A new methodology for energy-based seismic design of steel moment frames

A procedure is proposed whereby input and hysteretic energy spectra developed for single-degree-of-freedom （SDOF） systems are applied to multi-degree-of-freedom （MDOF） steel moment resisting frames. The proposed procedure is verified using four frames, viz., frame with three-, five-, seven- and nine-stories, each of which is subjected to the fault- normal and fault-parallel components of three actual earthquakes. A very good estimate for the three- and five-story frames, and a reasonably acceptable estimate for the seven-, and nine-story frames, have been obtained. A method for distributing the hysteretic energy over the frame height is also proposed. This distribution scheme allows for the determination of the energy demand component of a proposed energy-based seismic design （EBSD） procedure for each story. To address the capacity component of EBSD, a story-wise optimization design procedure is developed by utilizing the energy dissipating capacity from plastic hinge formation/rotation for these moment frames. The proposed EBSD procedure is demonstrated in the design of a three-story one-bay steel moment frame.

Biomimicry and Theory of Structures-Design Methodology Transfer from Trees to Moment Frames

Currently, there are only three classical and a handful of emerging design methodologies available to structural engineers worldwide. None of these methodologies can explain the design concepts involved in the realization of natural structures such as trees, nor can they fully address the design needs of contemporary engineering structures. The recently developed Performance Control （PC） incorporates both the essence of the classical concepts and the newer procedures and addresses the observed performance of the structure during its known history of loading, PC attempts to mimic nature by applying the known theories of structures to the design of case-specific frameworks, rather than investigating their results for compliance against prescriptive criteria. Parametric examples have been provided to illustrate the applications of the conceptual design similarities between trees and manmade moment frames. It has been shown that an understanding of the structural performance of trees can enhance the structural design of moment frames, and that bioinspired PC can lead to minimum weight moment frames under lateral loading. The analogous performances of the natural and manmade structures may help explain the structural response of trees to similar loading scenarios.

Effectiveness of two conventional methods for seismic retrofit of steel and RC moment resisting frames based on damage control criteria

This study investigates the efficiency of two types of rehabilitation methods based on economic justification that can lead to logical decision making between the retrofitting schemes. Among various rehabilitation methods, concentric chevron bracing（CCB） and cylindrical friction damper（CFD） were selected. The performance assessment procedure of the frames is divided into two distinct phases. First, the limit state probabilities of the structures before and after rehabilitation are investigated. In the second phase, the seismic risk of structures in terms of life safety and financial losses（decision variables） using the recently published FEMA P58 methodology is evaluated. The results show that the proposed retrofitting methods improve the serviceability and life safety performance levels of steel and RC structures at different rates when subjected to earthquake loads. Moreover, these procedures reveal that financial losses are greatly decreased, and were more tangible by the application of CFD rather than using CCB. Although using both retrofitting methods reduced damage state probabilities, incorporation of a site-specific seismic hazard curve to evaluate mean annual occurrence frequency at the collapse prevention limit state caused unexpected results to be obtained. Contrary to CFD, the collapse probability of the structures retrofitted with CCB increased when compared with the primary structures.

Optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames with brittle connections

Based on performance-based seismic engineering, this paper proposes an optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames（SMRFs） to generate a retrofit scheme at minimal cost. To satisfy the acceptance criteria for the Basic Safety Objective（BSO） specified in FEMA 356, the minimum number of upgraded connections and their locations in an SMRF with brittle connections are determined by evolutionary computation. The performance of the proposed optimal retrofitting model is evaluated on the basis of the energy dissipation capacities, peak roof drift ratios, and maximum interstory drift ratios of structures before and after retrofitting. In addition, a retrofit efficiency index, which is defined as the ratio of the increment in seismic performance to the required retrofitting cost, is proposed to examine the efficiencies of the retrofit schemes derived from the model. The optimal seismic retrofit model is applied to the SAC benchmark examples for threestory and nine-story SMRFs with brittle connections. Using the retrofit efficiency index proposed in this study, the optimal retrofit schemes obtained from the model are found to be efficient for both examples in terms of energy dissipation capacity, roof drift ratio, and maximum inter-story drift ratio.

Seismic design factors for RC special moment resisting frames in Dubai,UAE

This study investigates the seismic design factors for three reinforced concrete （RC） framed buildings with 4, 16 and 32-stories in Dubai, UAE utilizing nonlinear analysis. The buildings are designed according to the response spectrum procedure defined in the 2009 International Building Code （IBC＇09）. Two ensembles of ground motion records with 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years （10/50 and 2/50, respectively） are used. The nonlinear dynamic resPonses to the earthquake records are computed using IDARC-2D. Key seismic design parameters are evaluated; namely, response modification factor （R）, deflection amplification factor （Cd）, system overstrength factor （Ωo）, and response modification factor for ductility （Rd） in addition to inelastic interstory drift. The evaluated seismic design factors are found to significantly depend on the considered ground motion （10/50 versus 2/50）. Consequently, resolution to the controversy of Dubai seismicity is urged. The seismic design factors for the 2/50 records show an increase over their counterparts for the 10/50 records in the range of 200%-400%, except for the D~ factor, which shows a mere 30% increase. Based on the observed trends, perioddependent R and Cd factors are recommended if consistent collapse probability （or collapse prevention performance） in moment frames with varying heights is to be expected.

Meta databases of steel frame buildings for surrogate modelling and machine learning-based feature importance analysis

Traditionally,nonlinear time history analysis(NLTHA)is used to assess the performance of structures under fu-ture hazards which is necessary to develop effective disaster risk management strategies.However,this method is computationally intensive and not suitable for analyzing a large number of structures on a city-wide scale.Surrogate models offer an efficient and reliable alternative and facilitate evaluating the performance of multiple structures under different hazard scenarios.However,creating a comprehensive database for surrogate mod-elling at the city level presents challenges.To overcome this,the present study proposes meta databases and a general framework for surrogate modelling of steel structures.The dataset includes 30,000 steel moment-resisting frame buildings,representing low-rise,mid-rise and high-rise buildings,with criteria for connections,beams,and columns.Pushover analysis is performed and structural parameters are extracted,and finally,incorporating two different machine learning algorithms,random forest and Shapley additive explanations,sensitivity and explain-ability analyses of the structural parameters are performed to identify the most significant factors in designing steel moment resisting frames.The framework and databases can be used as a validated source of surrogate modelling of steel frame structures in order for disaster risk management.

Seismic Evaluation of Steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs)—Supported by Loose Granular Soil

Soil underneath a structure might affect the behavior and the overall response of the structure in seismic events. The role of loose soil conditions and the inclusion of soil-structure interaction (SSI) in the analysis are important issues that need to be addressed. Since steel structures are light, two configurations designed as spatial and perimeter are considered to study the effect of soil on the steel structural frames for the same building. The paper provides a parametric analysis on the influence of SSI on the overall performance of MRFs (Moment Resisting Frames) according to the provisions of Saudi Building Code (SBC) [1]. A case study has been developed in which spatial and perimeter moment resisting frames of 12, 6 and 3 stories residential buildings are designed using Saudi Building Code (SBC) prescriptions. A modal response spectrum analysis has been carried out to see the influence of SSI on the fundamental period of vibration, top story displacement and inter-story drift limitations. Moreover, a static non-linear analysis has been performed to investigate the performance of frames, thus allowing to identify the influence of SSI on the structural design of steel MRFs.

Steel rings as seismic fuses for enhancing ductility of cross braced frames

A new remedy is proposed in this study to increase the ductility of cross-braced frames to a level comparable with ductile moment frames.The suggested system consists of one or two concentric steel rings installed in the cross-braced bay vertically.The steel rings are designed such that they fail in bending sooner than failure of the braces in compression.Then the rings act as seismic fuses with multiple bending plastic hinges.Using nonlinear static analysis,it is shown that the proposed system can be designed to behave like cross-braced frames with regard to stiffness and strength,and like special moment frames with regard to ductility.Seismic design factors for the proposed system are recommended based on nonlinear pushover and cyclic analysis studies.

框架承担倾覆力矩的合理计算方法

为理清框架倾覆力矩的相关概念区别,并给出各自合理计算方法,对计算框架、支撑、框架+支撑、局部框架或者局部框架+支撑倾覆力矩的统一解法进行总结,给出相应的力学法。指出框架倾覆力矩和框架承担倾覆力矩之间的显著区别,给出两者的异同以及建筑结构中框架承担倾覆力矩的计算原则,并进一步给出合理计算框架承担倾覆力矩的方法,即修正的统一解法。修正的统一解法适用于一般建筑结构和带竖向构件转换的结构,也适用于带伸臂框架-核心筒结构。最后对典型结构算例的框架承担倾覆力矩进行计算分析,结果合理可行。

Control Effects and Material Parameters of Piezoelectric Smart Moment Controllers

The control using piezoelectric smart moment (PSM) controllers for seismically excited structures was studied.The radical principle of PSM controller was introduced firstly and then the different formulae of control shear force for different structures were derived with the stiffness ratio of columns taken into consideration.With the active control algorithm based on the theory of modern optimal control,this study proposes a simulative computation on the frame structure and mill structure respectively,and the results indicate that the installation of this smart controller with proper parameters can significantly reduce seismic responses of different structures. The optimal parameters of the damper can be identified through a parameter study.

Performance of Rigid Steel Frames under Adequate Soil Conditions Using Seismic Code Provisions

This study is focused on?nonlinear analysis and design of?spatial and perimeter moment resisting frames for a 9-storeys?office building?having?9.15?m span.?Seismic?design criteria of Eurocode 8?Ductility Class High (DCH)?with behavior factor (q) of 6.5 and AISC/ASCE code,?Special Moment resisting Frame (SMF) with response modification factor (R) of 8 were employed.?The design outcomes?are?expressed in terms of frame performance?(non-linear analysis), section profiles?(code recommendations), strength-demand to capacity ratios, drift-demand to capacity?ratios and structural weight. The consequences of the research compare?two codes in term of weights and design performances.?This will aid professional engineers and researchers to select effective design criteria and capacity design rules?efficiently.

装配式高强钢组合延性桁框结构滞回性能研究

为研究装配式高强钢组合延性桁框结构(HSS-PSTMF)的抗震性能并扩展其工程应用,通过ABAQUS有限元软件建立了不同耗能段长度和节间数量的HSS-PSTMF模型;对装配式高强钢组合延性桁框结构的滞回性能进行了数值分析,研究了耗能段长度、节间数量及长深比对结构承载力、刚度、延性和耗能能力的影响规律。结果表明:延性桁框结构(STMF)体系中主要通过耗能段耗散地震能量;改变耗能段长度对结构的承载力、延性、刚度、耗能能力影响较大;当耗能段长度一定时,改变耗能段节间数量对结构的承载力、延性、耗能能力影响较小;耗能段长度介于0.2L~0.4L(L为跨度)之间且耗能段任何节间的长深比在0.67~1.5时结构抗震性能较好;耗能段长度介于0.4L~0.5L时,在满足结构安全性要求的前提下,可以将结构的长深比提高到3。

喷油润滑球轴承流动特性的数值研究

基于流体体积(VOF)方法建立了喷油润滑球轴承的数值仿真模型.分别采用滑移网格法和多重参考系(MRF)方法对轴承油气两相流动进行了数值计算,得到了轴承内部流场分布和搅油力矩.搭建了轴承流场可视化试验台,对比分析了仿真流场与高速摄影实测流场.结果表明:滑移网格下的轴承内部油液体积分数大于用MRF方法的计算结果,且当转速逐渐增大时,轴承内部油液体积分数均逐渐减小,且在离心力作用下,润滑油更多地分布在轴承外圈滚道.滑移网格下的轴承内部流场油液分布更接近实测流场.仿真计算的搅油力矩随转速增大而增大,MRF方法下搅油力矩大于滑移网格下的搅油力矩,平均误差约为12.3%.两种方法对搅油力矩的计算均具有较好的一致性,但MRF时间成本更低.

基于分布参数模型的摇摆墙-框架结构协同性能分析

为了研究自复位摇摆墙-框架(rocking wall-moment frame,RWMF)结构的协同工作性能,利用所提出的分布参数模型对自复位RWMF结构的协同工作原理与基本影响规律进行研究,建立并求解了完整的静力和动力方程;得到RWMF结构的侧移、内力和各阶动态响应的闭合解,通过参数分析研究框架与摇摆墙(rocking wall,RW)之间的刚度特征值λ和RW底部旋转约束R_(f)对协同性能的影响,并采用层间位移集中系数(inter-story drift concentration factor,DCF)量化RW与框架之间的协同性能。结果表明:RW的设计应满足λ<10,否则,RW对协同性能的影响将微乎其微;当λ值适中时,RW底部约束可以增进协同作用,R_(f)>5后,其约束的继续增大不会再增进RW与框架间的协同效果;当λ和R_(f)取1≤λ≤5∩0.1<R_(f)≤10时,自复位RWMF结构可以在分布均匀性和减小主体框架损伤之间实现平衡,达到最优的协同性能。

框架结构梁柱抗震内力调整研究

框架梁端剪力调整之前,应先计算控制截面内力,后进行梁端弯矩调幅,使结构更加安全。框架结构梁柱抗震内力调整在手算一榀框架计算中是一个难点,且容易出错。为解决这一问题,可根据具体计算实例,归纳出框架梁柱抗震内力调整计算的基本步骤和方法,计算出在框架梁端弯矩正负号判别、弯矩最不利组合、最大剪力设计值确定等位置容易出现错误,并结合实例予以纠正。框架柱的抗震内力调整顺序是先进行“强柱弱梁”的调整,再进行“强剪弱弯”的调整,中柱在进行“强柱弱梁”的内力调整时,因其需要同时考虑节点左右梁端的弯矩,节点上下柱的线刚度,计算量大,采用柱端弯矩增大系数的简化计算方法,简单明了,误差很小,对边柱同样适用。

Structural failure analysis with CMS-based ground motion selection using innovative cost function and weight factors

The selection and scaling of ground motion records is considered a primary and essential task in performing structural analysis and design.Conventional methods involve using ground motion models and a conditional spectrum to select ground motion records based on the target spectrum.This research demonstrates the influence of adopting different weighted factors for various period ranges during matching selected ground motions with the target hazard spectrum.The event data from the Next Generation Attenuation West 2(NGA-West 2)database is used as the basis for ground motion selection,and hazard de-aggregation is conducted to estimate the event parameters of interest,which are then used to construct the target intensity measure(IM).The target IMs are then used to select ground motion records with different weighted vector-valued objective functions.The weights are altered to account for the relative importance of IM in accordance with the structural analysis application of steel moment resisting frame(SMRF)buildings.Instead of an ordinary objective function for the matching spectrum,a novel model is introduced and compared with the conventional cost function.The results indicate that when applying the new cost function for ground motion selection,it places higher demands on structures compared to the conventional cost function.Moreover,submitting more weights to the first-mode period of structures increases engineering demand parameters.Findings demonstrate that weight factors allocated to different period ranges can successfully account for period elongation and higher mode effects.

框架桥节点UHPC桥面板负弯矩性能研究

研究目的:为探究小跨径连续框架桥负弯矩区UHPC桥面板的受力性能,通过实桥缩尺模型对节点抗裂、转动能力和极限承载力等进行试验研究,并基于ABAQUS有限元软件对试验模型进行数值模拟与参数分析,探究UHPC桥面板长度、厚度与配筋率等关键参数对框架桥负弯矩区节点受力性能的影响规律。研究结论:(1)框架桥节点的UHPC桥面板具有较高的开裂应力(6.56MPa),在正常使用阶段,UHPC桥面板有效抑制了负弯矩区的裂缝形成和发展,提高了结构的整体抗裂性能;(2)增大UHPC桥面板配筋率能有效提高框架桥节点的抗弯承载能力,但会降低UHPC桥面板的抗裂性能;(3)框架桥节点的抗裂性能与承载能力均随UHPC桥面板厚度的增大而提高;(4)在保证UHPC桥面板和UHPC-NC界面均具有较好抗裂性能的前提下,在框架桥节点的负弯矩零点之间设置UHPC桥面板经济性最好;(5)本研究就小跨径连续框架桥负弯矩区提出了一种高性能节点的构造设计方法,可为同类桥梁设计提供有效参考。

连续刚构桥边跨现浇段非对称施工方案设计

对于连续刚构桥而言,边跨现浇段的施工质量是保证结构运营和安全性的重点。以燕尾特大桥为工程背景,针对其墩身较高的特点,总结现有各边跨施工方案的工艺与特点,考虑到高墩施工的便捷性和安全性,在现有工艺基础上将托架结构与预应力配重相结合,设计以桥墩台为锚点,适用于燕尾特大桥的非对称式边跨现浇段预应力配重施工方法,相关施工关键技术在本研究工程项目中得到了实际应用,可为同类型桥梁的边跨现浇段方案设计与分析提供参考。

设置少量剪力墙的框架结构设计分析

以某6层办公楼为例,分析了设置少量剪力墙框架结构体系的工作原理,并给出了设计思路。这种结构体系设置的少量剪力墙主要为结构提供刚度,以满足弹性层间位移角限值,但其不能成为第一道防线,故框架结构承载力设计应采用纯框架结构和框架–剪力墙结构包络设计。

曲线分幅共墩悬浇T构梁纵、横桥向不平衡控制方法

依托某特大桥主桥预应力混凝土连续刚构桥工程,对悬浇T构梁进行了受力分析,并分析了齿块荷载对主梁线形的影响,发现在大悬臂状态下,较小重量的齿块会对主梁产生较大力矩,且在监控计算中需要考虑预应力锚固齿块对主梁的影响;运用有限元分析方法计算出了不平衡力矩,再根据等弯矩配重原理给出了悬浇T构梁纵、横桥向的配重方案,并对横桥向的配重方案加以计算分析,验证了配重方案的可行性和准确性。