Dynamic shear modulus of undisturbed soil under different consolidation ratios and its effects on surface ground motion

The dynamic shear modulus for three types of undisturbed soil under different consolidation ratios is presented by using the resonant column test method. Its effects on surface ground motion is illustrated by calculation. The test results indicate that the power function is a suitable form for describing the relationship between the ratio of the maximum dynamic shear modulus due to anisotropic and isotropic consolidations and the increment of the consolidation ratio. When compared to sand, the increment of the maximum dynamic shear modulus for undisturbed soil due to anisotropic consolidation is much larger. Using a one-dimensional equivalent linearization method, the earthquake influence factor and the characteristic period of the surface acceleration are calculated for two soil layers subjected to several typical earthquake waves. The calculated results show that the difference in nonlinear properties due to different consolidation ratios is generally not very notable, but the degree of its influence on the surface acceleration spectrum is remarkable for the occurrence of strong earthquakes. When compared to isotropic consolidation, the consideration of actual anisotropic consolidation causes the characteristic period to decrease and the earthquake influence factor to increase.

Stress Ratio-Strain Relation of Pile and Soil in Composite Foundation

A series of triaxial compression tests were arried out by means of composite-reinforced soil samples to simulate the interaction between soil and pile. The samples are made of gravel or lime-soil with different length at the center. The experiment indicates that the strength of the composite samples can not be obtained by superimposure of reinforcing pile and soil simply according to their replacement proportion. It also indicates the law for stress ratio of reinforcing column to soil. The stress ratio of reinforcing column to soil increases and reaches peak rapidly while load and strain is small. Then the ratio decreases. This law is in accordance with the measuring resuits in construction site.

Pile-soil stress ratio in bidirectionally reinforced composite ground by considering soil arching effect

To discuss the soil arching effect on the load transferring model and sharing ratios by the piles and inter-pile subsoil in the bidirectionally reinforced composite ground, the forming mechanism, mechanical behavior and its effect factors were discussed in detail. Then, the unified strength theory was introduced to set up the elastoplastic equilibrium differential equation of the subsoil under the limit equilibrium state. And from the equation, the solutions were derived with the corresponding formulas presented to calculate the earth pressure over and beneath the horizontal reinforced cushion or pillow, the stress of inter-pile subsoil and the pile-soil stress ratio. Based on the obtained solutions and measured data from an engineering project, the influence rules by the soil property parameters (i.e., the cohesion c and internal friction angle φ) and pile spacing on the pile-soil stress ratio n were discussed respectively. The results show that to improve the load sharing ratio by the piles, the more effective means for filling materials with a larger value of φ is to increase the ratio of pile cap size to spacing, while to reduce the pile spacing properly and increase the value of cohesion c is advisable for those filling materials with a smaller value of φ.

Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of single piles in sandy soil

This paper describes a quasi-static test program featuring lateral cyclic loading on single piles in sandy soil. The tests were conducted on 18 aluminum model piles with different cross sections and lateral load eccentricity ratios, e/d, （e is the lateral load eccentricity and d is the diameter of pile） of 0, 4 and 8, embedded in sand with a relative density of 30% and 70%. The experimental results include lateral load-displacement hysteresis loops, skeleton curves and energy dissipation curves. Lateral capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of single piles under seismic load were evaluated in detail. The lateral capacities and the energy dissipation capacity of piles in dense sand were much higher than in loose sand. When embedded in loose sand, the maximum lateral load and the maximum lateral displacement of piles increased as e/d increased. On the contrary, when embedded in dense sand, the maximum lateral load of piles decreased as e/d increased. Piles with a higher load eccentricity ratio experienced higher energy dissipation capacity than piles with e/d of 0 in both dense and loose sand. At a given level of displacement, piles with circular cross sections provided the best energy dissipation capacity in both loose and dense sand.

Numerical Study of the Interaction between a Reinforced Concrete Pile and Soil

This paper proposes a numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of a reinforced concrete pile foundation under an axial load. In fact, the foundation of a structure represents the essential structural part of it, because it ensures its bearing capacity. Among the types of foundation, deep foundation is the one for which from a mechanical point of view, the justification takes into account the isolated or combined effects of base resistance offered by the soil bed and lateral friction at the soil-pile interface;the latter being the consequence of a large contact surface with the surrounding soil;hence the need to study the interaction between the soil and the pile in service, in order to highlight the characteristics of soil which influence the mechanical behavior of pile and therefore the stability of the structure. In this study, the reinforced concrete pile is supposed to be elastic, and characterized by a young’s modulus (E) and a Poisson’s ratio (ν). The soil obeys to a Camclay model characterized by a cohesion (c), an initial voids ratio (e0), shearing resistance angle (φ) and a pre-consolidation pressure (P0). A joint model with a Mohr Coulomb behavior characterizes the soil-pile interface. The loading is carrying out by imposing a vertical monotonic displacement at the head of pile. The results in terms of stress and displacement show that the bearing capacity of the pile is influenced by various soils characteristics, it appears that the vertical stress and the force mobilized at rupture increase when the initial pre_consolidation pressure, the cohesion and the internal friction angle of soil increase;and when the initial soil voids index decreases.

Elastic solutions for partially embedded single piles subjected to simultaneous axial and lateral loading

In order to improve the design level of partially embedded single piles under simultaneous axial and lateral loads, the differential solutions were deduced, in which the soil was treated as an ideal, elastic, homogeneous, semi-infinite isotropic medium. A comparison was made between model test results and the obtained solutions to show their validity. The calculation results indicate that the horizontal displacement and bending moment of the pile increase with increases of the axial and lateral loads. The maximum horizontal displacement and bending moment decrease by 37.9% and 13.9%, respectively, when the elastic modulus of soil increases from 4 MPa to 20 MPa. The Poisson ratio of soil plays a marginal role in pile responses. There is a critical pile length under the ground, beyond which the pile behaves as though it was infinitely long. The presented solutions can make allowance for the continuous nature of soil, and if condition permits, they can approach exact ones.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Perturbation analysis on post-buckling behavior of pile

The nonlinear large deflection differential equation, based on the assumption that the subsoil coefficient is the 2nd root of the depth, was established by energy method. The perturbation parameter was introduced to transform the equation to a series of linear differential equations to be solved, and the deflection function according with the boundary condition was considered. Then, the nonlinear higher-order asymptotic solution of post-buckling behavior of a pile was obtained by parameter-substituting. The influencing factors such as bury-depth ratio and stiffness ratio of soil to pile, slenderness ratio on the post-buckling behavior of a pile were analyzed. The results show that the pile is more unstable when the bury-depth ratio and stiffness ratio of soil to pile increase, and although the buckling load increases with the stiffness of soil, the pile may ruin for its brittleness. Thus, in the region where buckling behavior of pile must be taken into account, the high grade concrete is supposed to be applied, and the dynamic buckling behavior of pile needs to be further studied.

Experiments of Multi-element Composite Foundation with Steel Pipe Pile and Gravel Pile

A set of serf-developed apparatus for foundation physical model were utilized to conduct model tests of the multi-element composite foundation with a steel pipe pile and several gravel piles. Some load-bearing characteristics of the multi-element Composite foundation, including the curves of foundation settlement, stresses of piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piles and soil, were obtained to study its working performances in silty sand soil. The experimental results revealed that the multi-element composite foundation with steel pipe pile and gravel pile contributed more than the gravel pile composite foundation in improving the bearing capacity of the silty fine sand.

K_(0)试验确定土的卸载回弹参数辨析

基于固结压缩仪和三轴仪进行K_(0)试验测得的数据,本文假设土在卸载回弹过程中表现为非线性弹性,对卸载过程中土的静止侧压力系数与超固结比关系提出了一个适用性良好的拟合函数,并由此推导出土的卸载回弹静止侧压力系数和泊松比算式,两者都会随着竖向应力的减小或超固结比的增大而增大;还推导出土的卸载回弹模量和变形模量的算式,它们都会随着竖向应力的减小和土的回弹指数的增加而减小,其中土的回弹变形模量的降低幅度因受回弹泊松比的影响而更为显著。本文对基坑开挖等卸载条件下地基土应力和变形计算的参数选取具有实用参考价值。

橡胶水泥土动剪模量和阻尼比共振柱试验研究

橡胶水泥土作为一种经济环保的耐腐蚀轻质填筑材料,在沿海港口工程及灯塔等基础建设中具有广泛的应用前景。基于共振柱试验,对不同橡胶掺量、水泥掺量和围压下橡胶水泥土动力特性展开研究,重点探究各影响因素对其动剪模量和阻尼比的影响规律。结果表明:固结压力下橡胶水泥土的累计轴向应变随着橡胶掺量和围压的增大而增大,随水泥掺量增大而减小;橡胶水泥土动剪模量曲线衰减程度随橡胶掺量的增加和水泥掺量的减小而减弱,非线性特征减弱,而受围压影响则较小;最大动剪模量随着橡胶掺量的增大而减小,随水泥掺量和围压的增大而增大。当橡胶掺量较低或水泥掺量较高时,其掺量改变对最大动剪模量影响最大;橡胶的掺入减缓了动剪模量衰减幅度,并且在较低围压下促使其更早地发生衰减。而水泥掺量的减小和围压的增大则会推迟衰减,衰减幅度也相对更大;阻尼比随动剪应变的增加而单调递增,增大橡胶掺量和减小围压会使其阻尼比增大,当水泥掺量小于15%时,阻尼比随水泥掺量增加而增大,而当水泥掺量大于15%时,阻尼比反而随之降低。

考虑桩土变形协调的复合地基设计方法

目前在复合地基的设计中,由于采用桩体压缩模量计算得到的复合压缩模量偏大,造成复合地基加固区沉降被低估;另外桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数取值主观性较强,导致复合地基承载力计算结果偏大。针对上述两个问题,从复合地基形成机理出发,指出桩及桩间土共同直接承担荷载时必须保证桩土变形协调。桩土变形协调的条件是:(1)桩刺入垫层的深度不能超过垫层厚度;(2)桩宜设置为摩擦桩。在此前提下,分别计算桩及桩间土的沉降,利用桩土变形协调方法得到了桩土应力比和承载力发挥系数理论值,进而得到加固区的沉降计算方法。工程算例证实,从保证复合地基有效设计和工程安全的角度出发,应该根据桩土变形协调来进行复合地基设计计算。

桩网结构路基动静承载性状分析

为研究桩网结构路基在静动荷载作用下的承载性状,采用有限元分析方法对桩网结构路基在静动两种荷载下的承载特性、荷载传递机理、土拱形成及发展规律进行了数值计算。通过分析静动两种工况下桩土应力、桩周土压力分布、桩土应力比及土拱效应,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:静载作用下基桩轴向应力约为400 kPa,最大土压力出现在路基中部,且沿路基横向向外逐渐减小;动载作用下沿路基横向布置的桩体的动应力在埋深方向呈先增大后减小趋势,其竖向应力最大值约为静载下的160%;动载下路基内部土拱效应较静载有大幅削弱,其中削弱最大的为四桩中心处的空间土拱效应,其桩土应力比约为静载的29.3%。

成层土中长桩竖向承载激发规律研究

针对成层土中长桩承载问题,结合试桩数据建立了成层土中长桩-土相互作用特性分析模型,基于分析模型研究了上砂下黏和上黏下砂中砂-黏占比对长桩竖向荷载-位移曲线的影响,分析了成层土中长桩侧阻和端阻承载分担比,揭示了达到极限承载力时成层土中桩基侧阻、端阻激发规律,即黏土层侧阻可完全激发、砂土层侧阻未完全激发,桩底端阻完全激发,为实际工程中长桩承载力计算选取合理参数提供依据。

大港油田埕海海洋土动剪切模量与阻尼比试验研究

大港油田埕海区块是我国渤海湾海洋油气的重要产区,位于渤海湾西部沿海,属于地震高发区,因此,在该海域进行海洋工程设计建造时,必须根据工程场地的动剪切模量和阻尼比等动力学参数进行地震安全性评价。采用共振柱试验仪对大港埕海海域0~120 m不同深度的海洋土土样进行土体动参数测试与研究。研究发现埕海海洋土动剪切模量随着动剪应变的增大而降低、阻尼比随着动剪应变的增大而增大,同时发现围压与动剪切模量、阻尼比近似成线性关系等规律。相关研究成果可为海洋工程场地的设计、施工及抗震分析提供技术参考依据。

雄安新区黏性土非线性动力学参数统计分析

以雄安新区起步区区域性地震安全性评价项目的黏性土动三轴试验结果为基础,整理分析199组黏性土的动剪切模量和阻尼比数据,以埋深10 m为统计区间,统计给出雄安新区黏性土不同埋深区间的动剪切模量比和阻尼比随剪应变变化的平均值和变异系数,并与已有的同类成果进行对比分析。结果表明:雄安新区黏性土非线性动力学参数符合土动力学的基本认识;雄安新区黏性土体的动剪切模量比略高于天津地区,随埋深的增加逐渐趋近于全国的上限值,而阻尼比在浅表时明显低于天津和全国的推荐平均值,随埋深的增加逐渐趋向于全国的下限值。

原状和重塑湖泊相软黏土动力特性宏微观试验研究

为了对比衡水湖附近原状和重塑湖泊相软黏土的动力特性差异,利用GZZ-50B型共振柱仪对原状和重塑湖泊相软黏土分别进行动力特性试验,采用Davidenkov本构模型对试验获得的动力特性参数进行拟合,绘制了G-γ、λ-γ和G/G_(max)-γ关系曲线,并将所得的动力特性统计值与其他学者给出的动力特性推荐值进行了对比,通过SEM电镜测量了共振柱试验前后的微观结构,并分析了微观结构参数的变化规律。结果表明:当固结围压相同时,原状湖泊相软黏土的G-γ曲线始终高于重塑土,而原状土的λ-γ曲线始终低于重塑土;当动剪应变较大时,原状土的动剪切模量G会急剧下降并接近重塑土;原状和重塑土的G_(max)相对差值、G/G_(max)-γ和λ-γ拟合曲线差异会随着固结围压的增大而减小;通过与其他学者研究成果对比,发现沉积相并不是土体动力特性的决定性因素,同一沉积相但不同地区的软黏土动力特性也会有所差异。通过对微观结构参数的定量分析发现:随着固结围压的增加,原状土颗粒和孔隙的面积平均值以及最大直径平均值均有所下降,而重塑土差异并不明显,且微观结构参数相对差值与最大动剪切模量G_(max)相对差值呈正相关的关系;经过共振柱试验后,原状湖泊相软黏土的大、中颗粒和孔隙转变为小、微颗粒和孔隙,较大的片状结构和团聚体结构减少,原状土微观结构参数接近于重塑土,从微观角度解释了宏观土动力学特性。

橡胶-粉土混合土动力特性试验研究

【目的】为了解橡胶颗粒掺入粉土中对其动力特性的影响,对橡胶粉土混合土进行动力特性研究。【方法】将不同体积分数(0%、5%、10%、20%)的橡胶颗粒掺入粉土试样中,在不同竖向应力作用下,采用GDS动态循环单剪试验系统,对混合土的动剪切模量和阻尼比进行研究。【结果】混合土的动剪切模量随竖向应力的增大而增大,随橡胶颗粒体积分数和动剪应变的增大而减小;阻尼比随竖向应力的增大而减小,随动剪应变的增大而增大;橡胶颗粒体积分数对阻尼比的影响分为两个阶段,在动剪应变小于0.1%时,阻尼比随着橡胶颗粒体积分数的增大而增大,而在动剪应变大于0.1%时,阻尼比随着橡胶颗粒体积分数的增大而减小。【结论】本研究结果可为废旧轮胎橡胶颗粒在实际工程中的应用提供参考。

孔内深层强夯复合地基桩土应力比试验研究

通过开展孔内深层强夯单桩复合地基现场静载试验和桩土应力测试,获取了不同荷载作用下孔内深层强夯复合地基的平均桩顶应力、桩间土应力、桩土应力比、荷载分担比及其变化规律。试验结果表明:孔内深层强夯复合地基的桩间土承担了主要的上部荷载,约占50%~63%,随着荷载增大,桩间土承担的荷载比例逐步增大;对于孔内深层强夯复合地基,随着荷载的增大,桩土应力比随荷载的增大而减小,数值介于2~5之间;对粘性素填土地基,孔内深层强夯复合地基在处理后的桩间土地基承载力比处理前可提高220%。

基于桩-土相互作用的软土地区结构抗震影响分析

从兰州市某医院的桩-土-结构耦合体系出发,使用有限元软件ABAQUS建立与该建筑所对应的桩-土-结构耦合的三维有限元模型,其中混凝土柱、梁、桩及土体皆使用实体单元(C3D8R)进行模拟,土体使用Drucker-Prager本构模型,桩土接触之间采用主从接触面法来模拟,通过对三种不同地基土工况的整体模型及仅考虑上部结构地基刚接模型进行模态分析与地震时程响应分析,研究了上述四种工况在3条地震波激励下的上部结构动力响应特征。计算结果表明:在考虑桩-土-结构相互作用后其模型自振周期均大于仅考虑上部结构刚接;随着土体弹性模量的降低,其自振周期会有所提升;框架结构的医院虽然楼层较低,但在考虑桩-土-结构相互作用后,对结构的地震响应表现出放大效应;其顶点加速度、顶点位移、层间位移角、基底剪力均大于仅考虑基底刚接;并且随着土体弹性模量的减少,土体的软化,其上部结构的地震响应均有不同程度的放大。