The Defects and Future Research Direction of the Auditof the Policy Implementation Effect 2 China

近年来,政策执行效果审计在中国逐渐引起了关注.论文首先介绍了政策执行效果审计的内涵和研究的意义,在此基础上简要阐述了政策执行效果审计的发展现状,并指出了其缺陷,最后提出了未来的研究应重点关注建立政策执行效果审计理论框架体系、完善政策执行效果审计评价指标体系、探索对政策本身的评价以及将政策执行效果审计与新兴互联网工程及信息技术结合起来等几个方面.

Fiscal Policy Effect Analysis Based on Agents Response Equilibrium (ARE) Model

Agents response equilibrium (ARE) model has been taken advantage of to build a multi-agent system for analyzing fiscal policy effect. Through establishing various types of economic entities and endowing them with abilities to react and make decision, the whole system will evolve to new conditions in response to policy change. Compared with different scenarios, it can be concluded that when raising taxation ratio, sectoral scale will shrink to some extent. But supported by government expenditure, certain sectors could be kept in comparatively larger production scale.

Spatial emission reduction effects of China’s carbon emissions trading:quasi-natural experiments and policy spillovers

Insufficient assessment of emission reduction effects still exists in the carbon emission rights trading system,a major environmental regulation measure in China.Based on the data from the carbon trading pilot covering the years from 2007 to 2017,this study combined the synthetic control method with dynamic spatial Durbin model to comprehensively evaluate the spatial emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.The results showed that:①The carbon trading policies promoted carbon emission reductions in the pilot regions,among which Tianjin and Hubei responded significantly,and also helped to suppress carbon emissions in the neighboring areas.②Long-term emission reduction effect from carbon emissions trading became gradually significant,while the indirect emission reduction effect was relatively weaker.③In term of reducing carbon emissions,the economic development channel played a key role,but it had a threat to the promotion of carbon emissions in the surrounding areas.Energy consumption was the main obstacle to the growth of carbon emissions.④In the long run,technological progress tended to become the key to the effective implementation of potential emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.Based on the above findings,we suggest that the construction of a national carbon trading market should be promoted,the balanced development and orderly advancement of regional carbon trading markets should be paid attention to,the coordinated development of green economy as well as knowledge and technology exchange and cooperation among regions should be strengthened to form a low carbon development model among regions.

Empirical research on the international spillover effects of U.S. monetary policy and their impacts

Empirical research has shown that there were international spillover effects from the U.S. monetary policy to output level, net exports and price levels of each country, and the impact on prices in each country was of synchronous effect. The structural impulse response analysis showed that U.S. monetary policy could improve U.S. income and payment without damaging U.S. economic growth, but the shocks negatively affected the economic growth in the rest of the world. Hence, it's important to pay close attention to the moral risks of U.S. monetary policy to evade the global shocks caused by the "benefit-itself-at-the-expense-of-others" polices of the American government. Besides these findings, U.S. monetary policy shocks strongly affect China's trade surplus fluctuations. Based on this, we propose that the approaches of balancing China's current account could be explored efficiently from the perspective of monetary policy.

Assessing effectiveness of existing building energy-saving reconstruction policy adapted to market development

The market development and policy matching of existing building energy-saving retrofits determine the effectiveness of policies in promoting the operation of existing building energy-saving retrofit market.Based on the perspective of market development to evaluate the effectiveness of existing building energy-saving transformation policy,it is necessary to clarify the basic connotation of the effectiveness of existing building energy-saving transformation policy,systematically analyze the evaluation content,construct a multi-level evaluation index system,and select scientific and effective quantitative evaluation methods to implement a strict evaluation process.

China's Universal Second-Child Policy: Grounds, Effects and Strategies

The 13 th Five-Year Plan(2016─2020), with the balanced development of population being the core element, is crucial for China. The superimposed effect of an aging population and low birthrate leading to a reduction in the labor supply would have a fundamental influence on the long term balanced development of China's population, implying that China's population policy must be adjusted. This paper argues that a gradual relaxation of the family-planning policy adjustments accords with the original intention of the population policy design and development direction. The universal second-child policy is the logical results of the adjustment and improvement of China's family-planning policy, and is designed to bring about positive effects on future demographic and economic development, particularly in sustaining the long term balanced development of China's population, easing the marriage squeeze, extending the demographic dividend, and delaying the population aging process. China needs to develop and improve support and governance systems for fully implementing the universal second-child policy, realizing the policy transition from rewarding one-child families to population security and the modern transition of governance systems and capacity to a universal second-child policy.

Language Policy in Nigeria and Nigerian Language Policy： Implications for Effective Communication in Non-Monolingual Nations

In Nigeria, almost 500 indigenous languages continue to compete with the English language that has assumed the status of a global linguistic code. The contact, in different domains between English and indigenous languages in the country continues to affect performance in English and contact languages, making effective communication in either English or any of the indigenous languages unattainable. The purpose of this study is to show that although no particular document, so named, exists expressing the nation＇s policy on language, nonetheless, the country has a policy on language that accommodates the indigenous languages as substrates, while the English language holds sway in various linguistic domains. Using a simple descriptive survey with data from previous studies, this paper examines the linguistic implications of the contact between English and indigenous languages on the younger generations who are losing contact with the mother tongue, and also not demonstrating enough proficiency in the English language. It is recommended that the opportunities that competence and maturation afforded a second language learner should be latched onto to gain the needed proficiency in English thus making them effective bilinguals and communicators in a world that is fast becoming a global village, and the inhabitants global citizens.

Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China's policy for grassland eco-compensation

To reverse the continuous deterioration of grassland ecology and to improve the well-being of herders, China has been formulating many national policies on payments for grassland ecological conservation. One of them, the Grassland Eco-compensation Policy(GEP), is the biggest program for grassland protection in China since 1949. The GEP conserves natural grassland by paying herders cash subsidies. It also has worldwide significance because it can increase vegetative cover, improve the ecological balance, increase carbon sequestration and lessen the amount of dust reaching other countries through inhibiting soil erosion. Overall, we find that its ecological and socioeconomic effects are beneficial and further benefits may be observed in the future because while the socioeconomic effects usually appear quickly, ecological effects may take longer to manifest. 2015 is the last year for the first round of the GEP policy implementation and the extended policy for the GEP will be approved and continued by the central government. To make the policy more successful, we suggest coordinated planning, a comprehensive overview, higher compensation and collaborative study. Efficient implementation of the GEP could also provide valuable experience for other eco-compensation programs in China and numerous other regions of the world.

Environment Restricts and Policy Choice in International Harmonization of Accounting Standards and Effect Evaluation——Evidence from the Non-monetary Transaction

The paper tests accounting earnings quality of the non-monetary transaction standard before and after the revision, and comes to the conclusion that the standard revision under domestic conditions which restricts the use of fair value and does not recognize exchange revenues effectively prevents the company from managing earnings to improve earnings quality. The earnings management of the public companies has become more difficult, and earnings quality has been improved. But the earnings management of the public company does not decrease, some public companies make earnings management by other ways, The researcher provides direct evidence in explaining environment restricts have a role in accounting internationalization, explaining the difficulties of standard-making.

Empirical Analysis of the Market Effects of China＇s Listed—— Company＇s Dividend Policy ——Empirical Evidences from Shanghai Stock Exchange from 2004 to 2005

Dividend policy is one of the three core contents of financial management in listed companies. On one hand, it is the extension of financial and investment activities; on the other hand, appropriate dividend policy can not only set up a good company reputation, but also arouse enthusiasm of many investors to continue invest in this company, consequently acquire long and stable development opportunities and conditions. In this paper, the author has put forward some suggestions in order to solve the problems which existing in Chinese listed companies＇ dividend policies based on the result of positive test. Firstly, optimize the structure of equity title and perfect the corporate governance. Secondly, to establish wholesome shareholder protection mechanism, and also it is important measure for investors, especially medium and small investors to protect their rights and interests. According to the present situation of Chinese stock market, the authors consider we can protect the shareholder＇s benefits by carrying out cumulative vote system, establishing hortative derive lawsuit system, perfecting civil compensation system and establishing shareholder voting removing system and so on. Thirdly, the establishment of listed companies＇ dividend policy and the release of message should be standardized for the sake of good relationship of melon-cutting and corporation＇s refinancing plan. Finally, listed companies＇ dividend policy can be optimized by modifying and perfecting stock dividend distribution mode of accounting management, perfecting exit mechanism of listed companies.

Anti-Competitive Effects of Discriminatory Licensing for Standards-Essential Patents and Antitrust Policymaking

Antitrust examination of discriminatory patent licensing fees imposed by companies who own standards-essential patents(SEPs) is a difficult issue in antitrust law enforcement. After studying Huawei's litigation against IDC and China's anti-monopoly investigation of Qualcomm, this paper creates a vertical oligopolistic game theory model to demonstrate that discriminatory licensing fees imposed by firms with patent monopoly will lead to the collection of high licensing fees from downstream low-cost firms, weaken their competitive advantage, reduce their output and market share, impede their follow-up innovations, and generally harm the social welfare. Therefore, charging high discriminatory licensing fees constitutes an act that harms competition and should be prohibited by antitrust law. Antitrust examination of discriminatory licensing fees should make assessments primarily on the basis of the FRAND principle. Antitrust examination may adopt a triple-structure method to assess the reasonableness of licensing fees, but antitrust authorities should avoid directly prescribing the level of licensing fees and should safeguard the effectiveness of transaction mechanisms based on free negotiations among micro-level entities. Antitrust remedies should follow the principle of "intervening in the price formation mechanism rather than prescribing the level of licensing fees."

The Spatial Effect of Green Tax Policy on Energy Efficiency: Evidence from China

Based on the 30 provinces(cities,autonomous regions)panel data of China from 2007 to 2016,this paper establishes a Spatial Durbin Model to explore the spatial effects of green tax policies in broad and narrow sense on energy efficiency.The results show that:(1)China's provincial energy efficiency has significant spatial correlation.(2)the relationship between the intensity of narrow sense green tax policy and the energy efficiency of the surrounding areas is an inverted U-shaped curve.(3)the relationship between the generalized green tax policy intensity and the energy efficiency of the surrounding areas is a U-shaped curve.

Analysis on the Actual Teaching Effectiveness of Course Ethnic Theory and Policy --School of Preparatory Education for the Minorities of Ningxia University Is Taken for Example

In this paper, many factors restricting and affecting the actual effectiveness of course ethnic theory and policy are summarized, among which student factors mainly include unavailable major foundation, new strange course, and having no idea about how to learn in the short term, narrow knowledge scope because of the examination-oriented education, poor self-control ability and attitude toward learning, and difference among the students of different minorities in the preparatory education, so that the actual teaching effectiveness is different. The teaching contents provided by teachers are not enough scientific, and the teaching pertinence is not strong; all parts of teaching and especially the effectiveness of processing the key and difficult points are not good enough, so that students are guided not very well to actively participate in classroom teaching activities, etc. Subsequently, an analysis is made around integrating and excavating teaching materials, understanding teaching contents, valuing the teaching process, and helping the students of preparatory education change from passively learning knowledge to initiatively accepting knowledge in a targeted way, and then some approaches, methods, and strategies of improving the actual teaching effectiveness of the course are explored.

Paired Assistance:Policy Rationale and Economic Performance as Illustrated by Xizang and Xinjiang

This study highlights the changing priorities of China’s paired assistance throughout the past decades,as well as its theoretical implications and economic growth effects for recipient regions.Using panel data from 32 prefecture-level cities from 1990 to 2020,this study uses the multiperiod difference-in-differences approach to examine how paired assistance has contributed to economic growth in Xizang Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.The findings indicate that,first,the implementation of the paired assistance policy has boosted economic growth in Xizang and Xinjiang.Second,paired assistance has stimulated economic growth in recipient communities by improving infrastructure.Third,paired assistance has contributed to economic growth in recipient communities by providing improved public services such as education and healthcare.Improvements to public services have a relatively smaller indirect effect in short term than infrastructure development on economic growth.Yet both education and healthcare are crucial to people’s quality of life in recipient communities.This paper has refined and broadened research on the effects of paired assistance,providing preference for future policymaking.

An Empirical Analysis on the Impacting of Fiscal Policy on Haze Governance ：Based on the Data of Anhui Province from 2005 to 2014

为准确把握财政政策对雾霾治理的影响,在确立财政政策投入和雾霾治理产出两个维度的基础上,建立评价指标体系,选取安徽省2 0 0 5 年-2 0 1 4 年评价数据,建立T0 P S IS模型,进行实证评价.结果表明：总体上,安徽省财政政策对雾霾治理影响效应表现逐年削弱的变化特征.其次,分阶段来看,2 0 1 0年以前,安徽省财政政策对雾霾治理的影响出现“W ” 型变化特征,即“削弱-增强-削弱-增强” 的变化.2 0 1 1年-2 0 1 3年财政政策效果快速下降;2 0 1 4年以来,财政政策对雾霾治理的影响有增强的趋势.再次,财政资金使用不科学,技术创新不足一定程度上削弱了财政政策对雾霾治理的影响效应.为进一步增强财政政策对雾霾治理的积极影响,充分发挥财政职能,建议完善财政资金的专项转移支付制度,推进资源税制改革,完善相关财政专项补贴政策,推进财政政策绩效评价.

Dynamic response pattern of gold prices to economic policy uncertainty

Based on a time-varying parameter structural vector autoregression with stochastic volatility(TVP-SVAR-SV)model,the time-varying effects and country differences of economic policy uncertainty(EPU)on gold prices from August 2006 to December 2017 were examined.The results show that the effects of global economic policy uncertainty(GEPU)shock on gold prices change over time.The changes were positive during 2006-2008 and 2013-2017,while the impacts were negative during 2009-2012,implying that the efficiency of gold as a safe haven is not stable and depends on economic conditions.There are significant country differences regarding the impact of EPU on the price of gold,particularly during the international financial crisis,European debt crisis and Trump election.During the international financial crisis,EPU exerts a positive impact on gold prices in most countries.During the European debt crisis,the impact of EPU on gold prices is mainly negative in the examined countries.While during the Trump election,the impact displays positive and negative alternating in most countries.

Comparing the bullwhip effect under different inventory policies in engineering project supply chains

Measuring bullwhip effect is useful for making better controls on production planning and enhancing the supply chain operating efficiency.First,this article establishes the comparative analysis model of bullwhip effect between(s,S)and Periodic Review(PR)inventory policy based on the quantitative bullwhip effect model under different inventories.Then,the impacts of lead time,inventory review time,autocorrelation coefficient,and the number of samples on the gap of bullwhip effect under(s,S)and PR IP are analyzed.The results show that bullwhip effect in PR is more intense than(s,S)inventory policy.Contractors should pay more attention to control bullwhip effect when adopting PR inventory policy to enhance the total operating efficiency of the engineering project supply chains.

STUDY ON THE OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSPORT CONTROL POLICY IN COMMUNICATION NETWORK

In communication networks with policy-based Transport Control on-Demand (TCoD) function,the transport control policies play a great impact on the network effectiveness. To evaluate and optimize the transport policies in communication network,a policy-based TCoD network model is given and a comprehensive evaluation index system of the network effectiveness is put forward from both network application and handling mechanism perspectives. A TCoD network prototype system based on Asynchronous Transfer Mode/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (ATM/MPLS) is introduced and some experiments are performed on it. The prototype system is evaluated and analyzed with the comprehensive evaluation index system. The results show that the index system can be used to judge whether the communication network can meet the application requirements or not,and can provide references for the optimization of the transport policies so as to improve the communication network effectiveness.

Study on Effectiveness of Government Governance in the Cities with Serious Air Pollution: A Case Study of Zhengzhou City

It is a basic national policy of China and the most important problem in the current development process to control pollution and protect environment.Since environmental and ecological management has strong externality,there is little room for the private sector to play,and government governance becomes the most important means.To rationally assess government effectiveness in ecological management and clarify the main factors affecting the effective governance,Zhengzhou City is taken as research object.By referring to advanced experience of policy evaluation at home and abroad,two level-one indexes(ecological effect and economic effect)and eight level-two indexes(days of good air,concentrations of main air pollutants,energy consumption of per unit GDP,total energy consumption,per capita GDP,energy consumption of heavy industry,added value of industries above designated size,and annual fixed asset investment)are constructed to evaluate effectiveness of air pollution control policy in Zhengzhou City.Moreover,the factors affecting effectiveness of air pollution control policy in Zhengzhou City are analyzed.Finally,corresponding suggestions are proposed based on these factors:perfecting laws and regulations of air pollution control in Zhengzhou City,establishing accountability mechanism and cross regional governance system,adjusting industry and energy structure,valuing environmental technology and social participation,and improving government and people's awareness of environmental protection.

An Analysis of Employment-promoting Effects of Employment Service Policies-Based on Family Development

This paper aims at improving the employmentpromoting effects of employment service policies(ESP) to enhance family development. Based on process evaluation methods of public policy, there are three positive effects of ESP, but despite these effects we cannot overrate the performance of ESP. The problem is the double segmentation between urban and rural areas as well as among different regions, the poor basic fund, and the deviation of positioned policy support objects. Hence, China should regulate ESP as soon as possible to benefit family development.