Role of land-atmosphere coupling in persistent extreme climate events in eastern China in summer 2022

2022年暖季,中国东部地区遭受持续性高温,少雨和土壤干旱的复合极端事件.特征分析指出,在研究时段内,中国东部地区的气温,降水和土壤湿度呈现明显的季节内变化和南北差异。由1940-2022年的气候态可知,长江流域和东南地区的土壤含水充足,蒸散主要受限于陆面有效能量.然而,潜在机制研究指出,2022年土壤湿度对蒸散的限制作用在上述区域异常偏强,土壤湿度与气候要素之间的强反馈可能在2022年复合极端事件的演变和持续中发挥了关键作用。

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of moisture-heat coupling for saturated frozen soils

In seasonally frozen regions,freezing-and-thawing action is the main cause responsible for the destruction of canals,which is closely linked to the temperature gradient and water transport.To investigate the behaviour of soils under freezing-and-thawing actions,many numerical models have been established that consider the important coupling of moisture transport and temperature evolution;but they contain excessive parameters,some of which are rather difficult to determine.Based on the well-known Harlan's theory,a simple moisture-heat coupling model was recently proposed to quantify the coupled moisture-heat transport performance of soils in terms of the central temperature and porosity.The mathematical module of COMSOL Multiphysics was further employed to solve the governing equations numerically.To validate our model,a thorough experimental scheme was carried out in our lab.The measured temperature distribution was found to be consistent with the predicted results.

Assimilation of ASAR Data with a Hydrologic and Semi-empirical Backscattering Coupled Model to Estimate Soil Moisture

The most promising approach for studying soil moisture is the assimilation of observation data and computational modeling. However, there is much uncertainty in the assimilation process, which affects the assimilation results. This research developed a one-dimensional soil moisture assimilation scheme based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). A two-dimensional hydrologic model-Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model (DHSVM) was coupled with a semi-empirical backscattering model (Oh). The Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) data were assimilated with this coupled model and the field observation data were used to validate this scheme in the soil moisture assimilation experiment. In order to improve the assimilation results, a cost function was set up based on the distance between the simulated backscattering coefficient from the coupled model and the observed backscattering coefficient from ASAR. The EnKF and GA were used to re-initialize and re-parameterize the simulation process, respectively. The assimilation results were compared with the free-run simulations from hydrologic model and the field observation data. The results obtained indicate that this assimilation scheme is practical and it can improve the accuracy of soil moisture estimation significantly.

Development of experimental study on coupled heat and moisture transfer in porous building envelope

A new facility was presented which can expediently and cheaply measure the transient moisture content profile in multi-layer porous building envelope.Then,a common multi-layer porous building envelope was provided,which was constructed by cement mortar-red brick-cement plaster.With this kind of building envelope installed in the south wall,a well-controlled air-conditioning room was set up in Changsha,which is one of typical zones of hot and humid climate in China.And experiments were carried out to investigate the temperature and moisture distribution in multi-layer building envelope in summer,both in sunny day and rainy day.The results show that,the temperature and humidity at the interface between the brick and cement mortar are seriously affected by the changes of outdoor temperature and humidity,and the relative humidity at this interface keeps more than 80% for a long-term,which can easily trigger the growth of mould.The temperature and humidity at the interface between the brick and cement plaster change a little,and they are affected by the changes of indoor temperature and humidity.The temperature and humidity at the interface of the wall whose interior surface is affixed with a foam plastic wallpaper are generally higher than those of the wall without wallpaper.The heat transfer and moisture transfer in the envelope are coupled strongly.

Coupled Effects of Heat and Moisture of Early-Age Concrete

In order to analyze the coupled influence of temperature and humidity on early-age concrete(including cement and copper tailings),a mathematical model is introduced on the basis of the Krstulovic-Dabic hydration reaction kinetic equations.In such a framework,the influence of hydration-released heat and water consumption are also taken into account.The results provided by such a model are verified by means of experiments and related sensor measurements.The research results show that this model can adequately predict the internal temperature and the humidity temporal evolution laws.

The Soil Moisture and Net Primary Production Affected by CO_2 and Climate Change Using a Coupled Model

In this paper, a coupled model was used to estimate the responses of soil moisture and net primary production of vegetation(NPP) to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change. The analysis uses three experiments simulated by the second-generation Earth System Model(CanESM2) of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis(CCCma), which are part of the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5). The authors focus on the magnitude and evolution of responses in soil moisture and NPP using simulations modeled by CanESM, in which the individual effects of increasing CO2 concentration and climate change and their combined effect are separately accounted for. When considering only the single effect of climate change, the soil moisture and NPP have a linear trend of 0.03 kg m–2 yr–1 and –0.14 gC m–2 yr–2, respectively. However, such a reduction in the global NPP results from the decrease of NPP at lower latitudes and in the Southern Hemisphere, although increased NPP has been shown in high northern latitudes. The largest negative trend is located in the Amazon basin at –1.79 gC m–2 yr–2. For the individual effect of increasing CO2 concentration, both soil moisture and NPP show increases, with an elevated linear trend of 0.02 kg m–2 yr–1 and 0.84 gC m–2 yr–2, respectively. Most regions show an increasing NPP, except Alaska. For the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate change, the increased soil moisture and NPP exhibit a linear trend of 0.04 kg m–2 yr–1 and 0.83 gC m–2 yr–2 at a global scale. In the Amazon basin, the higher reduction in soil moisture is illustrated by the model, with a linear trend of –0.39 kg m–2 yr–1, for the combined effect. Such a change in soil moisture is caused by a weakened Walker circulation simulated by this coupled model, compared with the single effect of increasing CO2 concentration(experiment M2), and a consequence of the reduction in NPP is also shown in this area, with a linear trend of-0.16 gC m-2 yr-2.

Regional Features and Seasonality of Land–Atmosphere Coupling over Eastern China

Land-atmosphere coupling is a key process of the climate system, and various coupling mechanisms have been proposed before based on observational and numerical analyses. The impact of soil moisture（SM） on evapotranspiration（ET） and further surface temperature（ST） is an important aspect of such coupling. Using ERA-Interim data and CLM4.0 offline simulation results, this study further explores the relationships between SM/ST and ET to better understand the complex nature of the land-atmosphere coupling（i.e., spatial and seasonal variations） in eastern China, a typical monsoon area. It is found that two diagnostics of land-atmosphere coupling（i.e., SM-ET correlation and ST-ET correlation） are highly dependent on the climatology of SM and ST. By combining the SM-ET and ST-ET relationships, two ＂hot spots＂ of land-atmosphere coupling over eastern China are identified： Southwest China and North China. In Southwest China, ST is relatively high throughout the year, but SM is lowest in spring, resulting in a strong coupling in spring. However, in North China, SM is relatively low throughout the year, but ST is highest in summer, which leads to the strongest coupling in summer. Our results emphasize the dependence of land-atmosphere coupling on the seasonal evolution of climatic conditions and have implications for future studies related to land surface feedbacks.

The effects of soil moisture and salinity as functions of groundwater depth on wheat growth and yield in coastal saline soils

In the coastal saline soils,moisture and salinity are the functions of groundwater depth affecting crop growth and yield.Accordingly,the objectives of this study were to:1)investigate the combined effects of moisture and salinity stresses on wheat growth as affected by groundwater depth,and 2)find the optimal groundwater depth for wheat growth in coastal saline soils.The groundwater depths(0.7,1.1,1.5,1.9,2.3,and 2.7 m during 2013-2014(Y1)and 0.6,1.0,1.4,1.8,2.2,and 2.6 m during 2014-2015(Y2))of the field experiment were maintained by soil columns.There was a positive correlation between soil moisture and salinity.Water logging with high salinity(groundwater depth at 0.7 m in Y1 and 0.6 m in Y2)showed a greater decline towards wheat growth than that of slight drought with medium(2.3 m in Y1)or low salinity(2.7 m in Y1,2.2 and 2.6 m in Y2).The booting stage was the most sensitive stage of wheat crop under moisture and salinity stresses.Data showed the most optimal rate of photosynthesis,grain yield,and flour quality were obtained under the groundwater depth(ditch depth)of 1.9 m(standard soil moisture with medium salinity)and 2.3 m(slight drought with medium salinity)in Y1 and 1.8 m(standard soil moisture with medium salinity)and 2.2 m(slight drought with low salinity)in Y2.The corresponding optimal soil relative moisture content and conductivity with the 1:5 distilled water/soil dilution,in the depth of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm in coastal saline soils,were equal to 58.67-63.07%and 65.51-72.66%in Y1,63.09-66.70%and 69.75-74.72%in Y2;0.86-1.01 dS m^-1 and 0.63-0.77 dS m^-1 in Y1,0.57-0.93 dS m^-1 and 0.40-0.63 dS m^-1 in Y2,respectively.

Chemical Reaction Between Polyvinyl Alcohol and Titanate Coupling Agent with X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The chemical reaction between polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and tri(dioctylpyrophosphoryloxy) isopropyl titanate (NDZ-201) was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The results show that some C-OH functional groups of PVA react with the titanate coupling agent to form C PVA-O-Ti-O-C PVA bond.The cross-linking of the PVA chains occurs through the formation of C PVA-O-Ti-O-C PVA bonds and produces a three dimensional hydrophobic polymer network.Accordingly,the mechanism is proposed that the titanate coupling agent improves the moisture sensitivity of high alumina cement/polyvinyl alcohol (HAC/PVA) based macro defect free (MDF) composite material.

基于Landsat8与Sentinel-1遥感图像融合的土壤含水率反演模型

针对当前运用单一光学卫星反演土壤含水率时易受到云的影响,单一SAR卫星反演土壤含水率时易受到地表粗糙度和植被影响的问题,以内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠为研究区域,以4个深度的土壤含水率为研究对象,分别采用主成分分析(PCA)、施密特正交变换(GS)融合Landsat8和Sentinel-1图像以减少云、植被、土壤粗糙度的影响,并对融合后的图像质量进行评价,然后用融合图像的灰度构建1134种遥感指数,基于相关系数分析、变量投影重要性分析、灰色关联分析3种变量筛选方法与BP神经网络(BP)、极限学习机(ELM)、随机森林(RF)、支持向量机(SVM)4种机器学习算法的耦合模型反演沙壕渠土壤含水率。研究结果表明:经PCA、GS融合后的融合图像可同时保持Sentinel-1和Landsat8图像的优势,并成功定量反演土壤含水率。基于融合图像构建的三维指数普遍比二维指数对土壤含水率更敏感。在表层土壤含水率反演中,基于GS融合的VIP-ELM模型精度最高(决定系数R2=0.66,均方根误差(RMSE)为1.35%)。将GS融合的VIP-ELM模型应用于其他土壤深度含水率的反演后发现,20~40 cm反演精度最高(R2=0.79,RMSE为0.94%),其次是0~10 cm、40~60 cm、10~20 cm。该研究可为多源卫星图像融合反演土壤含水率提供参考。

热湿交互——防寒鞋热湿舒适性研究的难点与进展

对于寒冷地区的人民来说,防寒鞋的热湿舒适性十分重要。文章通过检索知网、Web of Science等中英文数据库,对文献中鞋靴热湿舒适性及热湿耦合作用的相关内容进行总结分析,发现围绕鞋靴热湿耦合的相关研究相对较少,故重点对寒冷环境下防寒鞋的热湿交互作用研究进行归纳整理,以期为防寒鞋的热湿舒适性研究提供借鉴和参考。

水泥基材料热湿耦合传输性能

通过大气环境下水泥基材料热湿耦合传输试验,考察了温湿度梯度对湿传输、温湿度分布的影响。试验结果表明,湿传输随着温湿度梯度的增大而加快,且温度梯度比湿度梯度对湿传输的影响大;温度梯度比湿度梯度对温度分布的影响大;温湿度梯度对相对湿度分布的影响都比较大。因此,在水泥基材料热湿耦合传输过程中,水泥浆的湿传输比砂浆快,且应考虑热传输对湿传输的影响,但湿传输对热传输的影响可以忽略。计算结果表明,热湿耦合传输模型对水泥基材料具有较好的适用性。

能源连续墙对室内侧壁面热湿耦合传递行为的影响

目前国内外针对能源连续墙的研究主要集热交换性能,鲜有研究关注其对邻近地下建筑热湿环境的影响。本文通过建立热湿耦合传递三维数值模型,研究了能源连续墙对相邻地下室墙体壁面热湿状态和与室内环境热湿交互通量的影响。研究结果表明,能源连续墙的运行明显改变了室内侧壁面的热湿流方向和热湿流密度大小;与纯传热结果相比,虽然传湿过程对壁面温度的影响小于0.2℃,但是这部分差异会造成显热热流密度预测偏差超过10%;不计潜热热流会造成对地下室内热负荷的低估超过2.4%;绝缘层的隔热防潮作用能够阻碍流向室内的热量和湿汽。

基于陆气耦合模型的浙江省区域干旱过程预报分析

干旱及其准确预报一直是水文气象领域研究的重难点问题。为探索准确可行的干旱预报方法,基于VIC模型与欧洲中期数值天气预报中心(ECMWF)预报气象数据建立的陆气耦合干旱预报模型,计算监测与预报土壤含水量,分析土壤含水量距平指数(SMAPI)的时空分布特征,在此基础上评估耦合模型对浙江省干旱的预报能力。结果表明:①从预见期来看,0~11 d预见期的SMAPI预报值与监测值在绝对误差、RMSE和R值上表现较好,即模型在旬尺度上预报效果最佳;②该模型的旬尺度预报可以在时间变化过程上准确把握未来干旱的发展趋势,在空间预报上与监测的SMAPI值网格分布一致性可达90%以上;③模型对浙江省西北少雨平原区预报性能更佳,且对土壤含水量变化较剧烈地区的旱情预报趋势描述更好。研究成果可为浙江省干旱灾害防范预警提供科技支撑。

宁夏衬砌渠道渠基冻胀率水热响应试验研究

衬砌渠道周围的水分与温度场分布存在明显差异,此范围内渠基土在水热两场耦合作用下冻胀有明显不同。基于这种差异,开展渠基土在不同水分、温度条件下冻胀率试验研究。结果表明:在不同温度条件下,土体冻胀率随温度的变化过程可分为2个阶段,当温度从0℃降至-5℃左右时,在此阶段产生的冻胀率约占整个冻胀过程的50%~80%,冻胀率与温度线性关系明显。随着温度继续降低,2者非线性关系明显。在无补水情况下,相同温度条件下的土体,初始含水率越大,所产生的冻胀率越大;初始含水率25%和35%的土体产生的冻胀率均为初始含水率15%土体的1倍到2倍以上。当土体在冻胀过程中有水分补充时,其冻胀率与水分变化线性关系明显,初始含水率越大的土体产生的冻胀率增量越大,初始含水率25%、35%的土体冻胀率增量均为15%土体的2倍以上。提出的水热耦合条件与渠基土冻胀率的多元非线性关系与试验数据吻合较好。建立数值模拟模型,对衬砌渠道不同位置处冻胀作用分布与变形进行计算与分析,结果表明:温度越低、水分越大,衬砌渠道所受到的切向冻胀力与法向冻胀力越大。水热变化差异越大时,土体冻胀导致的衬砌渠道冻胀变形越显著。

制冷装置柔性接触式密封机构性能提升的关键技术研究进展

柔性接触式密封机构在制冷装置中起到重要的隔热隔湿作用。针对装配状态下刚-柔多体接触对其性能提升带来的技术挑战,从柔性接触式密封机构技术特点和总体发展出发,综述了影响其性能提升的测量、建模等关键性问题的研究现状,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。结果表明:基于反向热平衡的热传递测量技术精度不足,引入滤波算法可降低热流信号噪声波动;现有示踪气体技术未考虑湿空气在刚柔接触界面中的流动扩散,应运用界面微观检测及接触动力学理论来明确流动型式,构建匹配的示踪源和检测回路;对柔性接触式密封机构热流固耦合建模研究尚处于空白,仅建立了传热数值模型与流动平均解析方程,可采用数值计算温度、变形场与解析计算渗流参数的迭代算法来建立耦合模型。未来,除开展测量与建模的基础研究外,还需突破“尺寸效应”技术瓶颈,实现密封组件间的良好配合,应用超低导热材料和电磁感应技术,以提升密封机构的隔热隔湿作用。

用于土壤温湿度检测的声表面波标签设计

针对土壤温湿度的并行检测提出了基于声表面波标签的解决方案。采用耦合模理论对阻抗负载型声表面波标签进行建模与仿真,得到负载反射栅回波幅值和相位随电容值变化规律。在此基础上,根据声表面波标签对土壤温湿度不同的敏感机理,设计了一种双通道双边带标签结构,采用时分多址的方法解决了对不同深度层级土壤同时检测时存在的回波信号混叠问题。通过回波信号的相位和幅值比实现了土壤温湿度检测,结合矢量网络分析仪和阅读器对标签进行测试,测试结果表明了标签的有效性。

热-湿-力耦合作用对高温后方钢管混凝土短柱轴压力学性能影响试验研究

火灾发生时钢管混凝土内部会产生水蒸气,为探讨热-湿-力耦合作用对高温后方钢管混凝土轴压力学性能的影响,进行了10根高温后方形钢管混凝土短柱轴压力学性能试验,研究排气孔数量、布置位置、轴压比和升温时间等参数对其破坏形态、轴压刚度与剩余承载力等力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,试件破坏形态表现为压溃破坏;在其他参数相同的情况下,与升温前相比,随着排气孔数量从2个增加至4个和6个,轴压刚度分别降低了69.1%、73.3%、76.4%,剩余承载力分别降低了15.8%、16.2%、21.7%。轴压刚度随轴压比的增大而降低;随着升温时间的延长,剩余承载力先随轴压比的增大而增大,后随轴压比的增大而减小。研究结果可为钢管混凝土柱的抗火设计和该类结构火灾后的损伤评估与加固提供参考。

基于空气耦合超声的宣纸润墨性检测技术

宣纸在中国书画艺术历史中占据不可小觑的地位,润墨性是鉴别宣纸质量的重要指标,所以对其润墨性的检测至关重要。现有检测方法易对宣纸造成损坏且受人为主观因素影响较大,为解决现有检测技术的缺陷,该文提出使用空气耦合超声技术对宣纸的润墨性进行检测,针对不同润墨性的宣纸进行C扫描成像,通过彩色直方图分析成像结果中的颜色分布关系,对宣纸润墨性进行评价。当采用400 kHz空耦探头、200 mm/s扫描速度时,C扫描结果均能对不同宣纸的润墨性做出表征,该方法克服传统检测中主观因素的影响,能够在对宣纸无损的情况下实现润墨性检测。通过上述结果表明,该方法可为宣纸的无损检测提供一些理论和实践参考。

周期性边界下围岩热湿耦合传递特性及影响因素研究

为研究周期性边界下围岩热湿耦合传递特性,以相对湿度和温度为驱动势,建立了围岩热湿耦合传递数学模型,并设计正交试验,探究围岩热湿耦合传递特性的影响因素,得到了围岩年平均热湿吸放量及时长的预测公式。研究结果表明:围岩温湿度呈现季节性变化,围岩内部温湿度幅值存在延迟和衰减,越远离壁面其温湿度幅值越小,峰值温度越低且峰值出现的时间越晚;围岩调温圈厚度逐月增加,从1月厚度为5m到12月扩展至11m;年温度波幅对围岩吸放热量影响最大,年平均温度对吸放热时长影响最大,年湿度波幅对围岩放湿量影响最大,年平均湿度对围岩吸湿量及吸放湿时长影响最大。