54 up-regulated succinylation sites on 91 proteins and 99 down-regulated sites on 51 proteins in the GF mice compared to the SPF mice.We constructed a panoramic map of gut microbiota-regulated succinylation,acetylation,and phosphorylation,and identified cross-talk and relative independence between the different types of post-translational modifications in modulating complicated intracellular pathways.Pearson correlation analysis indicated that 13 taxa,predominantly belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum,were correlated with the biological functions of post-translational modifications.Positive correlations between these taxa and succinylation and negative correlations between these taxa and acetylation were identified in the modulation of intracellular pathways.This study highlights the hippocampal physiological changes induced by the absence of gut microbiota,and proteomic quantification of succinylation,phosphorylation,and acetylation,contributing to our understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in brain function and behavioral phenotypes.

Stem cell-based ischemic stroke therapy:Novel modifications and clinical challenges

Ischemic stroke(IS)causes severe disability and high mortality worldwide.Stem cell(SC)therapy exhibits unique therapeutic potential for IS that differs from current treatments.SC’s cell homing,differentiation and paracrine abilities give hope for neuroprotection.Recent studies on SC modification have enhanced therapeutic effects for IS,including gene transfection,nanoparticle modification,biomaterial modification and pretreatment.Thesemethods improve survival rate,homing,neural differentiation,and paracrine abilities in ischemic areas.However,many problems must be resolved before SC therapy can be clinically applied.These issues include production quality and quantity,stability during transportation and storage,as well as usage regulations.Herein,we reviewed the brief pathogenesis of IS,the“multi-mechanism”advantages of SCs for treating IS,various SC modification methods,and SC therapy challenges.We aim to uncover the potential and overcome the challenges of using SCs for treating IS and convey innovative ideas for modifying SCs.

Variations of Atmospheric ELF/VLF Radio Noise Due to Seismogenic Modifications in Tropospheric Conductivity

We suggest a possible explanation of the influence of pre-seismic activity on the registration rate of natural ELF(extremely low frequency)/VLF(very low frequency) pulses and the changes of their characteristics. The main idea is as follows. The distribution of the electric field around a thundercloud depends on the conductivity profile of the atmosphere. Quasi-static electric fields of a thundercloud decrease in those tropospheric regions where an increase of air conductivity is generated by pre-seismic activities due to emanation of radioactive gas and water into the lower atmosphere. The electric field becomes reduced in the lower troposphere, and the probability decreases of the cloud-to-ground (CG) strokes in such “contaminated” areas. Simultaneously, the electric field grows inside and above the thunderclouds, and hence, we anticipate a growth in the number of horizontal and tilted inter-cloud (or intra-cloud) (both termed as IC discharges) strokes. Spatial orientation of lightning strokes reduces vertical projection of their individual amplitudes, while the rate (median number strokes per a unit time) of discharges grows. We demonstrate that channel tilt of strokes modifies the spectral content of ELF/VLF radio noise and changes the rate of detected pulses during the earthquake preparation phase.

Epigenetic modifications and metabolic memory in diabetic retinopathy:beyond the surface

Epigenetics focuses on DNA methylation,histone modification,chromatin remodeling,noncoding RNAs,and other gene regulation mechanisms beyond the DNA sequence.In the past decade,epigenetic modifications have drawn more attention as they participate in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy despite tight control of glucose levels.The underlying mechanisms of epigenetic modifications in diabetic retinopathy still urgently need to be elucidated.The diabetic condition facilitates epigenetic changes and influences target gene expression.In this review,we summarize the involvement of epigenetic modifications and metabolic memory in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy and propose novel insights into the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

Current Strategies of Surface Modifications to Polyurethane Biomaterials for Vascular Grafts

As the number of patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases rises,the constraints of autologous transplantation remain unavoidable.As a result,artificial vascular grafts must be developed.Adhesion of proteins,platelets and bacteria on implants can result in stenosis,thrombus formation,and postoperative infection,which can be fatal for an implantation.Polyurethane,as a commonly used biomaterial,has been modified in various ways to deal with the adhesions of proteins,platelets,and bacteria and to stimulate endothelium adhesion.In this review,we briefly summarize the mechanisms behind adhesions,overview the current strategies of surface modifications of polyurethane biomaterials used in vascular grafts,and highlight the challenges that need to be addressed in future studies,aiming to gain a more profound understanding of how to develop artificial polyurethane vascular grafts with an enhanced implantation success rate and reduced side effect.

Compared discharge characteristics and film modifications of atmospheric pressure plasma jets with two different electrode geometries

Atmospheric pressure plasma jet shows great potential for polymer film processing. The electrode geometry is the key factor to determine discharge characteristics and film modification of jets. In this paper, we compared the discharge characteristics and the film modifications of atmospheric pressure plasma jets with needle-ring electrode(NRE) and doublering electrode(DRE). The results show that jet with NRE has stronger electric field intensity and higher discharge power,making it present more reactive oxygen particles and higher electron temperature, but its discharge stability is insufficient.In contrast, the jet with DRE has uniform electric field distribution of lower field intensity, which allows it to maintain stable discharge over a wide range of applied voltages. Besides, the modification results show that the treatment efficiency of PET film by NRE is higher than that by DRE. These results provide a suitable atmospheric pressure plasma jets device selection scheme for polymer film processing process.

Peanut proteins:Extraction,modifications,and applications:A comprehensive review

As naturally sourced proteins,peanut proteins have garnered significant attention from the food industry,owing to their numerous advantages,such as easy extraction,non-pungency,and high bioavailability.Furthermore,peanut proteins are highly digestible in the gastrointestinal tract and boast a high net protein utilization rate,making them an appealing protein source in food products and a promising alternative to animal protein.In this paper,the recent works on the extraction method,modification method,and application of peanut proteins were reviewed.Both advantages and disadvantages of current extraction and modification were discussed.Recently updated information about peanut protein research was summarized.Based on these,the prospection of peanut proteins research was presented,which may be instructive for future research in this field.Future research is still needed for accessible modification methods to develop the functional properties of peanut proteins.

Redox and metabolic regulation of epigenetic modifications:an emerging toxic action mechanism

Epigenetic modifications modulate conformational structure of chromatin and consequently gene expression by enzyme-mediated chemical modifications of DNA and histones.The activities of epigenetic modifying enzymes depend on many co-substrates and cofactors,such as 2-oxoglutarate(2-OG),iron,S-adenosylmethionine(SAM),nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+),flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD),and acetyl-CoA.These factors are inter-connecting molecules that integrate cellular nutrient metabolism and redox homeostasis,two key regulators of cell proliferation,cell survival,and cell functions.Dysregulation of such delicate regulatory network has been implicated in many pathological conditions and also been increasingly recognized as an emerging mechanism responsible for environmental pollutant-induced adverse effects.In this review,we first summarize DNA and histone modifying enzymes and their essential factors,then discuss the metabolic sources and the redox regulatory roles of these enzymatic factors,and finally elaborate the mechanisms of how targeting such factors by environmental pollutants influences epigenetic regulation and perturbs cellular functions.

Successful lifestyle modifications may underlie umbilical cordmesenchymal stromal cell effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a lifelong condition and a grave threat to human health.Innovative efforts to relieve its detrimental effects are acutely needed.The sine qua non in T2DM management is consistent adherence to a prudent lifestyle and nutrition,combined with aerobic and resistance exercise regimens,together repeatedly shown to lead to complete reversal and even longterm remission.Non-adherence to the above lifestyle adjustments condemns any treatment effort and ultimately the patient to a grim fate.It is thus imperative that every study evaluating the effects of innovative interventions in T2DM objectively compares the novel treatment modality to lifestyle modifications,preferably through double-blind controlled randomization,before claiming efficacy.

CTAB改性Cu-BTC材料的合成及其吸附分离二甲苯异构体的性能

通过水热法合成Cu-BTC晶体的过程中添加十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB),通过调节CTAB的添加量对吸附材料的形貌和孔结构进行改性,改性后的Cu-BTC材料与原Cu-BTC相比,其对对二甲苯(PX)的静态吸附量明显提高,且高于间二甲苯(MX)和邻二甲苯(OX),从而提高了异构体的吸附选择性。研究了二甲苯异构体在Cu-BTC-CTAB材料上的静态吸附性能和吸附动力学性能。在298K、318K和338K温度下进行了一系列二甲苯有机蒸气吸附平衡实验,得到了静态吸附速率曲线和吸附等温线。改性材料中CTAB添加量为0.08%的Cu-BTC-CTAB样品对PX的吸附量和选择性最优。动力学研究表明,二甲苯异构体在Cu-BTC-CTAB上的吸附过程可以用一级动力学模型来描述。

生物炭基光催化剂改性制备及其去除水中抗生素的研究进展

水体中抗生素会影响微生物群落结构和功能,导致生态失衡;同时,抗生素会通过食物链的富集和传递进一步污染水质,对生态环境和人类健康造成持续性危害.光催化技术因其高效且环保的特性成为众多抗生素去除技术中的重点研究对象.虽然半导体是光催化技术的核心材料之一,但其自身限制导致工作效率不高.生物炭(BC)作为碳家族成员之一有着众多优良特性,将生物炭与半导体复合制备的生物炭基光催化剂(BSPs)综合了两者的优越性能,有着广阔的应用前景.本文通过文献查阅,系统分析了BSPs的研究进展,涵盖BSPs的制备和改性方式,以及去除抗生素的原理和各种影响因素,并阐明其高导电性、高比表面积、强氧化性、稳定性和可回收性等特点,说明BSPs能够处理各种介质中存在的多种污染物.此外,对BSPs的局限性进行了分析,对未来研究方向提出了建议.

氢氧化钠改性生物炭/凹凸棒石复合材料对铅、镉的吸附机理研究

利用水稻秸秆与凹凸棒石在缺氧条件下热解制备稻秆生物炭/凹凸棒石复合材料(BA),并通过氢氧化钠改性提升其吸附性能。通过吸附动力学、等温吸附及改变初始pH等吸附试验研究复合材料在Cd、Pb一元及二元污染体系中的吸附行为,并结合扫描电镜能谱(SEM-EDS)、比表面积及孔径分析(BET)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)及X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等表征手段深入分析改性后复合材料对溶液中重金属Cd、Pb的吸附机理。试验结果表明氢氧化钠改性复合材料(NBA)对Cd^(2+)和Pb^(2+)的吸附容量分别为117.05和274.65 mg·g^(-1),其去除效率比BA分别增加31.2%和51.7%。在二元金属体系中NBA吸附能力也明显优于BA,准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温模型能更好地用于模拟吸附结果,表明该吸附主要为单分子化学吸附过程。此外,竞争吸附分析表明在Cd、Pb共存溶液中,与Cd^(2+)相比,Pb^(2+)更易被复合材料吸附。通过SEM-EDS、FTIR、XRD和XPS等表征方法确定了NBA对Cd^(2+)和Pb^(2+)的吸附机制,主要包括其与表面含氧官能团的络合作用、与矿物质的沉淀作用及π-电子作用。综上,改性复合材料NBA在实际废水处理中是一种极具潜力的吸附剂。

基于两性离子的纳滤膜抗污染改性方法研究进展

纳滤膜对水中污染物的分离截留性能优异,膜污染控制和抗污染强化是该技术发展的研究热点。纳滤膜改性是强化纳滤膜抗污染性能的方法之一,基于两性离子材料的改性纳滤膜凭借两性离子材料静电作用与水分子结合的特性,在渗透性和抗污性方面表现优秀。系统综述了强化抗污染的两性离子纳滤膜的改性方法,包括涂覆法、接枝法、界面聚合法、自组装和共混掺杂法等,并阐释了各方法所制备纳滤膜的抗污效能和适用条件,最后对各改性方法做出了展望,以期为两性离子材料在纳滤膜改性和实际应用中的研究提供参考。

超声改性对淀粉理化性质的影响及其在食品中的应用研究进展

淀粉是人类饮食中重要的能量来源之一,也是食品工业中重要的原材料。天然淀粉易受外界环境影响,如温度、pH、剪切力等,加工不稳定,限制了淀粉在食品领域中的应用。因此,需要对淀粉进行改性以提高淀粉的功能性,淀粉常采用物理、化学和酶法改性。近年来,消费者对绿色健康食品的需求增大,研究者正在寻找一种安全、环保、高效的方法。超声改性淀粉具有绿色环保、处理简单、高效安全等优点,是一种很有潜力的物理改性方法,近年来成为了研究热点。采用超声改性淀粉的实验研究很多,但关于超声改性对淀粉影响的相关性综述较少,因此,本文综述了近年来有关超声改性淀粉的研究进展,主要阐述超声改性机制及超声对淀粉颗粒结构、糊化特性、流变特性、透明度的影响,讨论了超声与其他方法复合改性对淀粉理化性质的影响,对其在食品中的应用进展进行综述,为拓展改性淀粉深加工在食品领域中的应用提供理论依据。

油炸专用改性淀粉的制备及理化特性分析

以淀粉为主要原料,乳清蛋白粉、棕榈油为辅料进行改性处理,获得三元复合物,并对复合物的理化特性进行分析。结果显示,与普通淀粉相比,复合物在12 h贮藏期间提高了水分含量并降低了油脂含量;溶解度在贮藏前4 h有明显上升,之后逐渐下降,膨胀度也得到了改善,0℃时贮藏12 h后析水率下降了43.90%;复合物的破损值、回生值均显著低于普通淀粉。10℃时回生值下降了55.29%,破损值下降了31.00%。复合物提高了油炸用淀粉的贮藏稳定性。

双波长光度法测定热处理橡胶木中支链淀粉和直链淀粉的含量

橡胶木中直链淀粉和支链淀粉的组成比例直接影响淀粉的化学特性,橡胶木热处理过程中,淀粉发生不同程度热降解影响其比例发生变化,分析其含量变化将为热处理橡胶木热解机制研究提供理论基础.研究采用单因素法优化了提取方法参数,并建立了双波长光度法检测橡胶木中直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量的定量分析方法,检验了该分析方法的精密度、稳定性和加标回收率.结果表明,直链淀粉和支链淀粉的标准曲线方程分别为y=0.02499x-0.1136和y=0.00159x-0.0005,其回归系数R^(2)均为0.998,方法前处理样品简便、快速,分析方法稳定性好、灵敏度高,回收率稳定,适用于橡胶木中直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量的定量分析.分析比较了橡胶木素材及不同温度(125、155、185℃)热处理橡胶木中直链淀粉和支链淀粉的含量,橡胶木素材中支链淀粉含量远高于直链淀粉,质量比约为8∶1.随着热处理温度升高至155℃,直链淀粉含量出现明显下降,而温度升高至185℃,支链淀粉含量出现明显下降趋势.

二氧化碳膜分离材料及其性能研究进展

碳捕集、利用与封存技术是能源行业绿色发展的重要途径。与化学吸收法、变压吸附法和低温蒸馏法等传统工艺相比,膜分离法具有低能耗、高效率、小型化、环境友好、易与其他技术集成等优势。目前,膜材料的选择、改性以及对膜结构的重构是提高膜材料分离性能的关键。该文总结对比了有机聚合物膜、无机膜及混合基质膜的研究进展,并对其分离机理、材料及性能进行了介绍,重点综述了材料的改性研究及用于制备混合基质膜的填充材料,展望了CO_(2)分离膜材料性能改进的研究方向及膜分离技术所面临的挑战。

改性甘薯淀粉及其在食品工业中的应用研究进展

甘薯淀粉常作为粉丝和粉条等食品加工原料,具有稳定和增稠作用。但受其固有性质的限制(如热稳定性差、淀粉糊透明度低等),难以满足现代食品工业发展的需求,而改性(如物理法、化学法、酶法及复合法等)能赋予甘薯淀粉良好的功能、流变学和加工特性(如抗老化性、淀粉糊透明度高、凝沉性小、冻融稳定性好、抗酸性和成膜性好等),可用于改善食品的物化特性、质构特性及食用品质。该文首先分析了甘薯淀粉的结构及性质,并总结了改性方法,最后概述了甘薯淀粉在食品工业(从粉丝、面制品、调味料及其他食品等方面)中的应用情况,以期为扩大甘薯淀粉资源的研究和应用提供参考。

十二烷基硫酸钠表面改性水滑石对PVC热稳定性能的影响

采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对镁铝镧碳酸根型水滑石(LDHs)表面进行湿法改性,讨论了不同改性条件对聚氯乙烯(PVC)静态热稳定性能的影响,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和红外光谱仪(FTIR)进行表征。采用刚果红试纸法、烘箱变色法、转矩流变法、热重分析法等测定了SDS改性前后PVC/LDHs样品的热稳定性能。结果表明,恒定pH=7,SDS为LDHs质量的10%,水浴80℃下搅拌3 h,改性效果最佳;SDS并未破坏LDHs的晶体结构,仅吸附在表面,增强了与PVC的相容性;改性后的PVC/LDHs样品静态及动态热稳定时间达65、28.5 min,改善了后期着色,更易塑化成型;最大质量损失速率对应温度为346℃,较未添加前增加55℃,能较好地抑制PVC的热降解。

改良红层工程性能与环境耐久性研究进展

红层在我国东南、西南、西北地区广泛分布,因其膨胀收缩性、遇水崩解性、岩体软弱性等特点,往往不能直接作为填料应用于路基工程,必须进行物理或化学改良处理。通过文献调研,本文从红层崩解机理、工程改良方法、改良效果及环境耐久性等方面对国内外研究进行了梳理。并结合现有研究,提出未来应加强环境荷载(如干湿、冻融作用)及静、动荷载单独或耦合作用下改良红层的耐久性研究。