Synthesis of biodegradable Mg-Zn alloy by mechanical alloying: Statistical prediction of elastic modulus and mass loss using fractional factorial design

Biodegradable Mg-Zn alloy was synthesized using mechanical alloying where a statistical model was developed using fractional factorial design to predict elastic modulus and mass loss of the bulk alloy.The effects of mechanical alloying parameters(i.e.,milling time,milling speed,ball-to-powder mass ratio and Zn content)and their interactions were investigated involving 4 numerical factors with 2 replicates,thus 16 runs of two-level fractional factorial design.Results of analysis of variance(ANOVA),regression analysis and R2 test indicated good accuracy of the model.The statistical model determined that the elastic modulus of biodegradable Mg-Zn alloy was between 40.18 and 47.88 GPa,which was improved and resembled that of natural bone(30-57 GPa).Corrosion resistance(mass loss of pure Mg,33.74 mg)was enhanced with addition of 3%-10%Zn(between 9.32 and 15.38 mg).The most significant independent variable was Zn content,and only the interaction of milling time and ball-to-powder mass ratio was significant as P-value was less than 0.05.Interestingly,mechanical properties(represented by elastic modulus)and corrosion resistance(represented by mass loss)of biodegradable Mg-Zn alloy can be statistically predicted according to the developed models.

Identification of Modal Loss Factor of a Sandwich Composite Structure with Polyethylene Terephthalate Core in the Aspect of Core Properties Determination

Comparison of the loss factor determination methods of the sandwich composite structure with polyethylene terephthalate core in the aspect of core material rheological parameters identification was the purpose of the study. Three frequency bandwidths n dB: 1 dB, 2 dB, 3 dB methods, the resonant amplitude method and the fit method of the response of the one degree of freedom model system are taken into considerations. Identification procedure, according to ASTM E756-2005 [1] based on experimental studies of the forced vibrations of the composite structure was presented in the paper. To determine the function of the complex shear modulus of the core material, the Nelder-Mead method is applied. Shear modulus and loss factor identification results were presented on the plots in the frequency domain. The results in a quantitative manner set the applied methods and their practical utility in order.

Influence of Soft Filler on Stress Concentration Factor of Elliptic Holes in a Rectangular Plate

Finite element models were established to analyze the influence of soft filler on stress concentration for a rectangular plate with an elliptic hole in the center. The influence was quantified by means of stress concentration factor (SCF). Seven shape factors of the elliptic hole and three levels of elasticity modulus of the soft filler were considered. The reduction coefficient and sensitivity index of SCF are the two indicators in evaluating the influence of soft filler. It was found that the reduction coefficient of SCF increases significantly as the shape factor and the elasticity modulus of the filler increase, indicating that soft filler can reduce the concentrated stress effectively, especially when the shape factor is great. Analysis for the sensitivity index of SCF indicates that SCF is more sensitive to materials with small elasticity modulus than to materials with large one.

Modification of Longitudinal Modulus of 3D Full Five Directional Braided Composite Materials Base on Energy Theory

The aim of this paper is to investigate the longitudinal modulus of three dimensional full five directional (3Df5d) braided composite. First, the analytical model of the internal unit cell is established based on its topological structure. Then, according to the intrinsic relation of different cells, the axial moduli of internal, surface and corner cells are systematically deduced, and the influence of corner-cell periodic discontinuity on the moduli is also analyzed. Finally, considering the actual shape of axial yarns after consolidation, the longitudinal moduli of the different cells are modified based on energy theory. The technology factor λ is also proposed in this modification. The results show that the axial mechanical properties of this material can be strongly designable. The straightness of the axial yarns greatly affects the longitudinal modulus. Technology factor λ is between 1 to 2, corresponding to the minimum and the maximum modulus, respectively.

Investigation on Magnetorheological Effect of Novel Self-healing Magnetorheological Elastomers

Magnetorheological elastomers(MREs)hold significant promise in various fields such as automotive engineering,and civil engineering,where they serve as intelligent materials.Depending on the application of an external magnetic field,these materials exhibit varying magnetorheological and viscoelastic properties,including shear stress,yield stress,dynamic moduli,and damping.In this work,a new type of MRE,termed self-healing MREs(SH-MREs),has been developed by adding a novel self-healing agent into existing MREs.The dynamic modulus and loss factor of SH-MREs with different compositions have been characterized under various conditions of frequency,temperature,and strain.The results show that as the strain value increases,the loss factor also increases.Moreover,the loss factor initially increases and then decreases with increasing magnetic field strength.Although higher concentrations of ferromagnetic particles increase the loss factor,they enhance the operational range due to their better responsiveness to magnetic fields.SH-MREs demonstrate improved damping capabilities,attributed to the formation of coordination bonds between ferromagnetic particles and the self-healing agent.The stable structure increases the viscosity of MREs.The results of the regression model suggest a direct proportionality between sensitivity to the magnetic field and the ferromagnetic particle concentration.

Natural durability of wood of ten native species from northeastern Mexico

Thorn scrub vegetation in Mexico is distributed over 50 million ha, where native tree species are the source of forage, timber, firewood and charcoal. Research describing wood durability of species from this vegetation type has not been fully determined, nor classified according to international standards. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine and classify the natural durability of ten woody species. Their natural durability was determined according to the European Pre-Norm 807, the loss of dynamic modulus of elasticity （MOEdyo） （MPa） was determined and wood mass loss （g） after being exposed to Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana fungi. Wood durability was classified accord- ing to the European Norm 350-1. Highly significant differences （p 〈 0.001） were found between the durability of woody species. The more durable species with lower MOEdyn lost were Condalia hooked （57.5% ± 0.6%）, Havardia pallens （58.2% ± 0.4%） and Acacia schaffneri （58.9% ±6.3%）. Species with lower mass loss after exposed to Coniophora puteana were Ebenopsis ebano （6.3% ±1.9%）, Condalia hooked （8.6% ±2.3%） and Cordia boissieri （11.8% ±2.3%）. E. ebano （7.1% ±2.4%）, Condalia hooked （8.2% ± 2.5%） and Cordia boissieri （11.5% ± 3.1%） showed the lower mass lost after exposed to T. versicolor. According to European Norm 350-1, three woody species were classified as very durable and durable species.

Numerical Derivation of Strain Rate Effects on Material Properties of Masonry with Solid Clay Bricks

In this paper, numerical method is used als. A typical unit of masonry is selected to serve merical model of RVE is established with detailed to study the strain rate effect on masonry materias a representative volume element （RVE）. Nudistinctive modeling of brick and mortar with their respective dynamic material properties obtained from laboratory tests. The behavior of brick and mortar are characterized by a dynamic damage model that accounts for rate-sensitive and pressuredependent properties of masonry materials. Dynamic loads of different loading rates are applied to RVE. The equivalent homogenized uniaxial compressive strength, threshold strain and elastic modulus in three directions of the masonry are derived from the simulated responses of the RVE. The strain rate effect on the masonry material with clay brick and mortar, such as the dynamic increase factor （DIF） of the ultimate strength and elastic modulus as a function of strain rate are derived from the numerical results.

Effect of carbonation-drying-wetting on durability of coral aggregate seawater concrete

Based on the drying-wetting cycles experiment and the carbonation-drying-wetting cycles experiment for coral aggregate seawater concrete(CASC)with different strength grades,the effects of carbonation-drying-wetting on the durability of CASC are studied with the surface state,mass loss rate,relative dynamic elastic modulus,ultrasonic wave velocity and cube compressive strength as indices.Results show that the mass loss rate of CASC increases gradually with the increase in cycle times in the drying-wetting and carbonation-drying-wetting cycles.The mass loss rate increases relatively slowly at the initial stage but it increases remarkably after 10 cycles.The relative dynamic elastic modulus and ultrasonic wave velocity decrease gradually with the increase in cycle times.After 6 cycles,the decrease rate of the relative dynamic elastic modulus and ultrasonic wave velocity of CASC tends to be flat and the surface is slightly damaged.Compared with the initial 28 d cube compressive strength,the cube compressive strength of CASC decreases by 8.8%to 11.0%.Drying-wetting cycles and carbonation can accelerate seawater erosion on CASC,and drying-wetting cycles result in salting-out and accelerate the destruction of concrete.Therefore,the carbonation-drying-wetting accelerates the destruction of CASC.

Dynamic Behaviour of Cast A356/Al₂O₃Aluminum Metal Matrix Nanocomposites

The present work includes the study of the dynamic properties of the nanocomposites specimens. The dynamic properties of A356/Al2O3 nanocomposites were investigated through different fabrication conditions. The A356/Al2O3 nanocomposites specimens were fabricated using a combination between the rheocasting and squeeze casting routes. The composites were reinforced with Al2O3 particulates of 60 and 200 nm and different volume fractions up to 5 vol.%. The dynamic properties of the A356/Al2O3 nanocomposites were investigated through measuring the dynamic properties of specimens. Free vibration method is used to measure frequency response (fn ), and damping factor (ξ). The viscoelastic properties such as loss factor η, storage modulus (E'), and loss modulus (E") were obtained. The results concluded that, the dynamic properties of nanocomposites were improved by increasing the volume fractions of nanoparticulates and decreasing the nanoparticulates size. The results indicated also that, the damping factor, and the related parameters (η, E' and E") was strongly affected by increasing both volume fraction and the particulates.

Property of Corroded Concrete under Compressive Uniaxial Loads

In order to study the compressive property of corroded concrete, accelerated corrosion test were performed on concrete C30.6 corrosive solutions, including hydraulic acid solution （pH=2）, hydraulic acid solution （pH=3） were applied as the corrosive medium. 6 series of corrosion tests, including 111 specimens, were carried out. Mechanical properties of all the corroded specimens were tested respectively. Compressive properties of the corroded specimens （e.g. compressive strength, stress-strain relation, elastic modulus etc.） were achieved. Taking the strength degradation ratio and strain energy loss as damage index, effects of the corrosion solution on the compressive property of corroded concrete were discussed in detail. Relationship between the damage index and corrosion state of specimens were achieved.

An Optimum Analysis Method of Sandwich Structures Made from Elastic-viscoelastic Materials

Due to a viscoelastic damping middle layer,sandwich structures have the capacity of energy consumption.In this paper,we describe the frequency-dependent property of viscoelastic materials using complex modulus model,and iterative modal strain energy method and iterative complex eigenvalue method are presented to obtain frequency and loss factor of sandwich structures.The two methods are effective and exact for the large-scale complex composite sandwich structures.Then an optimum analysis method is suggested to apply to sandwich structures.Finally,as an example,an optimum analysis of a clamped-clamped sandwich beams is conducted,theoretical closed-form solution and numerical predictions are studied comparatively,and the results agree well.

Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of <i>Luffa cylindrica</i>Fiber-Resorcinol Composites

Dynamic mechanical behaviour of resorcinol-formaldehyde matrix and its composites reinforced with natural fibers of Luffa cylindrica (LC) has been studied. The effects of fiber loading, alkali treatment on fiber, temperature and frequency on storage modulus and mechanical-loss factor of the composites were studied. The dynamic mechanical behaviour of the composites and pure matrix has been investigated in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz and temperature range from 26℃ to 100℃. The experimental results show that the values of storage modulus of the composites increase with increase in fiber loading. The storage modulus of treated LC fiber composites were found to be enhanced when compared with the untreated fiber composites. It was also found that mechanical-loss factor was more when untreated LC fibers were incorporated in the composites and decreased with the incorporation of treated LC fiber. The storage modulus of all the composites increased with frequency but decreased with rise of temperature. The glass transition temperature of the composites was evaluated from the peaks of tan delta variations.

Freezing and Thawing Durability of Ultra High Strength Concrete

Resistance to freezing and thawing of two UHSC （ultra high strength concrete） mixtures was evaluated in accordance with ASTM C 666 Procedure A. The two mixtures （plain and fiber reinforced） were developed using materials local to southern New Mexico, USA. Three different curing regimens were investigated for the mixture with fibers and one curing regimen was studied for the mixture without fibers. All curing regimens included 24 h of ambient curing followed by four days of wet curing at 50 ℃, and then two days dry curing at 200 ℃. At an age of seven days, one batch of fiber reinforced specimens was air cured at ambient conditions for the following six days and then placed in a water bath at 4.4 ℃ for 24 h prior to initiating freezing and thawing cycles. The second batch was air cured from day seven to day 12, and then wet cured for one day at 23 ℃ prior to being placed in the 4.4 ℃ water bath. The final batch was wet cured at 23 ℃ from the seventh day to an age of 13 days and then placed in the 4.4 ℃ water bath. The mixture with no fibers was air cured from the seventh day to an age of 12 days and then wet cured for one day at 23 ℃ prior to being placed in the 4.4 ℃ water bath. Higher moisture levels during curing produced greater initial dynamic elastic modulus values and durability factors at the end of the freezing and thawing tests, with the greatest durability factor being 87.5. Steel fibers were observed to improve both compressive strength and durability factor for UHSC.

Reinforcing Effect of Organo-Modified Fillers in Rubber Composites as Evidenced from DMA Studies

The use of organically enhanced kaolin clay as reinforcing filler for NR(natural rubber)and blends of NR with NBR(nitrile-butadiene rubber)and poly BR(butadiene rubber)system were investigated on the basis of DMA(dynamic mechanical analysis).Kaolin clay was modified using a chemical complex of HH(hydrazine hydrate)and SRSO(sodium salt of rubber seed oil).Intercalation of SRSO into kaolin under optimized condition showed an inter-lamellar layer expansion to 4.668 nm,compared to the characteristic d001 XRD(X-ray diffraction)peak of pristine kaolin at 0.714 nm.The morphology,visco-elastic behavior,modulus property,polymer miscibility and Tg(glass transition temperature)of nano-kaolin filled NR and its blend with synthetic rubbers have been studied in detail.DMA showed a diminution in tanδpeak height and a modulus shift in correspondence with increased CLD(crosslink density).Pure NR shows only~1%increase in storage modulus(E′)while adding nanoclay rather than micron sized pristine clay under experimental conditions,because of the feeble interaction between filler and matrix,as compared to blend.An increment of~76%and~117%in E′was recognized by the addition of 4 wt%nanoclay in blends such as BR mK and NBR mK.With loss modulus(E″)pure NR shows only~7%decrease while adding nanoclay,compared to blend.A decrement of~54%and~55%in E″by the addition of 4 wt%nanoclay in BR mK and NBR mK blends were observed.As a whole,DMA was performed to figure out the effect of surface modification enabling to materialize composite.

冻融环境下钢渣细骨料混凝土微观结构及损伤演化模型

为了揭示工业钢渣细骨料制备的钢渣混凝土的冻融破坏机理,采用快速冻融法进行试验,测试了冻融循环后不同钢渣细骨料替代率混凝土的质量损失率、强度损失率、相对动弹性模量,并分析冻融损伤规律;使用扫描电镜方法观察钢渣混凝土水化产物及钢渣-砂浆界面过渡区,进行冻融损伤微观机理的分析。结果表明:钢渣细骨料因冻融作用而发生明显破坏;钢渣细骨料与水泥凝胶的界面过渡区优于普通骨料;钢渣替代率为60%时混凝土的质量、强度损失最小,分别只减少了4.06%、44.2%;钢渣替代率为100%时混凝土的质量、强度损失率最高,分别为6.05%、58%;冻融循环次数大于50时,钢渣掺量为60%的混凝土相对动弹性模量高于其余掺量组;采用钢渣取代细骨料为提高混凝土在冻融循环作用下的工作性能时建议取代率为60%。通过对钢渣混凝土的损伤演变分析,建立了钢渣混凝土的冻融损伤演变模型。

盐冻耦合环境下再生砖粉ECC的耐久性研究

利用再生砖粉取代工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)中的石英砂,制备再生砖粉ECC,采用混凝土快速冻融试验,研究了氯盐、硫酸盐及复合盐(氯盐+硫酸盐)溶液侵蚀作用下再生砖粉ECC的质量损失率和相对动弹性模量变化规律,建立了ECC在盐冻侵蚀环境下的损伤模型,并对其耐久性进行评价。结果表明:冻融循环300次后,再生砖粉ECC在清水、氯盐、硫酸盐及复合盐四种介质中的质量损失率分别为2.884%、4.984%、1.955%和6.891%,相对动弹性模量分别下降了6.468%、16.300%、24.303%和39.861%;再生砖粉ECC在单一盐冻情况下的抗冻等级大于F300,在复合盐冻情况下的抗冻等级大于F250,具有良好的抗盐冻性能;建立的冻融损伤模型可较好地反映ECC在不同冻融介质下的损伤度Dn与冻融循环次数的关系,可以为严寒地区的结构耐久性设计提供有效参考。

铁尾矿粉对石灰石粉混凝土力学性能和氢氧化钙含量的影响

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。本文研究了复掺铁尾矿粉和石灰石粉的掺量和比例对混凝土性能的影响。结果表明:随着复掺矿粉比例的不断增大,复掺矿粉混凝土强度均呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律,并在复掺矿粉比例为1∶2时取得较大值。在同一冻融循环次数作用下,混凝土质量损失率随着复掺矿粉比例的增大呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,而混凝土的相对动弹性模量却呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势。在同一测定位置处,随着复掺矿粉比例的不断增大,复掺矿粉混凝土氯离子含量均呈现出不断减小,且在比例为1∶2时复掺矿粉混凝土氯离子含量的下降变快。综合实验结果得到,石灰石粉掺量为20%时混凝土的强度特性较佳,复掺矿粉比例为1∶2时混凝土的强度和耐久性均达到较佳。

不同分子亚型浸润性乳腺癌乳腺X线摄影、弹性模量和超声特征差异及浸润性乳腺癌发病危险因素分析

目的探究不同分子亚型浸润性乳腺癌的乳腺X线摄影、弹性模量和超声特征,并分析浸润性乳腺癌发病的危险因素。方法回顾性选取2020年1月至2022年1月在深圳市龙岗区妇幼保健院进行诊治的123例浸润性乳腺癌患者纳入研究,作为病例组。根据患者病理学分子亚型结果分组:管腔A型33例(Luminal A组),管腔B型42例(Luminal B组),三阴型26例(三阴组),人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)过表达型22例(HER-2过表达组)。对各组的乳腺X线摄影(肿块形态、肿块边缘、肿块密度、微钙化及钙化分布情况)、弹性模量[面积比、应变率比值、最大弹性模量(Emax)、最小弹性模量(Emin)、平均弹性模量(Emean)、Eradio值]和超声特征(边界特点、回声类型、形态是否规则、有无钙化、后方回声表现、有无高回声晕、生长方向及血流信号方面)进行记录和对比分析,另选择同期在本院进行健康体检的50名志愿者作为对照组,探究浸润性乳腺癌的发病危险因素。结果各组经乳腺X线摄影检查结果组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对各组间患者的乳腺X线摄影特征进行比较,4组在肿块形态、肿块边缘、肿块密度、微钙化及钙化分布情况方面差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Luminal A组与Luminal B组相比较,两组间面积比、应变率比值、Emax、Emin、Emean、Eradio值差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);HER-2过表达组的上述指标均较Luminal A组、Luminal B组、三阴组高,三阴组较Luminal A组、Luminal B组低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。4组间多普勒超声特征在边界特点(毛刺状、清晰、微分叶)、回声类型、形态是否规则、有无钙化、后方回声表现、有无高回声晕、生长方向及血流信号方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析发现文化程度、绝经状态、职业、生育史及流产史等均可能会影响浸润性乳腺癌的发病(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示文化程度低及未生育为影响患者发生浸润性乳腺癌的危险因素。结论不同分子亚型浸润性乳腺癌患者的乳腺X线摄影、弹性模量和超声特征表现均存在差异,患者文化程度低及存在生育史会增加患者发生浸润性乳腺癌概率,应予以重视。

夹具材质和摩擦对放射性圆柱样品变形及应力的影响

对放射性样品开展几何测量时,夹具与样品间的相互作用会导致样品变形不均匀,从而影响测试精度。采用有限元方法(FEM)研究了夹具材质及夹具-样品间摩擦因数对样品受力及变形的影响,研究表明:夹具材料与样品的弹性模量差异会导致样品的不均匀变形,较软样品的测试夹具应采用弹性模量较低的材料;应考虑样品的表面粗糙度对摩擦因数的影响,当摩擦因数大于0.4时,摩擦因数变化对样品的变形影响可以忽略。研究结果可为放射性圆柱样品测试夹具的优化及实验开展提供借鉴。

重载铁路基床级配碎石动弹性模量及颗粒破碎试验研究

针对级配碎石的动力特性以及颗粒破碎性质,采用室内动三轴试验,研究其在循环荷载作用下循环应力比(cyclic stress ratio,CSR)、围压以及加载次数对累积动应变、动弹性模量、颗粒形状系数和颗粒破碎的影响。研究结果表明,不同CSR条件下,加载次数达到10000次时,累积动应变基本完成。随着加载次数的增加,不同CSR下的动弹性模量逐渐减小,滞回圈面积逐渐增加后保持稳定。低围压下,CSR对动弹性模量影响不显著,动弹性模量增加幅度较少;高围压下,动弹性模量随着CSR的增加而增长较大。循环荷载作用下,颗粒破碎方式主要为研磨;颗粒粒径越大,试验后的颗粒形状系数球度越大,颗粒越靠近球形,其轮廓线越圆滑。当CSR小于0.3时,影响颗粒破碎的主要因素为动应力大小,而围压影响不显著;当CSR大于0.3时,颗粒破碎主要因素受动应力和围压共同影响。