The cooling and moistening effect on the formation of sea fog in the Huanghai Sea

With the sea surface observations from ICOADS for the years 1960-2002, the conditions of coohng, evaporauon anu water vapol transportation are analyzed and compared for the formation of seasonal sea fog in April-July in the Huanghai Sea. It is found that sea surface cooling is always existent during the fog seasons while sea surface evaporation only appears in April-June in the Huanghai Sea. Local evaporation alone is not sufficient to form fogs though it may lead to light ones. Water vapor transported from the low-latitudes accomplished by specific synoptic systems is the most important condition for sea fog formation. In general, the moistening effect is more important than the cooling one.

Effect of Reinforcing Qi and Moistening Intestine Oral Liquid on Anorectal Manometry of Asthenia Type Constipation Patients

Objective: To study the change of anorectal manometry in asthenia type constipation patients and effect of reinforcing Qi and moistening intestine oral liquid (RQMI) on it. Methods: The total of 135 cases were divided into healthy group, RQMI treated group, Maren pill (MRP) treated group and prepulsid (PPS) treated group, their anal maximal voluntary squeez pressure, rectoanal contraction reflex, rectoanal inhibitory reflex, defecation reflex, rectal volume sensory threshold and rectal maximal tolerable volume were observed. Results: The rectal sensory function of patients weakened obviously and anal sphincter reactivity reduced as compared with those of healthy person (P＜0.01), and both were improved by RQMI treatment (P＜0.05). Conclusion: RQMI is superior to MRP and prepulside in improving anorectal dynamic abnormality in constipation patient of asthenia type.

An Improvement of the Mass Flux Convection Parameterization Scheme and its Sensitivity Tests for Seasonal Prediction over China

A modified cumulus parameterization scheme, suitable for use in a seasonal forecast model, is presented. This parameterization scheme is an improvement of the mass flux convection scheme developed by Gregory and Rowntree (1989; 1990). This convection scheme uses a 'bulk' cloud model to present an ensemble of convective clouds, and aims to represent shallow, deep, and mid-level convection. At present, this convection scheme is employed in the NCC T63L20 model (National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration). Simulation results with this scheme have revealed some deficiencies in the scheme, although to some extent, it improves the accuracy of the simulation. In order to alleviate the deficiencies and reflect the effect of cumulus convection in the actual atmosphere, the scheme is modified and improved. The improvements include (i) the full estimation of the effects of the large-scale convergence in the lower layer upon cumulus convection, (ii) the revision of the initial convective mass flux, and (iii) the regulation of convective-scale downdrafts. A comparison of the results obtained by using the original model and the modified one shows that the improvement and modification of the original convection scheme is successful in simulating the precipitation and general circulation field, because the modified scheme provides a good simulation of the main features of seasonal precipitation in China, and an analysis of the anomaly correlation coefficient between the simulation and the observations confirms the improved results.

Mutual Competitive Absorption of Water and Essential Oils Molecules by Porose Ligno-Cellulosic Materials

Competitive absorption processes, i.e. condensation, of water and essential oils (EO) are predominantly controlled by extent of condensation of diffusing water and EO molecules with marginal influence of porose ligno-cellulosic matter and a sort of EO. With increase of absorption the diffusion is depressed and vice versa. Diffusion of water molecules through porose system is usually slower in comparison with other molecules. It was discovered that a presence of EO decreases paper web humidity with increasing influence in environment with high relative air humidity. Likely, fast diffusing EO molecules decrease the ability of water molecules condensed in all accessible pores particularly in the non-penetrable pores.

Silent Night Rain Moistens Softly ——Random Thoughts on the 9^(th) Northeast Asian Youth Forum

The 9th Northeast Asian Youth Forum opened on July 22nd , 2012 at the International Youth Center in Seoul, Korea. Over 60 university students from China, Japan and Korea played leading roles on this 6-day forum. With the theme of "Nature and Youth Extra-curricular Activities", the Forum was designed and hosted by MAR/Initiatives

Madden–Julian Oscillation: Its Discovery, Dynamics, and Impact on East Asia

In this review article,we pay primary attention to innovative works in the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO)field done by Chinese scientists.The historical aspect of discovery of the MJO and earlier studies of its dynamics by Chinese scientists are first described.It is followed by the description of recent advances in MJO propagation and initiation dynamics.For MJO eastward propagation,two types of the moisture mode theory are introduced.The first one emphasizes the effect of zonal asymmetry of perturbation moisture in the atmospheric boundary layer and the second one emphasizes the zonal asymmetry of column integrated moisture static energy(MSE)tendency.The mechanisms for MJO initiation over the western Indian Ocean include three distinctive processes:lower tropospheric moistening due to horizontal advection caused by preceding suppressed-phase MJO,midlatitude Rossby wave activity flux convergence in the upper troposphere originated from the Southern Hemisphere,and a delayed sea surface temperature feedback in association with a preceding opposite-phase MJO.The impacts of MJO on low-frequency variability of precipitation and temperature and associated extreme events in East Asia are also discussed.

A Study of Surface Humidity Changes in China During the Recent 50 Years

This paper analyzes in detail the characteristics of surface humidity changes in China under the background of global warming in the recent 50 years by using the observation data compiled by the National Meteorological Information Center of China. The results reveal that （i） with the increase of temperature, surface saturation specific humidity （qs） shows basically an exponential growth, according to the Clausius- Clapeyron equation. The nationwide average moistening rate in winter is obviously less than the annual average rate and the summer rate. There are some regional differences in qs trends in different regions of China. For example, qs in central and eastern parts of China exhibits a reducing trend in summer, consistent with the weakening trend of temperature in these areas; （2） except parts of South China and Jianghnai Region in eastern China, unanimously increasing trends of annual and winter specific humidity （q） are found in most of China, especially in western China. In summer, except parts of Northeast China, Northwest China, and some areas over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the decreasing and drying trends are significant in most of China, which is not consistent with the global mean situation; （3） the surface relative humidity （RH） in most of China shows a reducing trend. One of the major reasons for the reduction of RH is that the increasing rates of q are smaller than those of qs. Nonetheless, upward trends of RH in central and eastern China mainly due to the cooling temperature and rising q in these regions are observed in summer, leading to more precipitation. From about 2003 or so, qs has remarkably increased while q has sharply decreased in most parts of China; therefore, RH has reduced to a great extent. This may be closely related to the persistent growth of drought areas in China in the recent 10 years.

Sixty-one Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Treated by Tongluo Yangyin Recipe (通络养阴方)

Objective： To observe the therapeutic effect of Tongluo Yangyin Recipe （通络养阴方, TLYYR） in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy （DPN）. Methods： Ninety-nine patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 were assigned, according to the order of their visit, to two groups： 61 in the treated group and 38 in the control group. They were given the same information about diabetes mellitus and treated with the same therapy： strict diet control and Western drugs for hypoglycemia. In addition, the treated group received one dose （200 mL） of TLYYR in water decoction every day in two portions, while the control group had vitamin B1 100 mg and vitamin B12 250 μ g administered daily via intramuscular injection. The course for all patients was 28 days. Results： The treated group experienced a therapeutic effect superior to that of the control group, with the difference between the total effective rates and the markedly effective rates （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. The blood levels of total cholesterol （TC） and triglyceride （TG） fell, the hemorrheological manner improved, the transmission velocity of the median nerve and common peroneal nerve significantly increased in the treated group after treatment （P〈0.05）, although the treatment showed no significant influence on blood glucose level （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： TLYYR could promote blood microcirculation, improve nutritional metabolism of peripheral nerve, and thus accelerating DPN repair.

"Spring Buds" Moistened by Rain and Dew——Chen Muhua and Her Family Help Nine Girls Return Schools

THE China Central Television cameras were rolling on evening of December 19, 1994, when hostess Ni Ping ushered nine young girls to Chen Muhua, Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of National People’s Congress and president of the All-China Women’s Federation, who was sitting in the audience. The