Tower-based observation of air-sea momentum flux:comparisons between onshore and offshore winds

We investigate the air-sea momentum flux in the marine atmospheric boundary layer using a tower-based direct measurement method.First,we compare the collected data with previous observations,and the results are roughly consistent.Next,in the low-to-moderate winds,the exchange coefficients(or drag coefficients)deviate between onshore and offshore winds,which exhibits the influence of surface wave on the momentum flux.Furthermore,we use a surface-wave-involved parameterization scheme to explain the dependence of momentum flux on surface wave.The results consolidate the influence of surface wave on momentum flux on the one hand,and validate the surface-wave-involved parameterization scheme on the other hand.

Boundary Conditions for Momentum and Vorticity at an Interface between Two Fluids

Boundary conditions for momentum and vorticity have been precisely derived, paying attention to the physical meaning of each mathematical expression of terms rigorously obtained from the basic equations: Navier-Stokes equation and the equation of vorticity transport. It has been shown first that a contribution of fluid molecules crossing over a conceptual surface moving with fluid velocity due to their fluctuating motion is essentially important to understanding transport phenomena of momentum and vorticity. A notion of surface layers, which are thin layers at both sides of an interface, has been introduced next to elucidate the transporting mechanism of momentum and vorticity from one phase to the other at an interface through which no fluid molecules are crossing over. A fact that a size of δV, in which reliable values of density, momentum, and velocity of fluid are respectively defined as a volume-averaged mass of fluid molecules, a volume-averaged momentum of fluid molecules and a mass-averaged velocity of fluid molecules, is not infinitesimal but finite has been one of the key factors leading to the boundary conditions for vorticity at an interface between two fluids. The most distinguished characteristics of the boundary conditions derived here are the zero-value conditions for a normal component of momentum flux and tangential components of vorticity flux, at an interface.

DISTRIBUTION OF WAVE INDUCED EXCESS MOMENTUM FLUXES OVER DEPTH AND APPLICATION TO THREE DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELING OF WAVE CURRENT INTERACTIONS

Using the linear wave theory, the distributions of the wave induced excess momentum fluxes over depth at the arbitrary wave angle and their asymptotic forms for deep and shallow water are developed. Results indicate that the distribution of the wave induced excess momentum fluxes over depth is non uniform and the contributions of the component below the wave trough to the total momentum fluxes become considerable in shallow water. On the basis of the Navier Stokes equations, the simplified three dimensional mathematical model is established by taking a phase average over a wavelength. It is found that there are the terms of the wave induced excess momentum fluxes varying over depth in the model, which illustrates the situation of wave current interactions and the vertical structure of current velocity are changed because of different wave induced excess momentum fluxes at various vertical location. The finite difference method is employed to solve the simplified model. Performances of the two dimensional vertically integrated equations are evaluated against available numerical and experimental results including the cases of wave set up on a plane beach, longshore current due to an oblique wave, wave induced nearshore circulation in a semi enclosed seas, and wave current interactions. All cases yield satisfactory agreements. The three dimensional mathematical model is applied to the numerical simulation of wave current interactions, and it performs well in predicting the vertical velocity structure and the plane flow field.

Spatiotemporal spectrum and momentum flux of the stratospheric gravity waves generated by a typhoon

The simulation results of Typhoon Matsa (2005) by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model show that pronounced stratospheric gravity waves (GWs) are generated in the vicinity of the typhoon. Using the model output, we investigate the spatial structures and the temporal variations of the GWs through a three dimensional (3-d) spectral analysis, i.e. the spectrum with respect to two horizontal wavenumbers and frequency. We further derive the momentum flux carried by the GWs. Spectral investigation results show that the power spectral density (PSD) of the GWs exhibits a single-peaked spectrum, which consists primarily of a distinct spectrum at horizontal wavelength of ~1000km, time period of 12-18h, and vertical wavelength of 7-9km. This spectrum is different from the spectra of GWs generated by deep convections disclosed by the previous researches. Both the PSD and momentum flux spectrum are prominent in positive k h portion, which is consistent with the fact that the GWs propagate in the upstream of mean flow. Large momentum flux is found to be associated with the GWs, and the net zonal momentum flux is 0.7845×10 3 Pa at 20km height, which can account for ~26% of the momentum flux that is required in driving the QBO phenomenon.

Breakup Structure of Two-phase Jets with Various Momentum Flux from a Porous Injector

Spray structure and atomization characteristics were investigated through a comparison of a porous and a shear coaxial injector. The porous injector shows better atomization performance than the shear coaxial injector. To increase atomization performance and mixing efficiency of two-phase jets, a coaxial porous injector which can be applicable to liquid rocket combustors was designed and tested. The characteristics of atomization and spray from a porous and a shear coaxial injector were characterized by the momentum flux ratio. The breakup mechanism of the porous injector is governed by Taylor-Culick flow and axial shear forces. Momentum of injected gas flow through a porous material which is composed of sintered metal is radically transferred to the center of the liquid column, and then liquid column is effectively broken up. Although the shapes of spray from porous and shear coaxial jets were similar for various momentum ratio, spray structures such as spray angle and droplet sizes were different. As increasing the momentum flux ratio, SMD from the porous injector showed smaller value than the shear coaxial

Observation Research of the Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum, Sensible Heat and Latent Heat over the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area

This paper describes results of the fluxes of momentum , sensible heat and latent heat for the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area ( 127 ° E - 150 ° E , 5 ° N -3 ° S ). The data were collected by the small tethered balloon sounding system over this ocean area including 6 continuous stations (140 ° E. 0 ° ; 145 ° E, 0 ° ; 150 ° E, 0 ° ; 140° E, 5 ° N; 145 ° E, 5° N and 150 ° E, 5 ° N) from 11 October to 15 December, 1986 . These fluxes were calculated by the semiempirical flux-profile relationships of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory using these observed data. The results show that for this tropical ocean area the drag coefficient CD is equal to (1.53 ± 0.25) × 10 3 and the daily mean latent flux Hl is greater than its daily mean sensible flux HV by a factor of about 9.

Application of ESMD Method to Air-Sea Flux Investigation

The ESMD method can be seen as a new alternate of the well-known Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) for non-steady data processing. It is good at finding the optimal adaptive global mean fitting curve, which is superior to the common least-square method and running-mean approach. Take the air-sea momentum flux investigation as an example, only when the non-turbulent wind components is well extracted, can the remainder signal be seen as actual oscillations caused by turbulence. With the aid of —5/3 power law for the turbulence, a mode-filtering approach based on ESMD decomposition is developed here. The test on observational data indicates that this approach is very feasible and it may greatly reduce the error caused by the non-turbulent components.

P-RSHMU蒸发波导预测与湍流通量相关性分析

为更好地揭示蒸发波导形成机理与近海面湍流通量的定量相关关系,基于海上平台实测水文气象数据,引入稳定条件以及不稳定条件下预测性能较好的P-RSHMU蒸发波导模型,定量给出该模型预测蒸发波导高度与近海面湍流通量的相关分析。结果表明:P-RSHMU模型预测有效抑制了稳定条件下蒸发波导高度为40m的情形;针对所有数据(不区分稳定条件),该模型计算的蒸发波导高度与潜热通量相关系数为0.92,与动量通量相关系数为-0.41,与感热通量的相关系数为-0.12;区分稳定条件,得到3种情形下蒸发波导高度与潜热通量均呈现显著相关,相关系数均大于0.9。这些结果为丰富蒸发波导的形成机理以及内涵提供进一步的数据支撑。

Canonical Angular Momentum of Electron, Positron and the Gamma Photon

We calculate the canonical angular momentum of a free electron, positron and gamma photon. We show that for any particle with charge q the canonical angular momentum (Jc) is written as the summation of the kinetic angular momentum (Jkin) and the intrinsic quantum flux dependent terms. In terms of the z-components this can be written as . For a free electron (e-) and a positron (e+) depending on the spin orientation we find that:;;and respectively. Similarly for a gamma (γ) photon, propagating in z direction with an angular frequency ω, the canonical angular momentum is found to be: , here the (+) and (-) signs stand for the right and left hand circular helicity respectively.

内蒙古西部一次沙尘暴贴地层物理通量研究

2022年4月20—21日,内蒙古西部地区出现了沙尘暴天气,此次沙尘暴爆发性强,范围大,强度弱,短时沙尘暴多发。文章利用地面10 min常规观测资料,研究沙尘暴发生时的感热通量、潜热通量、动量通量的特征及其与水平能见度之间的关系。结果表明:沙尘暴期间的感热通量、潜热通量分时段存在正值、负值和0值,其会在0值附近波动振荡;夜间的动量通量小于白天的动量通量;空气温度和地表温度的昼夜变化引起感热通量和潜热通量对沙尘暴的反馈机制;感热通量对沙尘暴的作用远大于潜热通量对沙尘暴的作用,相对于感热加热,潜热加热在夜间对沙尘暴的加热作用比白天更小;在感热通量和潜热通量0值附近,感热通量的最大波动振幅大于潜热通量的最大波动振幅,水平能见度与感热通量绝对值、潜热通量绝对值呈正相关,其随着感热通量绝对值、潜热通量绝对值增加而增大或减少而减小。

通量方差法估算海气界面动量通量的分析

利用南海北部博贺海洋气象观测平台涡动相关系统的长期湍流观测资料,分析并讨论了不同大气稳定度条件下的湍流通量方差相似性关系,提出了适用于小于18 m/s风速的归一化标准差与稳定度的参数化关系公式。应用通量方差法估算了海气界面的动量通量与摩擦速度,并与涡动相关系统的观测结果进行对比分析,对参数化公式进行了检验。结果表明:不同大气层结条件下的速度归一化标准差与大气稳定度满足1/3相似性关系,基于相似性函数的通量方差法估算结果与涡动相关系统测量结果较为一致,不稳定大气层结条件下的相关性高于稳定层结条件。应用通量方差法估算近海海气界面动量通量是可行的。

大型浅水湖泊与大气之间的动量和水热交换系数——以太湖为例

湖泊水面与大气之间垂直方向的动量、水汽和热量通量与风速、湿度和温度梯度之间存在比例关系,因此在湖泊水-气相互作用研究中,这比例系数(交换系数)是关键因子.在以往的研究中,交换系数通常直接采用水面梯度观测法或海洋大气近地层的参数化方案进行计算.本文采用涡度相关系统和小气候系统仪器在太湖平台上直接观测的通量和气象要素,对上述交换系数(最小均方差原则)进行优化,结果为:动量交换系数CD10N=1.52×10-3、水汽交换系数CE10N=0.82×10-3、热量交换系数CH10N=1.02×10-3,与其他内陆湖泊涡度相关观测数据的推导结果一致.本文的研究结果表明:与海洋参数化方案相比,在相同的风速条件下,湖面的空气动力学粗糙度比海洋高,这可能是由于受到水深的影响;如果采用海洋参数化方案,会导致湖泊年蒸发量的估算值偏大40%.太湖的动量、水汽和热量交换系数可以视为常数,可以不考虑稳定度和风速的影响.这是因为本文中83%的数据为近中性条件.敏感性分析表明:如果考虑稳定度的影响,LE模拟值的平均误差降低了0.5 W/m2,H的平均误差降低了0.4 W/m2,u*的计算值没有变化;如果考虑风速的影响,u*模拟值的平均误差降低了0.004 m/s,LE的平均误差升高了1.3 W/m2,H的模拟结果几乎不受影响.这一结果能为湖气相互作用研究提供参考.

用双多普勒雷达分析华南一次飑线系统的中尺度结构特征

飑线是中国春、夏季常见的一种天气现象。2007年4月23—24日华南地区的一次强飑线过程,因强度强、持续时间长,给广东部分县市造成巨大的经济损失。利用广州和深圳的新一代多普勒天气雷达的探测资料,采用双多普勒雷达风场反演方法和热力-动力反演方法,研究此次飑线内部的三维风场、动力和热力结构。在此基础上,通过质量、动量诊断探讨其维持机制。同时,结合地面、高空常规观测及自动站资料分析系统伴随的环境和地面中尺度特征。结果表明,系统发生于中等强度垂直风切变(0—3km,18m/s)和中等强度对流不稳定度的环境中,其移动速度最快达17m/s,属快速移动的飑线。飑线过境时,地面测站呈现风向突变、风速骤增、气压上升、温度与露点骤降等现象。其成熟期的雷达回波和风场结构与过去观测的热带、副热带快速移动飑线系统特征相似。由前(前方指系统移动方向)向后,降水结构依次为对流区、过渡带和层云区。其中,对流区由多个对流单体组成,对应强回波和上升运动,而单体之间为弱下沉运动。气流特征呈准二维结构,包括系统前方深厚的从前向后气流和系统后部低层的从后向前气流。这两支气流在系统前缘低层辐合形成动力高压,触发新对流单体,是系统长时间维持的主要机制。在对流区倾斜上升气流的下方,存在一凝结潜热释放增暖引起的低压区。另外,在对流系统西侧不断有新对流单体形成,并被平流至系统中,促进对流维持。进一步对对流区的质量和动量通量诊断揭示,垂直于飑线系统的水平动量的垂直输送有逆梯度输送的特性,将增加垂直飑线方向的环境垂直风切变,有利于系统维持。相对的,平行飑线方向的水平动量具有顺梯度输送特征,使该方向上风切变分量有被均滑趋势。

喷水推进器推力的CFD计算方法研究

简要介绍获取喷水推进器推力的理论、试验及数值计算(CFD)方法,重点研究采用动量流量法和壁面积分法计算喷水推进器推力的CFD方法。采用多块网格技术,用六面体结构化网格和四面体非结构化网格相结合的混合网格离散计算区域,采用稳态多参考系方法求解RANS方程,对喷水推进器进水流道、叶轮、导叶体和喷口所组成的整个流场进行数值计算。计算中采用了k-ε湍流模型和标准壁面函数,对用动量流量法计算推力方法中所需的假想流管分界面和进口面的求取做了分析,将两种方法计算的推力与厂商提供的推力特性曲线进行了对比。结果表明,采用CFD计算和分析方法来研究喷水推进系统推力性能是可行、可信的。

南沙海域大气湍流通量输送特征分析

利用１９９４年９月在南沙群岛的渚碧礁（１０°５２′Ｎ，１１４°０４′Ｅ）观测的湍流资料，采用涡旋相关法计算，给出了南沙海域的曳力系数、动量通量、感热通量和潜热通量，并与其它的海气相互作用实验及ＨＥＩＦＥ的结果作了比较。结果表明：该海域的曳力系数ＣＤ＝（１．５４±０．２４）×１０－３；大气向海洋输送的动量通量与水平风速的平方成正比；该海区无论白天还是晚上都是将其贮存的热量以潜热或感热的形式输送到大气中，其中潜热输送占主导地位；感热和潜热输送的日变化不如陆地上明显，感热输送的日均值远比陆地上的小，而潜热输送的日均值却比戈壁沙漠上的大得多。

河西走廊一次特强沙尘暴的热力动力特征分析

使用NCEP再分析资料、高空和地面观测资料对2010年4月24日发生在河西走廊的一次特强沙尘暴天气进行了热力和动力作用诊断分析。结果表明:沙尘暴发生前,感热通量达最大值,湍流运动增强,增加了大气的不稳定性;大风沙尘暴发展和强盛期与动量通量大值区对应,动量通量对沙尘向上输送起了重要作用;在强锋区附近,地转关系被破坏,大风沙尘暴大气主要出现在变压梯度大,即变压风大的区域,变压风是产生地面强风的主要成分;河西走廊这次沙尘暴过程有明显锋生活动,锋生过程使锋面次级环流加强;水平螺旋度负值中心值越大,近地面层风速越大,大风沙尘暴天气主要出现在水平螺旋度负值中心前方与零值线之间;在河西走廊上空,高空急流沿等熵面穿越等位势高度面下滑到2000gpm,形成偏西风低空急流,低空急流的形成和维持在大风沙尘暴过程中起到关健作用。

旋转状态下曲率对气膜冷却影响的分析

作为广泛应用于航空发动机涡轮叶片上的气膜冷却技术,其效果会受到叶片表面曲率、旋转、密度比等因素的影响。在通过理论分析着重研究了旋转状态下曲面上的气膜出流后,给出了评价曲面气膜出流受旋转速度影响的无量纲量局部旋转数。并且对各种影响因素进行了分析。在凸表面上,小局部旋转数会导致气膜趋于脱离壁面;大局部旋转数会使气膜趋于吸附壁面;对于凹表面,局部旋转数的影响正好相反。当局部旋转数很小时,动量流量比成为影响气膜出流脱离壁面与否的重要因素。文中并且给出了数值验证。

台风期间海洋飞沫对海气湍通量的影响研究

本文以2006年9月日本以南海域的台风YAGI为例,应用黑潮延伸体附近的KEO浮标观测资料,并结合卫星遥感等融合资料,分析海洋飞沫在台风不同发展阶段对海气界面间热量通量和动量通量的影响。首先,定量地分析台风期间海洋飞沫对海气热通量的影响。结果表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫能够显著地加剧海气界面间的热量交换,尤其是潜热交换。海洋飞沫增加的热通量随着风速的增强而增大,随着波龄的增大而减小。随后,通过动量分析表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫显著地增强了由大气向海洋的动量转移。当风速达到台风量级后,考虑海洋飞沫所增加的动量通量与界面动量通量大小相当,同时,在此风速条件下,海洋飞沫在海气界面形成极限饱和悬浮层,抑制风到海表面的动量转移,导致海气界面间总的动量通量的增长率随之减小。

基于动量流量法对喷水推进系统推力的CFD计算

采用结构化网格与非结构化网格相结合的方式划分了喷水推进系统的流场区域,采用稳态多参考系方法进行了数值计算。在此基础上,定义并求解一用户自定义标量函数标记整个流场,并根据标记结果将被喷水推进器吸入的流体与其它流体区分开。在后处理过程采用标量函数的等值面来确定喷水推进系统控制体上的流管分界面和进流面。利用数值计算所得的速度场对喷水推进系统喷口和进流面上的动量流量变化率进行计算,间接地得到喷水推进系统的推力。计算结果表明,采用CFD手段计算和分析喷水推进系统包括推力在内的各项性能指标是可行的。

渤海南岸空气动力学粗糙度和动量通量特征

利用2005年7月～2006年12月渤海南岸气象塔风速、风向的观测资料,计算空气动力学粗糙度Z_0和动量通量τ,并对其特征及变化规律进行分析.结果表明:渤海南岸平均空气动力学粗糙度Z_0为0.0019;Z_0有明显的季节变化,表现为夏季高于冬季,春季Z_0平均值为0.0015,夏季为0.0049,秋季为0.0029,冬季为0.0009;不同方向上的Z_0值存在差异,海风方向上Z_0平均值为0.1420,陆风方向上的为0.0013.动量通量τ为0.00103,τ在春、秋季节的日变化规律相似,夏、冬季节的日变化规律相似.