Tailoring electron vortex beams with customizable intensity patterns by electron diffraction holography

An electron vortex beam(EVB) carrying orbital angular momentum(OAM) plays a key role in a series of fundamental scientific researches, such as chiral energy-loss spectroscopy and magnetic dichroism spectroscopy. So far, almost all the experimentally created EVBs manifest isotropic doughnut intensity patterns. Here, based on the correlation between local divergence angle of electron beam and phase gradient along azimuthal direction, we show that free electrons can be tailored to EVBs with customizable intensity patterns independent of the carried OAM. As proof-of-concept, by using computer generated hologram and designing phase masks to shape the incident free electrons in the transmission electron microscope, three structured EVBs carrying identical OAM are tailored to exhibit completely different intensity patterns. Furthermore, through the modal decomposition, we quantitatively investigate their OAM spectral distributions and reveal that structured EVBs present a superposition of a series of different eigenstates induced by the locally varied geometries. These results not only generalize the concept of EVB, but also demonstrate an extra highly controllable degree of freedom for electron beam manipulation in addition to OAM.

Asymmetrical spiral spectra and orbital angular momentum density of non-uniformly polarized vortex beams in uniaxial crystals

To explore the effect of non-uniform polarization on orbital angular momentum(OAM) in anisotropic medium, in this work investigated are the evolution of the spiral spectra and OAM densities of non-uniformly polarized vortex(NUPV)beams in uniaxial crystals propagating orthogonal to the optical axis, and also the case of uniformly polarized vortex(UPV)beams with left-handed elliptical polarization. In the input plane, the NUPV beams present their spiral spectra of m-mode concentrated at m = l ± 1 modes rather than m = l mode, and reveal the relation among topological charge l, mode of spiral spectra m and the power weight value Rmexpressed by l=∑^(∞)_(m)=-∞Rm. is still satisfied for UPV beams in uniaxially anisotropic crystals, whereas for NUPV beams their relations are no longer valid owing to non-uniform polarization. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the asymmetrical distribution of power weight of spiral spectra and the non-zero value in the sum of longitudinal OAM densities originate from the initial non-uniform polarization and anisotropy in uniaxial crystals rather than topological charges. In addition, the relation between spiral spectrum and longitudinal OAM density is numerically discussed. This work may provide an avenue for OAM-based communications,optical metrology, and imaging by varying the initial non-uniform polarization.

Tailoring OAM spectrum of high-order harmonic generation driven by two mixed Laguerre–Gaussian beams with nonzero radial nodes

The extreme ultraviolet(XUV)light beam carrying orbital angular momentum(OAM)can be produced via high-order harmonic generation(HHG)due to the interaction of an intense vortex infrared laser and a gas medium.Here we show that the OAM spectrum of vortex HHG can be readily tailored by varying the radial node(from 0 to 2)in the driving laser consisting of two mixed Laguerre-Gaussian(LG)beams.We find that due to the change in spatial profile of HHG,the distribution range of the OAM spectrum can be broadened and its shape can be modified by increasing the radial node.We also show that the OAM mode range becomes much wider and its distribution shape becomes more symmetric when the harmonic order is increased from the plateau to the cutoff when the driving laser has the nonzero radial nodes.Through the map of coherence length and the evolution of harmonic field in the medium,we reveal that the favorable off-axis phase-matching conditions are greatly modified due to the change of intensity and phase distributions of driving laser with the radial node.We anticipate this work to stimulate some interests in generating the XUV vortex beam with tunable OAM spectrum through the gaseous HHG process achieved by manipulating the mode properties of the driving laser beam.

Spin splitting of vortex beams on the surface of natural biaxial hyperbolic materials

We investigated the spin splitting of vortex beam on the surface of biaxial natural hyperbolic materials(NHMs)rotated by an angle with respect to the incident plane. An obvious asymmetry of spatial shifts produced by the left-handed circularly(LCP) component and right-handed circularly polarized(RCP) component is exhibited. We derived the analytical expression for in-and out-of-plane spatial shifts for each spin component of the vortex beam. The orientation angle of the optical axis plays a key role in the spin splitting between the two spin components, which can be reflected in the simple expressions for spatial shifts without the rotation angle. Based on an α-MoO_(3) biaxial NHM, the spatial shifts of the two spin components with the topological charge were investigated. As the topological charge increases, the spatial shifts also increase;in addition, a tiny spatial shift close to zero can be obtained if we control the incident frequency or the polarization of the reflected beams. It can also be concluded that the maximum of the spin splitting results from the LCP component at p-incidence and the RCP component at s-incidence in the RB-Ⅱ hyperbolic frequency band. The effect of the incident angle and the thickness of the α-MoO_(3) film on spin splitting is also considered. These results can be used for manipulating infrared radiation and optical detection.

具有可重构特征的轨道角动量天线技术研究进展

轨道角动量(OAM)因其模式具有理论上无穷且正交互不干扰的特点,在扩展信道容量方面展现出良好的优势,为解决日趋紧张的频谱资源提供了一种新型设计自由度。面对复杂多样的无线通信场景,设计具有可重构特征的OAM天线,是实现多模态复用、智能信息感知和人工智能天线的物理层基础。该文首先结合可重构天线实现机理,给出了OAM可重构天线设计的方法及具备的特点;然后,系统性综述了具有可重构特征的OAM天线的研究进展;最后,对未来设计具有可重构特征的OAM天线研究进行了展望。

多轨道角动量模式谐振环形行波天线设计

为解决目前轨道角动量(OAM)天线难以在同一频率下多模工作的问题,推动OAM在无线通信领域的实际应用,设计、加工并测量了一种基于单层板的谐振环形行波天线,引入4个馈电探针将不同相位差的信号馈入行波天线。经仿真分析和实际测量,该天线可以在3 GHz上谐振并分别产生了携带有OAM模式l=0,l=±1,l=-2的涡旋电磁波束。该天线结构简单并且可以在同一频率下产生多种模式OAM,能够有效增加无线通信的信道容量,具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。

微波波段涡旋波束的多模式集成与动态调控研究进展

该文回顾并总结了近期关于涡旋波束多模式集成与动态调控的研究成果与进展。首先从无源超表面透镜出发,利用传播相位与几何相位的综合调控作用,在单一超表面平台上实现了分数模涡旋波束的高纯度激发。更进一步,基于无源式超表面的多模式涡旋集成理论及方法,通过在超表面单元结构中加载变容二极管等有源可调谐式器件,实现涡旋波束的动态切换与人工调控。并在此基础上,对基于超表面的涡旋通信系统实现信道建模,并对涡旋通信系统的性能做出了理论分析与评估,为提高现代通信系统信道容量及信息传输速率打下理论基础。

基于改进Xception实现涡旋光束轨道角动量识别

当光束在海洋中传输时,湍流的存在会严重影响光束的质量,导致接收端光场产生扭曲和退化现象。为解决该问题,提出一种基于改进深度可分离网络(IXception)的方法,用于实现通过海洋湍流传输的涡旋光束轨道角动量模态识别。采用分步相位屏的思想,基于功率谱反演法仿真涡旋光束在海洋中的传输过程,并建立入射光场发生的退化、扭曲的散斑场数据集,用数据集来训练IXception识别散斑场中涡旋光束的轨道角动量。IXception延用Xception架构思想,结合了残差结构和倒置残差结构,能够提取高度空间深度特征,减少网络结构参数的冗余,增强泛化能力。研究结果表明,IXception在20 m和80 m湍流中对扭曲光场轨道角动量的识别率达到了99.20%与97.9%。随着传输距离的增加,IXception的识别率会略有降低,但与Xception模型相比,IXception识别性能更好。

Improving millimeter-wave imaging quality using the vortex phase method

This paper investigates a new vortex wave imaging approach to improve the imaging quality of small metal targets of size less than 1.5 mm.Antennas with different spiral phase plates are designed to efficiently transmit vortex beams with orbital angular momentums(OAMs).By analyzing the OAM spectrum of the target,it was discovered that the predominant reflection contains a particular OAM mode that carries abundant azimuthal information.This can be explained by the OAM selectivity of the target and the guidance of the vortex transmitting beam.A simple reflection vortex imaging system was designed to capture the phase information.Measurement results show that the high image contrast reaches 14.9%,which is twice as high as that of the imaging without OAM.Both of simulations and experiments demonstrate that the vortex phase imaging approach proposed in this paper can effectively improve the imaging quality at 80 GHz.This approach is suitable for other millimeter wave imaging systems and is helpful to improve the resolution in anti-terrorism security checks.

基于超材料的水声通信综述

近年来,声学超材料作为一种新型人工复合材料,凭借其强大的声学参数调控能力突破传统材料功能极限,在水下探测、目标识别、成像、导航和通信等领域展现出了广阔的应用前景。文章综述了利用超材料实现水声通信的研究进展,主要包括基于声轨道角动量的多路复用通信、基于声学超表面的波束操控实现的特定发射和接收端间的水声通信,以及水-空跨介质声通信,总结了其所涉及的关键技术,并对当前基于超材料的水声通信所面临的挑战和前景进行了展望。

涡旋光束的产生研究进展

涡旋光束是一种具有螺旋型相位分布的光束,在光学操控、光学传感、光通信、显微镜和量子纠缠等领域有着广泛的应用。对涡旋光束的概念和产生方法进行了介绍。重点回顾了国内外在近五年在连续涡旋光束、脉冲涡旋光束、基于非线性效应的涡旋光束和涡旋微型激光器领域的最新进展,同时对其发展趋势进行了分析和展望。

Generation of orbital angular momentum hologram using a modified U-net

Orbital angular momentum(OAM)holography has become a promising technique in information encryption,data storage and opto-electronic computing,owing to the infinite topological charge of one single OAM mode and the orthogonality of different OAM modes.In this paper,we propose a novel OAM hologram generation method based on a densely connected U-net(DCU),where the densely connected convolution blocks(DCB)replace the convolution blocks of the U-net.Importantly,the reconstruction process of the OAM hologram is integrated into DCU as its output layer,so as to eliminate the requirement to prepare training data for the OAM hologram,which is required by conventional neural networks through an iterative algorithm.The experimental and simulation results show that the OAM hologram can rapidly be generated with the well-trained DCU,and the reconstructed image's quality from the generated OAM hologram is significantly improved in comparison with those from the Gerchberg-Saxton generation method,the Gerchberg-Saxton based generation method and the U-net method.In addition,a 10-bit OAM multiplexing hologram scheme is numerically demonstrated to have a high capacity with OAM hologram.

Properties of focused Laguerre–Gaussian beam propagating in anisotropic ocean turbulence

We analyze the properties of a focused Laguerre–Gaussian(LG)beam propagating through anisotropic ocean turbulence based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle.Under the Rytov approximation theory,we derive the analytical formula of the channel capacity of the focused LG beam in the anisotropic ocean turbulence,and analyze the relationship between the capacity and the light source parameters as well as the turbulent ocean parameters.It is found that the focusing mirror can greatly enhance the channel capacity of the system at the geometric focal plane in oceanic turbulence.The results also demonstrate that the communication link can obtain high channel capacity by adopting longer beam wavelength,greater initial beam waist radius,and larger number of transmission channels.Further,the capacity of the system increases with the decrease of the mean squared temperature dissipation rate,temperature-salinity contribution ratio and turbulence outer scale factor,and with the increase of the kinetic energy dissipation rate per unit mass of fluid,turbulence inner scale factor and anisotropy factor.Compared to a Hankel–Bessel beam with diffraction-free characteristics and unfocused LG beam,the focused LG beam shows superior anti-turbulence interference properties,which provide a theoretical reference for research and development of underwater optical communication links using focused LG beams.

Bessel–Gaussian beam-based orbital angular momentum holography

Orbital angular momentum(OAM), as a new degree of freedom, has recently been applied in holography technology.Due to the infinite helical mode index of OAM mode, a large number of holographic images can be reconstructed from an OAM-multiplexing hologram. However, the traditional design of an OAM hologram is constrained by the helical mode index of the selected OAM mode, for a larger helical mode index OAM mode has a bigger sampling distance, and the crosstalk is produced for different sampling distances for different OAM modes. In this paper, we present the design of the OAM hologram based on a Bessel–Gaussian beam, which is non-diffractive and has a self-healing property during its propagation. The Fourier transform of the Bessel–Gaussian beam is the perfect vortex mode that has the fixed ring radius for different OAM modes. The results of simulation and experiment have demonstrated the feasibility of the generation of the OAM hologram with the Bessel–Gaussian beam. The quality of the reconstructed holographic image is increased, and the security is enhanced. Additionally, the anti-interference property is improved owing to its self-healing property of the Bessel-OAM holography.

一种V波段涡旋电磁波反射阵天线

为了满足无线电近感探测需求,提出一种基于反射型超表面的V波段涡旋电磁波产生方法,设计了一款具有正馈结构的涡旋电磁波反射阵天线,馈源采用标准增益喇叭天线。提出的新型线极化超表面单元为双层结构,两层方形贴片分别印刷在两个介质板的上层,金属地板印刷在下层介质板的底层。仿真结果表明,在60 GHz频点得到的电场相位在正方形相位参考面上具有清晰的+1模态涡旋相位分布特征,且中心存在相位奇点。对实物样机的实验室测试结果表明,天线近场辐射波以及天线照射钢板后反射波的电场相位同样具有涡旋相位分布特征。

基于光学衍射神经网络的拉盖尔-高斯光束识别

拉盖尔–高斯(Laguerre-Gaussian,LG)光束除了轨道角动量(orbital angular momentum,OAM)维度外,还拥有径向量子数p,因此LG光束可以为光通信和光计算等应用提供更多的物理自由度。但目前常见的干涉、衍射机制的LG光束模式探测方法在受到大气湍流的干扰时,识别准确率会明显下降,从而限制了其实际应用。提出了一种基于衍射神经网络(diffractive neural network,DNN)的LG光束识别方式,实现了p在1~3范围内的识别。即使在强湍流强度,衍射距离为5 m的情况下,该识别方式的识别准确率依然能达到95%以上。该DNN方法能够为准确识别LG光束模式提供有效途径,在大容量OAM通信、高维量子信息处理等方面均具有潜在应用价值。

基于改进Vision Transformer的复合涡旋光束识别

为提高涡旋光通信的编码效率和解码正确率,使用两束携带不同相邻轨道角动量和径向指数的涡旋光叠加产生16种形状相似的光强分布图并用4位二进制对其进行编码,为针对大气湍流对光强分布的影响,提出了使用稀疏注意力算法优化的Vision Transformer神经网络模型,将受强湍流影响下的光强分布图作为输入进行训练,从而实现对畸变的信息进行精确识别。仿真实验表明:该模型在识别受较强程度湍流影响的涡旋光束的正确率可达95.5%且对局部细节分辨更加准确;并验证强湍流条件下,不同波长、传输距离下的识别准确率均有良好表现,体现了模型的鲁棒性和泛用性。

Light beams with orbital angular momentum for free space optics

The light＇s orbital angular momentum （OAM） is a consequence of the spiral flow of the electromagnetic energy. In this paper, an analysis of light beams with OAM used for free space optics （FSO） is conducted. The basic description and conception of light＇s OAM are reviewed. Both encoding information into OAM states of single light beam and encoding information into spatial structure of the mixed optical vortex with OAM are discussed, and feasibility to improve the FSO＇s performance of security and obstruction of line of sight is examined.

Soliton guidance and nonlinear coupling for polarized vector spiraling elliptic Hermite–Gaussian beams in nonlocal nonlinear media

We investigate the incoherent beams with two orthogonal polarizations in nonlocal nonlinear media, one of which is a fundamental Gaussian beam and the other is spiraling elliptic Hermite–Gaussian beam carrying the orbital angular momentum(OAM).Using the variational approach, we obtain the critical power and the critical OAM required for the vector spiraling elliptic Hermite–Gaussian solitons.In the strong nonlocality region, two components of the vector beam contribute to the nonlinear refractive index in a linear manner by the sum of their respective power.The nonlinear refractive index exhibits a circularly symmetrical profile in despite of the elliptic shapes for spiraling Hermite–Gaussian beams.We find that in the strong nonlocality region, the critical power and the rotational velocity are the same regardless of the relative ratio of the constituent powers.The nonlinear refractive index loses its circular symmetry in weak nonlocality region, and the nonlinear coupling effect is observed.Due to the radiation of the OAM, the damping of the rotation is predicted, and can be suppressed by decreasing the proportion of the spiraling elliptic component of the vector beam.

Nonparaxial propagation properties of the chirped Airy Gaussian vortex beams in uniaxial crystals orthogonal to the optical axis

In this article, we investigate the nonparaxial propagation properties of the chirped Airy Gaussian vortex（CAiGV）beams in uniaxial crystals orthogonal to the optical axis analytically and numerically. We discuss how the linear chirp parameters, the quadratic chirp parameters, and the Gaussian factors influence the nonparaxial propagation dynamics of the CAiGV beams. The intensity, the energy flow, the beam center, and the angular momentum of the CAiGV beams are deeply investigated. It is shown that the Gaussian factors have a great effect on the intensity and the centroid positions of the CAiGV beams. With the Gaussian factors increasing, the intensity of CAiGV beams decreases rapidly. The main lobes of the transverse intensity distribution of the CAiGV beams are similar to triangles.