基于模块化多电平换流器MMC(modular multilevel converter)的高压直流输电HVDC(high voltage direct current transmission)因具有无源网络支撑等优势而被广泛应用于大容量新能源外送消纳。受电力电子设备交互作用等因素影响,送端系统...基于模块化多电平换流器MMC(modular multilevel converter)的高压直流输电HVDC(high voltage direct current transmission)因具有无源网络支撑等优势而被广泛应用于大容量新能源外送消纳。受电力电子设备交互作用等因素影响,送端系统易发生振荡失稳现象。首先,建立了直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统的小扰动线性化模型,分析了风场有功输出对系统稳定性的影响。然后,建立了MMC及风机并网变流器交流侧dq阻抗模型,从阻抗角度揭示了送端系统振荡失稳机理。进一步,提出了基于MMC交流电压控制外环q轴附加阻尼的振荡抑制策略,可满足系统满功率范围内的运行稳定性要求。最后,基于全比例模型的仿真结果验证了所提振荡抑制策略的有效性。展开更多
A novel DC traction power supply system suitable for energy feeding and de-icing is proposed in this paper for an urban rail transit catenary on the basis of the full bridge submodule (FBSM) modular multilevel convert...A novel DC traction power supply system suitable for energy feeding and de-icing is proposed in this paper for an urban rail transit catenary on the basis of the full bridge submodule (FBSM) modular multilevel converter (MMC). The FBSM-MMC is a novel type of voltage source converter (VSC) and can directly control the output DC voltage and conduct bipolar currents, thus flexibly controlling the power flow of the urban rail transit catenary. The proposed topology can overcome the inherent disadvantages of the output voltage drop in the diode rectifier units, increase the power supply distance and reduce the number of traction substations. The flexible DC technology can coordinate multiple FBSM-MMCs in a wide area and jointly complete the bidirectional control of catenary power flow during the operation of the electric locomotive, so as to realize the local consumption and optimal utilization of the recovered braking energy of the train. In addition, the FBSM-MMCs can also adjust the output current when the locomotive is out of service to prevent the catenary from icing in winter. The working modes of the proposed topology are illustrated in detail and the control strategy is specially designed for normal locomotive operations and catenary de-icing. Simulation cases conducted by PSCAD/EMTDC validate the proposed topology and its control strategy.展开更多
故障限流是保障直流输电系统安全运行的关键技术,现有源侧和网侧限流方法通常独立配置且未与故障严重程度相匹配,难以兼顾限流能力与设备成本。针对上述问题,该文提出一种考虑故障严重程度的源网自适应限流策略,利用源侧模块化多电平换...故障限流是保障直流输电系统安全运行的关键技术,现有源侧和网侧限流方法通常独立配置且未与故障严重程度相匹配,难以兼顾限流能力与设备成本。针对上述问题,该文提出一种考虑故障严重程度的源网自适应限流策略,利用源侧模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)与网侧故障限流器(fault current limiter,FCL)的限流贡献度配合,实现主动匹配限流目标和故障条件的自适应限流。能够在保障限流能力的前提下,降低FCL配置成本及MMC降压运行对电网的不利影响。首先,分别定量分析源侧MMC与网侧FCL的限流贡献度,进而推导考虑限流贡献度配合的源网协同限流计算方法;基于此提出限流贡献度匹配故障严重程度的自适应故障限流策略;最后,在电磁暂态仿真中对所提策略的有效性进行验证。展开更多
基于模块化多电平换流器的高压柔性直流输电系统(modular multilevel converter-based high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)常采用双极接线方式以提高系统功率输送能力和可靠性。然而目前对于风电场经柔直外送系统的稳定性研究集中...基于模块化多电平换流器的高压柔性直流输电系统(modular multilevel converter-based high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)常采用双极接线方式以提高系统功率输送能力和可靠性。然而目前对于风电场经柔直外送系统的稳定性研究集中于单极接线方式,孤岛直驱风电场与采用不同双极协调控制的双极MMC-HVDC互联系统小信号稳定性问题还有待进一步探究。该文首先考虑频率耦合特性、参考系初相位和直流侧耦合特性的影响,分别建立了采用双U/f下垂控制和定U/f-P/Q控制的双极MMC-HVDC系统交流侧等效SISO阻抗模型,并详细分析了金属回线阻抗和双极间功率均分度对交流阻抗特性的影响。接着对比研究了两种协调控制中共有控制环路和特有控制环路对交流侧负电阻特性及互联系统稳定性的影响规律。最后,孤岛直驱风电场经两种双极协调控制下双极MMC-HVDC外送系统Matlab/Simulink时域仿真结果和硬件在环半实物实时仿真实验结果验证了所提出的小信号阻抗模型的精确性和稳定性分析结论的有效性。展开更多
Due to the large number of submodules(SMs),and modular multilevel converters(MMCs)in high-voltage applications,they are usually regulated by the nearest level modulation(NLM).Moreover,the large number of SMs causes a ...Due to the large number of submodules(SMs),and modular multilevel converters(MMCs)in high-voltage applications,they are usually regulated by the nearest level modulation(NLM).Moreover,the large number of SMs causes a challenge for the fault diagnosis strategy(FDS).This paper proposes a currentless FDS for MMC with NLM.In FDS,the voltage sensor is relocated to measure the output voltage of the SM.To acquire the capacitor voltage and avoid increasing extra sensors,a capacitor voltage calculation method is proposed.Based on the measurement of output voltages,the faults can be detected and the number of different-type switch open-circuit faults can be confirmed from the numerous SMs in an arm,which narrows the scope of fault localization.Then,the faulty SMs and faulty switches in these SMs are further located without arm current according to the sorting of capacitor voltages in the voltage balancing algorithm.The FDS is independent of the arm current,which can reduce the communication cost in the hierarchical control system of MMC.Furthermore,the proposed FDS not only simplifies the identification of switch open-circuit faults by confirming the scope of faults,but also detects and locates multiple different-type faults in an arm.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by the simulation results.展开更多
双馈/直驱风机混合接入模块化多电平高压直流输电(modular multi-level converter based HVDC,MMC-HVDC)的次同步振荡事件频繁发生,已有双馈或直驱某一种风机与MMC-HVDC交互产生振荡的研究,但鲜有针对双馈/直驱风机混合接入MMC-HVDC的...双馈/直驱风机混合接入模块化多电平高压直流输电(modular multi-level converter based HVDC,MMC-HVDC)的次同步振荡事件频繁发生,已有双馈或直驱某一种风机与MMC-HVDC交互产生振荡的研究,但鲜有针对双馈/直驱风机混合接入MMC-HVDC的次同步振荡分析与抑制措施研究。该文首先阐述并分析了某双馈/直驱风机混合接入MMC-HVDC后发生次同步振荡实际事件的特征与原因,通过阻抗相量方法研究了双馈/直驱风机频域阻抗的交互影响方式。研究表明,在双馈或直驱风机单独接入MMC-HVDC不存在振荡风险的条件下,双馈和直驱风机并联接入后依然可能存在振荡风险。最后,根据电网调度运行的实际要求,提出了考虑机组启停数量调配的临时抑制振荡策略。展开更多
Non-isolated DC/DC converter based on modular multilevel converter(MMC)technology is expected to play an important role in future DC transmission grids.This paper presents a phasor analytical model for this new family...Non-isolated DC/DC converter based on modular multilevel converter(MMC)technology is expected to play an important role in future DC transmission grids.This paper presents a phasor analytical model for this new family of converters which is suitable for a range of studies like DC grid power flow or DC/DC parametric design.The 30th-order phasor model is derived in 3 coordinate frames:zero sequence(DC),fundamental frequency(dq),and double frequency(d2q2).The second-harmonic current suppression control is included as an option.Additionally,an estimation of the required control signals is presented,and a closed-loop model is developed which facilitates direct calculation of all variables and fast parametric studies.The accuracy of the proposed models is verified against a detailed PSCAD model for a wide range of parameters.The studies illustrate the importance of the second-harmonic components on the model accuracy.Finally,the impact of the converter parameters on the performance is studied,and a basic eigenvalue stability analysis is given.展开更多
This paper proposes a single-ended fault detection scheme for long transmission lines using support vector machine(SVM)for multi-terminal direct current systems based on modular multilevel converter(MMC-MTDC).The sche...This paper proposes a single-ended fault detection scheme for long transmission lines using support vector machine(SVM)for multi-terminal direct current systems based on modular multilevel converter(MMC-MTDC).The scheme overcomes existing detection difficulties in the protection of long transmission lines resulting from high grounding resistance and attenuation,and also avoids the sophisticated process of threshold value selection.The high-frequency components in the measured voltage extracted by a wavelet transform and the amplitude of the zero-mode set of the positive-sequence voltage are the inputs to a trained SVM.The output of the SVM determines the fault type.A model of a four-terminal DC power grid with overhead transmission lines is built in PSCAD/EMTDC.Simulation results of EMTDC confirm that the proposed scheme achieves 100%accuracy in detecting short-circuit faults with high resistance on long transmission lines.The proposed scheme eliminates mal-operation of DC circuit breakers when faced with power order changes or AC-side faults.Its robustness and time delay are also assessed and shown to have no perceptible effect on the speed and accuracy of the detection scheme,thus ensuring its reliability and stability.展开更多
In recent years, high-frequency resonance (HFR) events occurred in several modular multilevel converter based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) projects. The time delay of an MMC-HVDC system is the critical facto...In recent years, high-frequency resonance (HFR) events occurred in several modular multilevel converter based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) projects. The time delay of an MMC-HVDC system is the critical factor that induces HFR. The frequency coupling affects the impedance characteristics of an MMC and further deteriorates system stability. Therefore, in this paper, a multi-input multi-output admittance model of an MMC-HVDC system is developed to analyze its frequency characteristics. The effects of current loop, power loop, phase-locked loop, and operating point on the MMC frequency coupling degree are analyzed in detail. Meanwhile, to further suppress HFR in the MMC-HVDC system, an enhanced impedance reshaping control strategy based on the equivalent single-input single-output impedance model is proposed. Finally, the accuracy of the enhanced impedance model and the effectiveness of the impedance reshaping control are verified by electromagnetic transient simulations in PSCAD.展开更多
与常规直流相比,永富直流逆变站存在功率全送和功率分送运行方式,而其处于分网接入方式时电网换相换流器高压直流输电(line commutated converter based high voltage directcurrent,LCC-HVDC)系统的交互振荡模式及特征尚不明确。针对...与常规直流相比,永富直流逆变站存在功率全送和功率分送运行方式,而其处于分网接入方式时电网换相换流器高压直流输电(line commutated converter based high voltage directcurrent,LCC-HVDC)系统的交互振荡模式及特征尚不明确。针对这一特殊运行方式,采用模块化建模的思路建立可以反映系统电气/控制回路间交互耦合路径的运动方程模型。在此基础上,依据系统整流侧-逆变侧、正极-负极间的交互耦合路径分解得到影响系统主导模式稳定性的3条扰动传递路径,即整流侧内部自稳性路径、逆变侧内部自稳性路径、双极交互作用致稳性路径。最后,设置不同工况下的案例,量化评估不同作用路径提供的阻尼大小,并通过仿真验证运动方程模型及扰动传递路径分析结果的正确性,为后续研究分网接入方式下LCC-HVDC系统交互振荡模式的阻尼特征提供模型基础。展开更多
Multi-terminal direct current(MTDC)grids provide the possibility of meshed interconnections between regional power systems and various renewable energy resources to boost supply reliability and economy.The modular mul...Multi-terminal direct current(MTDC)grids provide the possibility of meshed interconnections between regional power systems and various renewable energy resources to boost supply reliability and economy.The modular multilevel converter(MMC)has become the basic building block for MTDC and DC grids due to its salient features,i.e.,modularity and scalability.Therefore,the MMC-based MTDC systems should be pervasively embedded into the present power system to improve system performance.However,several technical challenges hamper their practical applications and deployment,including modeling,control,and protection of the MMC-MTDC grids.This paper presents a comprehensive investigation and reference in modeling,control,and protection of the MMC-MTDC grids.A general overview of state-of-the-art modeling techniques of the MMC along with their performance in simulation analysis for MTDC applications is provided.A review of control strategies of the MMC-MTDC grids which provide AC system support is presented.State-of-the art protection techniques of the MMCMTDC systems are also investigated.Finally,the associated research challenges and trends are highlighted.展开更多
模块化多电平换流器型直流输电系统(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current,MMCHVDC)和交流线路可为重要负荷双路供电,因此MMCHVDC需具备在联网运行状态和孤岛运行状态间稳定转换的能力。该文分析了MMC在联...模块化多电平换流器型直流输电系统(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current,MMCHVDC)和交流线路可为重要负荷双路供电,因此MMCHVDC需具备在联网运行状态和孤岛运行状态间稳定转换的能力。该文分析了MMC在联网状态和孤岛状态间相互转换的过程,并设计了一种基于本地电气量的MMC控制模式切换策略。之后,对MMC无源供电控制器进行改进,设计了一种无需切换控制模式的MMC下垂控制策略。最后,通过PSCAD仿真对上述2种转换策略进行验证和比较,结果表明2种策略均能使MMC在联网状态和孤岛状态间稳定转换。2种策略各有优缺点,实际应用中MMC需依据具体的控制目标选取合适的策略。展开更多
文摘基于模块化多电平换流器MMC(modular multilevel converter)的高压直流输电HVDC(high voltage direct current transmission)因具有无源网络支撑等优势而被广泛应用于大容量新能源外送消纳。受电力电子设备交互作用等因素影响,送端系统易发生振荡失稳现象。首先,建立了直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统的小扰动线性化模型,分析了风场有功输出对系统稳定性的影响。然后,建立了MMC及风机并网变流器交流侧dq阻抗模型,从阻抗角度揭示了送端系统振荡失稳机理。进一步,提出了基于MMC交流电压控制外环q轴附加阻尼的振荡抑制策略,可满足系统满功率范围内的运行稳定性要求。最后,基于全比例模型的仿真结果验证了所提振荡抑制策略的有效性。
基金supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB1200801)Continuous Co-phase Traction Power System based on Static Power Converter(20192001148).
文摘A novel DC traction power supply system suitable for energy feeding and de-icing is proposed in this paper for an urban rail transit catenary on the basis of the full bridge submodule (FBSM) modular multilevel converter (MMC). The FBSM-MMC is a novel type of voltage source converter (VSC) and can directly control the output DC voltage and conduct bipolar currents, thus flexibly controlling the power flow of the urban rail transit catenary. The proposed topology can overcome the inherent disadvantages of the output voltage drop in the diode rectifier units, increase the power supply distance and reduce the number of traction substations. The flexible DC technology can coordinate multiple FBSM-MMCs in a wide area and jointly complete the bidirectional control of catenary power flow during the operation of the electric locomotive, so as to realize the local consumption and optimal utilization of the recovered braking energy of the train. In addition, the FBSM-MMCs can also adjust the output current when the locomotive is out of service to prevent the catenary from icing in winter. The working modes of the proposed topology are illustrated in detail and the control strategy is specially designed for normal locomotive operations and catenary de-icing. Simulation cases conducted by PSCAD/EMTDC validate the proposed topology and its control strategy.
文摘故障限流是保障直流输电系统安全运行的关键技术,现有源侧和网侧限流方法通常独立配置且未与故障严重程度相匹配,难以兼顾限流能力与设备成本。针对上述问题,该文提出一种考虑故障严重程度的源网自适应限流策略,利用源侧模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)与网侧故障限流器(fault current limiter,FCL)的限流贡献度配合,实现主动匹配限流目标和故障条件的自适应限流。能够在保障限流能力的前提下,降低FCL配置成本及MMC降压运行对电网的不利影响。首先,分别定量分析源侧MMC与网侧FCL的限流贡献度,进而推导考虑限流贡献度配合的源网协同限流计算方法;基于此提出限流贡献度匹配故障严重程度的自适应故障限流策略;最后,在电磁暂态仿真中对所提策略的有效性进行验证。
文摘基于模块化多电平换流器的高压柔性直流输电系统(modular multilevel converter-based high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)常采用双极接线方式以提高系统功率输送能力和可靠性。然而目前对于风电场经柔直外送系统的稳定性研究集中于单极接线方式,孤岛直驱风电场与采用不同双极协调控制的双极MMC-HVDC互联系统小信号稳定性问题还有待进一步探究。该文首先考虑频率耦合特性、参考系初相位和直流侧耦合特性的影响,分别建立了采用双U/f下垂控制和定U/f-P/Q控制的双极MMC-HVDC系统交流侧等效SISO阻抗模型,并详细分析了金属回线阻抗和双极间功率均分度对交流阻抗特性的影响。接着对比研究了两种协调控制中共有控制环路和特有控制环路对交流侧负电阻特性及互联系统稳定性的影响规律。最后,孤岛直驱风电场经两种双极协调控制下双极MMC-HVDC外送系统Matlab/Simulink时域仿真结果和硬件在环半实物实时仿真实验结果验证了所提出的小信号阻抗模型的精确性和稳定性分析结论的有效性。
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology(GEIRI-SKL-2020-011)。
文摘Due to the large number of submodules(SMs),and modular multilevel converters(MMCs)in high-voltage applications,they are usually regulated by the nearest level modulation(NLM).Moreover,the large number of SMs causes a challenge for the fault diagnosis strategy(FDS).This paper proposes a currentless FDS for MMC with NLM.In FDS,the voltage sensor is relocated to measure the output voltage of the SM.To acquire the capacitor voltage and avoid increasing extra sensors,a capacitor voltage calculation method is proposed.Based on the measurement of output voltages,the faults can be detected and the number of different-type switch open-circuit faults can be confirmed from the numerous SMs in an arm,which narrows the scope of fault localization.Then,the faulty SMs and faulty switches in these SMs are further located without arm current according to the sorting of capacitor voltages in the voltage balancing algorithm.The FDS is independent of the arm current,which can reduce the communication cost in the hierarchical control system of MMC.Furthermore,the proposed FDS not only simplifies the identification of switch open-circuit faults by confirming the scope of faults,but also detects and locates multiple different-type faults in an arm.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by the simulation results.
文摘双馈/直驱风机混合接入模块化多电平高压直流输电(modular multi-level converter based HVDC,MMC-HVDC)的次同步振荡事件频繁发生,已有双馈或直驱某一种风机与MMC-HVDC交互产生振荡的研究,但鲜有针对双馈/直驱风机混合接入MMC-HVDC的次同步振荡分析与抑制措施研究。该文首先阐述并分析了某双馈/直驱风机混合接入MMC-HVDC后发生次同步振荡实际事件的特征与原因,通过阻抗相量方法研究了双馈/直驱风机频域阻抗的交互影响方式。研究表明,在双馈或直驱风机单独接入MMC-HVDC不存在振荡风险的条件下,双馈和直驱风机并联接入后依然可能存在振荡风险。最后,根据电网调度运行的实际要求,提出了考虑机组启停数量调配的临时抑制振荡策略。
文摘Non-isolated DC/DC converter based on modular multilevel converter(MMC)technology is expected to play an important role in future DC transmission grids.This paper presents a phasor analytical model for this new family of converters which is suitable for a range of studies like DC grid power flow or DC/DC parametric design.The 30th-order phasor model is derived in 3 coordinate frames:zero sequence(DC),fundamental frequency(dq),and double frequency(d2q2).The second-harmonic current suppression control is included as an option.Additionally,an estimation of the required control signals is presented,and a closed-loop model is developed which facilitates direct calculation of all variables and fast parametric studies.The accuracy of the proposed models is verified against a detailed PSCAD model for a wide range of parameters.The studies illustrate the importance of the second-harmonic components on the model accuracy.Finally,the impact of the converter parameters on the performance is studied,and a basic eigenvalue stability analysis is given.
文摘This paper proposes a single-ended fault detection scheme for long transmission lines using support vector machine(SVM)for multi-terminal direct current systems based on modular multilevel converter(MMC-MTDC).The scheme overcomes existing detection difficulties in the protection of long transmission lines resulting from high grounding resistance and attenuation,and also avoids the sophisticated process of threshold value selection.The high-frequency components in the measured voltage extracted by a wavelet transform and the amplitude of the zero-mode set of the positive-sequence voltage are the inputs to a trained SVM.The output of the SVM determines the fault type.A model of a four-terminal DC power grid with overhead transmission lines is built in PSCAD/EMTDC.Simulation results of EMTDC confirm that the proposed scheme achieves 100%accuracy in detecting short-circuit faults with high resistance on long transmission lines.The proposed scheme eliminates mal-operation of DC circuit breakers when faced with power order changes or AC-side faults.Its robustness and time delay are also assessed and shown to have no perceptible effect on the speed and accuracy of the detection scheme,thus ensuring its reliability and stability.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52277102)。
文摘In recent years, high-frequency resonance (HFR) events occurred in several modular multilevel converter based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) projects. The time delay of an MMC-HVDC system is the critical factor that induces HFR. The frequency coupling affects the impedance characteristics of an MMC and further deteriorates system stability. Therefore, in this paper, a multi-input multi-output admittance model of an MMC-HVDC system is developed to analyze its frequency characteristics. The effects of current loop, power loop, phase-locked loop, and operating point on the MMC frequency coupling degree are analyzed in detail. Meanwhile, to further suppress HFR in the MMC-HVDC system, an enhanced impedance reshaping control strategy based on the equivalent single-input single-output impedance model is proposed. Finally, the accuracy of the enhanced impedance model and the effectiveness of the impedance reshaping control are verified by electromagnetic transient simulations in PSCAD.
文摘与常规直流相比,永富直流逆变站存在功率全送和功率分送运行方式,而其处于分网接入方式时电网换相换流器高压直流输电(line commutated converter based high voltage directcurrent,LCC-HVDC)系统的交互振荡模式及特征尚不明确。针对这一特殊运行方式,采用模块化建模的思路建立可以反映系统电气/控制回路间交互耦合路径的运动方程模型。在此基础上,依据系统整流侧-逆变侧、正极-负极间的交互耦合路径分解得到影响系统主导模式稳定性的3条扰动传递路径,即整流侧内部自稳性路径、逆变侧内部自稳性路径、双极交互作用致稳性路径。最后,设置不同工况下的案例,量化评估不同作用路径提供的阻尼大小,并通过仿真验证运动方程模型及扰动传递路径分析结果的正确性,为后续研究分网接入方式下LCC-HVDC系统交互振荡模式的阻尼特征提供模型基础。
基金funded by SGCC Science and Technology Program under project Research on Electromagnetic Transient Simulation Technology for Large-scale MMC-HVDC Systems.
文摘Multi-terminal direct current(MTDC)grids provide the possibility of meshed interconnections between regional power systems and various renewable energy resources to boost supply reliability and economy.The modular multilevel converter(MMC)has become the basic building block for MTDC and DC grids due to its salient features,i.e.,modularity and scalability.Therefore,the MMC-based MTDC systems should be pervasively embedded into the present power system to improve system performance.However,several technical challenges hamper their practical applications and deployment,including modeling,control,and protection of the MMC-MTDC grids.This paper presents a comprehensive investigation and reference in modeling,control,and protection of the MMC-MTDC grids.A general overview of state-of-the-art modeling techniques of the MMC along with their performance in simulation analysis for MTDC applications is provided.A review of control strategies of the MMC-MTDC grids which provide AC system support is presented.State-of-the art protection techniques of the MMCMTDC systems are also investigated.Finally,the associated research challenges and trends are highlighted.
文摘模块化多电平换流器型直流输电系统(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current,MMCHVDC)和交流线路可为重要负荷双路供电,因此MMCHVDC需具备在联网运行状态和孤岛运行状态间稳定转换的能力。该文分析了MMC在联网状态和孤岛状态间相互转换的过程,并设计了一种基于本地电气量的MMC控制模式切换策略。之后,对MMC无源供电控制器进行改进,设计了一种无需切换控制模式的MMC下垂控制策略。最后,通过PSCAD仿真对上述2种转换策略进行验证和比较,结果表明2种策略均能使MMC在联网状态和孤岛状态间稳定转换。2种策略各有优缺点,实际应用中MMC需依据具体的控制目标选取合适的策略。
