Dynamic evolutionary community detection algorithms based on the modularity matrix

Motivated by the relationship of the dynamic behaviors and network structure, in this paper, we present two efficient dynamic community detection algorithms. The phases of the nodes in the network can evolve according to our proposed differential equations. In each iteration, the phases of the nodes are controlled by several parameters. It is found that the phases of the nodes are ultimately clustered into several communities after a short period of evolution. They can be adopted to detect the communities successfully. The second differential equation can dynamically adjust several parameters, so it can obtain satisfactory detection results. Simulations on some test networks have verified the efficiency of the presented algorithms.

Link prediction in complex networks via modularity-based belief propagation

Link prediction aims at detecting missing, spurious or evolving links in a network, based on the topological information and/or nodes＇ attributes of the network. Under the assumption that the likelihood of the existence of a link between two nodes can be captured by nodes＇ similarity, several methods have been proposed to compute similarity directly or indirectly, with information on node degree. However, correctly predicting links is also crucial in revealing the link formation mechanisms and thus in providing more accurate modeling for networks. We here propose a novel method to predict links by incorporating stochastic-block-model link generating mechanisms with node degree. The proposed method first recov- ers the underlying block structure of a network by modularity-based belief propagation, and based on the recovered block structural information it models the link likelihood between two nodes to match the degree sequence of the network. Experiments on a set of real-world networks and synthetic networks generated by stochastic block model show that our proposed method is effective in detecting missing, spurious or evolving links of networks that can be well modeled by a stochastic block model. This approach efficiently complements the toolbox for complex network analysis, offering a novel tool to model links in stochastic block model networks that are fundamental in the modeling of real world complex networks.

Interpreting Nestedness and Modularity Structures in Affiliation Networks: An Application in Knowledge Networks Formed by Software Project Teams

An understanding of the knowledge creation and diffusion process in the organizational context is extremely relevant. Because from this understanding, organizations can restructure processes, reorient teams and implement methodologies to assist in the construction of an evolutionary process of knowledge creation and diffusion aimed at sustainable growth and innovation. The theory of complex social networks has been applied in several fields to help understand organizational cognitive processes. However, these approaches still insipiently consider the analysis of the nestedness and modularity of the studied networks. In this article, we presented an approach that sought to identify patterns of nestedness and modularity in networks of affiliation of people in projects in the organizational context. The study sought to identify these patterns in affiliation networks in a public organization providing information technology services in the period from 2006 to 2013. The detection of these patterns was performed using the NODF (Nestedness metric based on Overlap and Decreasing Fill) algorithm described by [1]. The nestedness and modularity metrics can influence patterns of knowledge creation and diffusion in formal and informal networks constituted for the execution of projects in organizations. This study showed that the network structures of the organization during the study period presented a high degree of nestedness, and it was possible to identify combined structures of nestedness and modularity.

Pseudotumor recurrence in a post-revision total hip arthroplasty with stem neck modularity: A case report

BACKGROUND This unique presentation of hip swelling is only the seventh reported case of pseudotumor recurrence in a non-metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty(THA)construct.The constellation of patient symptoms and laboratory findings contradict the expected elevated serum metal ion levels associated with the formation of pseudotumor.The presentation,lab trends,and imaging findings contribute to the growing base of knowledge surrounding the effects of corrosion in arthroplasty constructs with stem-neck modularity.CASE SUMMARY A 74-year-old man status post primary THA presented with left hip swelling and elevated serum metal ions five years after implantation of a modular stem-neck prosthesis.The swelling was diagnosed as pseudotumor based on laboratory trends and imaging findings and was treated with revision arthroplasty that completely resolved the initial hip swelling.The patient presented with recurrent hip swelling and recurrent pseudotumor findings on imaging in the same hip four months later.Non-operative management with ultrasound-guided hip aspiration resulted in symptom relief and resolution of the recurrent swelling.After one year of follow-up,the patient had no further recurrences of hip swelling.CONCLUSION This case of post-revision pseudotumor recurrence elucidates attributable patient,surgical,and implant factors with a discussion of diagnostics,management,and prognosis for patients with pseudotumor in non-metal-on-metal arthroplasty constructs.

Modularity,module reintegration and industry landscape remaking

The turn-key solution originated by Media Tek Inc.(MTK) changed the degree of handset modularity and sparked therise of "knockoff handsets’’ This paper holds that modularity is not a product of independent evolution and that thechange in the degree of product modularity will lead to a change in the product’s organizational structure.Modulereintegration has reduced the industry’s knowledge barrier and made it possible for a large number of low-tech firms toenter the industry in China.As a result, it has altered the industry’s competitive landscape.Module reintegration can betaken as an important path for industrial upgrade, and the industry regulatory policies shall also be adjusted accordingto the changes in this industry’s characteristics.

Modularity Techniques in High Performance Permanent Magnet Machines and Applications

This paper reviews the modularity techniques in the stator manufacture of permanent magnet machines for different applications.Some basic concepts of modular machines are firstly introduced.Modular machines for several typical applications are then described in details,including domestic appliances,automobiles and electric vehicles,more electric aircrafts and civic applications,wind power generators,etc.Besides,the influence of manufacture tolerance gaps and flux barriers on the electromagnetic performance is discussed.

Modularity,reconfigurability,and autonomy for the future in spacecraft:A review

The shape of a spacecraft is transitioning from monolithic,manual,and static to modular,autonomous,and dynamic.Modular Reconfigurable Spacecrafts(MRSs)offer better solutions than traditional monolithic spacecrafts in several aspects,and may become the next generation of spacecraft systems with efficient design,fast deployment,flexible application,and convenient management.This paper reviews the development and technology of MRS from three aspects:Modularity,reconfigurability,and autonomy.Despite the progress of research on MRS,there is still a lack of unified standards and little understanding of related concepts.Based on the understanding of basic concepts,the studies conducted on MRS are reviewed to identify technical requirements and solutions.Aiming at the future development trend of MRS,a novel modular selfreconfigurable spacecraft,referred to as MagicSat,is proposed.Furthermore,the MagicSat system composition,advantages,and application prospects are studied.The enabling technologies and major challenges of MRS are further analyzed in terms of modularization,integrated management,and self-reconfiguration technologies.Finally,the future development trend of MRS technology is predicted,and corresponding suggestions are provided.

Leveraging React Components in Business Process Management (BPM) Applications

As organizations increasingly embrace digital transformation, the integration of modern web technologies like React.js with Business Process Management (BPM) applications has become essential. React components offer flexibility, reusability, and scalability, making them ideal for enhancing user interfaces and driving user engagement within BPM environments. This article explores the benefits, challenges, and best practices of leveraging React components in BPM applications, along with real-world examples of successful implementations.

Protein interaction networks:centrality,modularity,dynamics,and applications

In the post-genomic era,proteomics has achieved significant theoretical and practical advances with the development of high-throughput technologies.Especially the rapid accumulation of protein-protein interactions(PPIs)provides a foundation for constructing protein interaction networks(PINs),which can furnish a new perspective for understanding cellular organizations,processes,and functions at network level.In this paper,we present a comprehensive survey on three main characteristics of PINs:centrality,modularity,and dynamics.1)Different centrality measures,which are used to calculate the importance of proteins,are summarized based on the structural characteristics of PINs or on the basis of its integrated biological information;2)Different modularity definitions and various clustering algorithms for predicting protein complexes or identifying functional modules are introduced;3)The dynamics of proteins,PPIs and sub-networks are discussed,respectively.Finally,the main applications of PINs in the complex diseases are reviewed,and the challenges and future research directions are also discussed.

Modularity-like objective function in annotated networks

We ascertain the modularity-like objective function whose optimization is equivalent to the maximum likelihood in annotated networks. We demonstrate that the modularity-like objective function is a lin- ear combination of modularity and conditional entropy. In contrast with statistical inference methods, in our method, the influence of the metadata is adjustable; when its influence is strong enough, the metadata can be recovered. Conversely, when it is weak, the detection may correspond to another partition. Between the two, there is a transition. This paper provides a concept for expanding the scope of modularity methods.

A Modularity Analysis Method for Forum Situation Prediction

A forum is a social network that consists of posters and the following comments made by netizens. Generally speaking, forum topics are evolving over time dynamically. In this paper, based on time series analysis and matrix modularity analysis, a novel prediction method is proposed through investigating the correlating influence of three key measurements： relationship strength, pillars, and change frequency of a forum topic. The method demonstrates that there exist some macroscopic and potential laws for forum situation prediction. Extensive experiments over large many datasets show the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithms.

Customized scaffolds for large bone defects using 3D‑printed modular blocks from 2D‑medical images

Additive manufacturing(AM)has revolutionized the design and manufacturing of patient-specific,three-dimensional(3D),complex porous structures known as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.The use of advanced image acquisition techniques,image processing,and computer-aided design methods has enabled the precise design and additive manufacturing of anatomically correct and patient-specific implants and scaffolds.However,these sophisticated techniques can be timeconsuming,labor-intensive,and expensive.Moreover,the necessary imaging and manufacturing equipment may not be readily available when urgent treatment is needed for trauma patients.In this study,a novel design and AM methods are proposed for the development of modular and customizable scaffold blocks that can be adapted to fit the bone defect area of a patient.These modular scaffold blocks can be combined to quickly form any patient-specific scaffold directly from two-dimensional(2D)medical images when the surgeon lacks access to a 3D printer or cannot wait for lengthy 3D imaging,modeling,and 3D printing during surgery.The proposed method begins with developing a bone surface-modeling algorithm that reconstructs a model of the patient’s bone from 2D medical image measurements without the need for expensive 3D medical imaging or segmentation.This algorithm can generate both patient-specific and average bone models.Additionally,a biomimetic continuous path planning method is developed for the additive manufacturing of scaffolds,allowing porous scaffold blocks with the desired biomechanical properties to be manufactured directly from 2D data or images.The algorithms are implemented,and the designed scaffold blocks are 3D printed using an extrusion-based AM process.Guidelines and instructions are also provided to assist surgeons in assembling scaffold blocks for the self-repair of patient-specific large bone defects.

Risk Assessment of Deep-Water Horizontal X-Tree Installation

Due to the high potential risk and many influencing factors of subsea horizontal X-tree installation,to guarantee the successful completion of sea trials of domestic subsea horizontal X-trees,this paper established a modular risk evaluation model based on a fuzzy fault tree.First,through the analysis of the main process oftree down and combining the Offshore&Onshore Reliability Data(OREDA)failure statistics and the operation procedure and the data provided by the job,the fault tree model of risk analysis of the tree down installation was established.Then,by introducing the natural language of expert comprehensive evaluation and combining fuzzy principles,quantitative analysis was carried out,and the fuzzy number was used to calculate the failure probability of a basic event and the occurrence probability of a top event.Finally,through a sensitivity analysis of basic events,the basic events of top events significantly affected were determined,and risk control and prevention measures for the corresponding high-risk factors were proposed for subsea horizontal X-tree down installation.

Fixed-Time Sliding Mode Control With Varying Exponent Coefficient for Modular Reconfigurable Flight Arrays

The modular system can change its physical structure by self-assembly and self-disassembly between modules to dynamically adapt to task and environmental requirements. Recognizing the adaptive capability of modular systems, we introduce a modular reconfigurable flight array(MRFA) to pursue a multifunction aircraft fitting for diverse tasks and requirements,and investigate the attitude control and the control allocation problem by using the modular reconfigurable flight array as a platform. First, considering the variable and irregular topological configuration of the modular array, a center-of-mass-independent flight array dynamics model is proposed to allow control allocation under over-actuated situations. Secondly, in order to meet the stable, fast and accurate attitude tracking performance of the MRFA, a fixed-time convergent sliding mode controller with state-dependent variable exponent coefficients is proposed to ensure fast convergence rate both away from and near the system equilibrium point without encountering the singularity. It is shown that the controller also has fixed-time convergent characteristics even in the presence of external disturbances. Finally,simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling and control strategies.

Modularized and Parametric Modeling Technology for Finite Element Simulations of Underground Engineering under Complicated Geological Conditions

The surrounding geological conditions and supporting structures of underground engineering are often updated during construction,and these updates require repeated numerical modeling.To improve the numerical modeling efficiency of underground engineering,a modularized and parametric modeling cloud server is developed by using Python codes.The basic framework of the cloud server is as follows:input the modeling parameters into the web platform,implement Rhino software and FLAC3D software to model and run simulations in the cloud server,and return the simulation results to the web platform.The modeling program can automatically generate instructions that can run the modeling process in Rhino based on the input modeling parameters.The main modules of the modeling program include modeling the 3D geological structures,the underground engineering structures,and the supporting structures as well as meshing the geometric models.In particular,various cross-sections of underground caverns are crafted as parametricmodules in themodeling program.Themodularized and parametric modeling program is used for a finite element simulation of the underground powerhouse of the Shuangjiangkou Hydropower Station.This complicatedmodel is rapidly generated for the simulation,and the simulation results are reasonable.Thus,this modularized and parametric modeling program is applicable for three-dimensional finite element simulations and analyses.

"Five steps four quadrants" modularized en bloc dissection technique for accessing hepatic hilum lymph nodes in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND Although en bloc dissection of hepatic hilum lymph nodes has many advantages in radical tumor treatment,the feasibility and safety of this approach for laparo-scopic pancreaticoduodenectomy(LPD)require further clinical evaluation and investigation.AIM To explore the application value of the"five steps four quadrants"modularized en bloc dissection technique for accessing hepatic hilum lymph nodes in LPD patients.METHODS A total of 52 patients who underwent LPD via the"five steps four quadrants"modularized en bloc dissection technique for hepatic hilum lymph nodes from April 2021 to July 2023 in our department were analyzed retrospectively.The patients'body mass index(BMI),preoperative laboratory indices,intraoperative variables and postoperative complications were recorded.The relationships between preoperative data and intraoperative lymph node dissection time and blood loss were also analyzed.RESULTS Among the 52 patients,36 were males and 16 were females,and the average age was 62.2±11.0 years.There were 26 patients with pancreatic head cancer,16 patients with periampullary cancer,and 10 patients with distal bile duct cancer.The BMI was 22.3±3.3 kg/m²,and the median total bilirubin(TBIL)concentration was 57.7(16.0-155.7)µmol/L.All patients successfully underwent the"five steps four quadrants"modularized en bloc dissection technique without lymph node clearance-related complications such as postoperative bleeding or lymphatic leakage.Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between preoperative BMI(r=0.3581,P=0.0091),TBIL level(r=0.2988,P=0.0341),prothrombin time(r=0.3018,P=0.0297)and lymph node dissection time.Moreover,dissection time was significantly correlated with intraoperative blood loss(r=0.7744,P<0.0001).Further stratified analysis demonstrated that patients with a preoperative BMI≥21.9 kg/m²and a TIBL concentration≥57.7μmol/L had significantly longer lymph node dissection times(both P<0.05).CONCLUSION The"five steps four quadrants"modularized en bloc dissection technique for accessing the hepatic hilum lymph node is safe and feasible for LPD.This technique is expected to improve the efficiency of hepatic hilum lymph node dissection and shorten the learning curve;thus,it is worthy of further clinical promotion and application.

LiMo 2040 Sustainable urban Living and Mobility Concept-Elevator System

How can individual mobility in urban areas be maintained alongside scooters and cargo bikes if conventional vehicles are foreseeably no longer allowed to enter city centers?And how can urban living be combined with individual mobility in a sustainable and socially acceptable way?LiMo-2040 attempts to provide answers to these questions.It follows a holistic approach according to the criteria:As light,as compact and as simple(cost-effective)as possible.Modular e-vehicle concepts(consisting of vehicle cabin and chassis)are known,but have not yet been thought through to their logical conclusion.The LiMo cabin is not only a vehicle cabin,but also a component of a modern high-rise apartment.It therefore requires no parking space and combines urban living and individual mobility sustainably and cost-effectively.If a vehicle is needed,an app can be used to book a chassis that comes along autonomously and waits until the cabin,including its occupants,travels down a sophisticated rail system,docks and autonomously heads for the desired destination.

Morphological integration and functional modularity in the crocodilian skull

We explored the morphological organization of the skull within Crocodylidae,analyzing functional and phy­logenetic interactions between its 2 constituent functional modules:the rostrum and the postrostrum.We used geometric morphometrics to identify localized shape changes,focusing on the differences between the major clades of the crown-group Crocodylia:Alligatoridae and Crocodylidae.We used published bite performance data to correlate rostral function with postrostral morphology.The skull modules appear more integrated with­in Alligatoridae than within Crocodyliade.Phylogenetic effects on shape variation are more evident in Alligato­ridae than in Crocodylidae,where functional parameters concerning the rostral morphology are proportionally more important than phylogeny.Long-snouted species are characterized by low structural performance,which is significantly associated with a reduction of the pterygoid-quadrate cranial nipper,suggesting that the nipper is important for the ingestion of large food items in generalist species.This functional association is coupled with a significant evolutionary allometry at the clade level,while Alligatoridae and Crocodylidae show different de­grees of evolutionary allometry for their entire shape and rostrum.The postrostrum is more conservative than the rostrum in terms of morphospace occupation,evolutionary allometry and phylogenetic signal.

Illumination Adaptive Identification Algorithm of a Reconfigurable Modular Robot

Reconfigurable modular robots feature high mobility due to their unconstrained connection manners.Inspired by the snake multi-joint crawling principle,a chain-type reconfigurable modular robot(CRMR)is designed,which could reassemble into various configurations through the compound joint motion.Moreover,an illumination adaptive modular robot identification(IAMRI)algorithm is proposed for CRMR.At first,an adaptive threshold is applied to detect oriented FAST features in the robot image.Then,the effective detection of features in non-uniform illumination areas is achieved through an optimized quadtree decomposition method.After matching features,an improved random sample consensus algorithm is employed to eliminate the mismatched features.Finally,the reconfigurable robot module is identified effectively through the perspective transformation.Compared with ORB,MA,Y-ORB,and S-ORB algorithms,the IAMRI algorithm has an improvement of over 11.6%in feature uniformity,and 13.7%in the comprehensive indicator,respectively.The IAMRI algorithm limits the relative error within 2.5 pixels,efficiently completing the CRMR identification under complex environmental changes.

Design and Development of Small Modular Courses for“Education-Training Integration”in Vocational Colleges:A Case Study

Vocational education plays a vital role in the development of skilled technical professionals and the advancement of the economy.However,the emphasis on campus education often neglects the importance of external training,hindering the overall development of vocational education.This study aims to address this issue by exploring the design and development of small modular courses that integrate training and education in vocational colleges,focusing on the mechanics course as a case study.The research methods employed in this study include an in-depth analysis of enterprise training needs,the development of digital teaching resources utilizing the finite element method(FEM),and the implementation of a small modular course integrating education and training.The data analysis reveals positive outcomes in terms of learners’comprehension and engagement with complex mechanics formulas through the use of stress nephograms and other digital resources.This research provides a new perspective on curriculum design and offers insights into the integration of training and education in vocational colleges.The findings underscore the significance of incorporating innovative teaching methodologies and digital resources in enhancing the quality and relevance of vocational education,ultimately contributing to the cultivation of skilled professionals and the growth of the vocational education sector.