The Impact of the Monetary Policy During the COVID-19 in the Brazilian Banking Sector

The COVID-19 pandemic caused an outbreak on the global productive chains,transforming companies and society in general.Governments adopted anticyclical policies such as basic interest rates reduction as response.Brazil basic interest rate is denominated Selic.The application of these policies requires the protagonist of bank’s financial intermediation.This study aims to verify two events-under the perspective of the efficient markets’theory.The first is the communication of the first death by COVID-19-and the subsequent,Selic rate reduction to 2%p.a.-and its effects on bank’s shares prices.The hypotheses presented are:H1-The announcement of the first death by COVID-19 negatively impacts the banks’shares returns and H2-The announcement of the Selic interest rate-during the COVID-19-positively impacts the return of the banks’shares.We adopt event study methodology in a final sample of nine and 15 banks to Events 1 and 2 respectively.The results confirm H1 as well as the semi-strong informational efficiency market.H2 is not confirmed.Results confirm the non-effectiveness of the anticyclical policy of basic interest rate reduction.This contributes to the discussion about the impacts of COVID-19 and the efficacy of anticyclical policies.

Research on the Problems and Countermeasures of Monetary Capital Internal Control in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)constitute the primary drivers of production within the nation’s existing enterprise landscape.They represent the most dynamic segment of the national economy and play a pivotal role in supporting economic growth,fostering employment,and enhancing people’s livelihoods.However,despite their significant and extensive organizational structures,only a fraction of these companies have established internal control systems,and even fewer possess robust ones.Building upon this premise and considering the prevailing circumstances of SMEs,this paper undertakes an empirical analysis of monetary fund management within this sector.It delves into the operational intricacies,exploring how monetary funds should be effectively implemented to ensure their safety and integrity.Furthermore,it proposes viable strategies to enhance the circulation efficiency of monetary funds,thereby maximizing benefits for enterprises.Addressing these challenges is crucial for SME managers striving to achieve sustainable profit growth and navigate the complexities of financial management.

Conjuncture Cycles and Monetary Anomalies Are Unwelcome Guests for Sustainability

Economic cycles are not economic evils but rather healing agents for returning to equilibrium,just as inflation and deflation are not economic misfortunes but the sign of bad governance and a bitter medicine for returning to calm monetary.Unfortunately,signs of poor governance are mistaken for unfortunate events,but are instead tools offered to restore economic systems.Politics seeks consensus and does not accept the bitter cure of recession.Monetary policy is therefore called into question even if monetary anomalies also depend on errors in the management of the economy;the result is the gradual increase in interest rates.Is the idea that we can achieve the goal of complete neutrality with nature acceptable in a global economic framework pervaded by inflation and denunciation?Can we similarly argue that economic problems can coexist once the goal of neutrality has been achieved?The answer is negative.We must correct these anomalies and dysfunctions of the economy,which cannot coexist in the new context of complete and indefinite equilibrium of tomorrow.And not even the idea that conflicts can be resolved with war seems to find a place in the renewed scenario of neutrality.In this regard we can remember that,when we have reached the economic optimum of complete neutrality,or at least we are close to it,the most socially and economically advanced territories and continents will benefit from an acceleration of productivity and development.Scarcity itself will give way to the new,long-awaited reality.A condition that approaches the state of abundance and which will produce surpluses to be allocated to countries and territories that are struggling towards the condition of neutrality.The acceleration of lagging continents and the recovery of altered economic systems are therefore preconditions that can allow us to access the state of global neutrality.As we get closer to the great objective,it is to be believed that the pretense of regulating conflicts through war will also disappear.With the new reality of abundance,the economic reason for war disappears,while the aspiration of peoples-inscribed in their DNA-for solidarity and peaceful aggregation towards substantial unity becomes clear.

China’s Monetary Policy Impacts on Money and Stock Markets

This study investigated the impact of China’s monetary policy on both the money market and stock markets,assuming that non-policy variables would not respond contemporaneously to changes in policy variables.Monetary policy adjustments are swiftly observed in money markets and gradually extend to the stock market.The study examined the effects of monetary policy shocks using three primary instruments:interest rate policy,reserve requirement ratio,and open market operations.Monthly data from 2007 to 2013 were analyzed using vector error correction(VEC)models.The findings suggest a likely presence of long-lasting and stable relationships among monetary policy,the money market,and stock markets.This research holds practical implications for Chinese policymakers,particularly in managing the challenges associated with fluctuation risks linked to high foreign exchange reserves,aiming to achieve autonomy in monetary policy and formulate effective monetary strategies to stimulate economic growth.

Nonlinear dynamics in Divisia monetary aggregates:an application of recurrence quantification analysis

We construct recurrence plots(RPs)and conduct recurrence quantification analysis(RQA)to investigate the dynamic properties of the new Center for Financial Stability(CFS)Divisia monetary aggregates for the United States.In this study,we use the lat-est vintage of Divisia aggregates,maintained within CFS.We use monthly data,from January 1967 to December 2020,which is a sample period that includes the extreme economic events of the 2007–2009 global financial crisis.We then make comparisons between narrow and broad Divisia money measures and find evidence of a nonlinear but reserved possible chaotic explanation of their origin.The application of RPs to broad Divisia monetary aggregates encompasses an additional drift structure around the global financial crisis in 2008.Applying the moving window RQA to the growth rates of narrow and broad Divisia monetary aggregates,we identify periods of changes in data-generating processes and associate such changes to monetary policy regimes and financial innovations that occurred during those times.

Non-Symmetry of China’s and US Monetary Policy Spillovers:Theoretical Modelling and Empirical Analysis

This study develops a structural vector autoregression(SVAR)framework to empirically examine the reciprocal transmission channels of monetary policies between China and the United States.The primary objective is to discern potential disparities in the spillover effects of monetary policies and ascertain any contrasting mechanisms underlying these effects across the two countries.Based on our research,it appears that there exists a certain level of non-symmetry in the spillover effects of monetary policy between the two countries.Moreover,this paper provides adequate analysis of disparities in the trade framework,capital control,and financial market operations of both countries in constructing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium(DSGE)model that incorporates financial frictions for the examination of the theoretical rationale.The empirical findings indicate that China’s monetary policy creates a spillover effect primarily through trade.In China,following an increase in its interest rates,the domestic economic activity will experience a contraction,leading to a decline in both investment and output.Consequently,this will result in a decrease in China’s imports of investment goods from the United States,impacting the output of the US economy.In contrast,the US monetary policy exerts a spillover effect primarily through finance.An increase in interest rates by the United States is associated with a notable outflow of capital from China.This leads to a rise in the financing costs for Chinese firms,consequently diminishing their overall net worth.In light of the financial accelerator effect,corporate external financing risk premium will continue to increase,exacerbating the downward trajectory of China’s output.

Is pass‑through of the exchange rate to restaurant and hotel prices asymmetric in the US?Role of monetary policy uncertainty

This study examines the exchange rate pass-through to the United States(US)restaurant and hotel prices by incorporating the effect of monetary policy uncertainty over the period 2001:M12 to 2019:M01.Using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag(NARDL)model,empirical evidence indicates asymmetric pass-through of exchange rate and monetary policy uncertainty.Moreover,a stronger pass-through effect is observed during depreciation and a negative shock in monetary policy uncertainty,corroborating asymmetric pass-through predictions.Our results further show that a positive shock in energy prices leads to an increase in restaurant and hotel prices.Furthermore,asymmetric causality indicates that a positive shock in the exchange rate causes a positive shock to restaurant and hotel prices.We found feedback causal effects between positive and negative shocks in monetary policy uncertainty and positive and negative shocks in the exchange rate.Additionally,we detected a one-way asymmetric causality,flowing from a positive(negative)shock to a positive(negative)shock in energy prices.Therefore,these findings provide insights for policymakers to achieve low and stable prices in the US restaurant and hotel industry through sound monetary policy formulations.Highlights.The drivers of restaurant and hotel business in tourism destinations are examined.There is asymmetric pass-through of exchange rate and monetary policy uncertainty.A stronger pass-through is observed during appreciation and a negative shock to monetary policy uncertainty.There is asymmetric causality from positive shock in exchange rate to postive shock in restaurant and hotel prices.

After the Euro and Interstate Banking:Present Monetary and Financial Surfacing Conflicts 2023

This paper reconsiders the outcome of the adoption of a single legal currency in the 1999 Euro Act. Installing a central bank, several different solutions surfaced among the EU members and in the global economy, since the 1922 Genoa summit. The last Euro solution came after the severe, unexpected stock market crash on October 19, 1987. Furthermore, the sub-prime bubble 2007, the financial collapse 2008 and the final 2012 the banking melt down, induce to reconsider the overlapping monetary and financial fallouts. The 89 Interstate Banking Act and the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, induce a monetary and financial evolving infrastructure. This paper focuses on the conflicts at the enlarging EU community seen the unavoidable monetary and financial integration, considering that the unique definition of the monetary functions as its essence is misinterpreted, in a clear common asymmetry affecting the whole evolving situation.

货币政策、资产价格与消费者价格波动——基于庇古效应和超调理论的研究

首先基于价格超调理论和庇古财富效应理论,全面解析了货币政策对消费者物价指数(CPI)的动态影响机制,结果发现,货币政策不仅会直接影响CPI,而且会通过资产价格的超调效应间接影响到CPI.其次,本文进一步引入马尔科夫区制转移模型,分析了货币政策的不同区制特征,并从参数时变角度测算了货币政策对资产价格和CPI的动态影响关系.实证研究表明:第一,货币政策具有明显的扩张和收缩二区制特征.第二,短期内货币政策对资产价格较之CPI有超调效应,长期看货币政策通过资产价格的庇古中介效应间接影响CPI.第三,货币政策对资产价格和CPI均存在非对称影响,扩张性货币政策效应小于紧缩性货币政策效应,同时资产价格对CPI同样存在非对称性影响,“损失规避”效应明显.

地缘政治风险与人民币货币锚效应——基于“一带一路”合作国家和地区的实证分析

防范化解地缘政治风险,保持人民币币值的相对稳定,对稳慎推进人民币国际化具有重大意义。通过分析2015年8月至2022年7月“一带一路”合作国家和地区56种货币的汇率月频数据,探究了不同区域的货币锚定人民币的程度,并进一步基于Frankel经典货币锚模型测度了地缘政治风险对人民币货币锚效应的影响。实证结果表明:第一,美元虽仍是大部分地区的锚定货币,但人民币已逐步成长为东欧、东南欧、东南亚和东亚地区钉住的货币锚。第二,地缘政治风险能够显著影响人民币在部分地区的货币锚效应,但是在不同区域和不同贸易开放度的情况下具有显著的异质性。当地缘政治风险上升时,东欧和东南欧地区会更多地锚定人民币以规避汇率风险,而东南亚和东亚地区却会选择降低锚定人民币的权重以寻求汇率稳定;高贸易开放度的国家会更多地锚定人民币,低贸易开放度的国家更可能会减少锚定人民币。研究结果为稳慎推进人民币国际化和精准实施人民币国际化的国别策略提供了参考依据。

货币政策对企业劳动投资效率的影响研究

基于2010—2020年我国A股上市公司的相关数据,对货币政策与企业劳动投资效率之间的关系进行探讨。研究发现,在货币政策紧缩时,企业劳动投资效率会有明显的提高,会计稳健性的提高以及自由现金流量的减少是紧缩性货币政策影响企业劳动投资效率的主要作用机制。进一步研究发现,高质量的公司治理水平会抑制紧缩性货币政策对企业劳动投资效率的影响。非效率劳动投资分组检验结果表明,紧缩性货币政策对企业劳动投资效率的促进效应,更多地表现为抑制劳动投资过度。

央行数字货币与货币政策传导

央行数字货币正在登上大国竞争的角逐场,为了适应未来数字经济发展,发行央行数字货币势必对货币政策和银行体系产生深远影响。本文通过构建包含央行数字货币的多部门动态随机一般均衡模型,探讨了发行央行数字货币改善货币政策传导的作用机制。研究发现:发行不计付利息的零售型央行数字货币,一方面提升了中央银行对商业银行流动性的约束能力,强化了货币政策的银行贷款渠道对实体经济的调控能力;另一方面推动了商业银行数字化程度进一步提升,使得金融中介机构与借款人之间的信息不对称问题得到有效缓解,从而降低贷款的融资溢价。基于政策效率、社会福利和经济波动三个角度的定量研究发现:在央行发行数字货币的背景下,采用反通货膨胀政策的牺牲率相对其他制度安排更低;发行央行数字货币会起到增进社会福利的积极作用;中央银行需要适度提高对商业银行的资本充足率要求,从而避免银行贷款过度扩张引发的经济波动。本文的研究成果为稳妥推进数字人民币发展提供了重要的政策启示。

朝鲜政府的五次币制改革及启示

朝鲜的币制改革一直是世界关注的焦点,系统了解和把握其历次改革的动因与进程以及实施结果十分重要。1946年,朝鲜设立国立中央银行构建了独立发行主权货币的自主银行体系,并且相继进行了五次币制改革,即1947年、1959年、1979年、1992年、2009年的币制改革,带来了商品价格、价格标准以及社会货币流通量等的较大变化。不过,每次所处的时代背景和特点及政策效果是不同的,有时夯实了货币制度基础,提高了中央银行对宏观经济的掌控能力,但有时也引起了货币体系紊乱和过大价格波动,影响了国民经济稳定发展。朝鲜也正在不断总结经验,研究符合国内经济运行的新的货币制度及中央银行改革。

结构性需求冲击、政策独立性与财政货币政策协调机制研究

结构性需求冲击非对称地影响不同生产部门产品需求。本文研究此类负向冲击下,财政货币政策如何实施及配合才能实现“稳就业、促消费”目标。本文建立了区分直接和未直接受冲击部门的DSGE模型,考察财政货币政策工具及政策协调机制的有效性。结果表明:政府消费和对企业补贴适用于稳定就业;对家庭转移支付和降低个人所得税适用于促进消费;利率工具比法定存准率工具更有效。保持货币政策独立性有利于财政货币政策组合发挥作用。

非传统货币政策与债券市场稳定——抵押品渠道的传导机制研究

本文基于中国债券市场微观结构和流动性负反馈循环理论,利用中国人民银行扩大中期借贷便利(MLF)担保品范围这一准自然实验,以及货币市场、债券市场日度数据,通过运用双重差分模型、ARIMAX模型,探讨以抵押品为基础的非传统货币政策工具在缓解债券市场风险,阻止下跌趋势蔓延方面的有效性和作用机制。本文发现,一方面,扩容政策能显著降低债券收益率,提振债券市场整体流动性和活跃度,进而遏制了负反馈机制下的“损失螺旋”;另一方面,扩容政策的实施也促进了宏观流动性向下传导,优化了债券市场流动性的总量和结构,进而遏制了负反馈机制下的“保证金螺旋”蔓延。这一结论解释了“中国化”制度背景下非传统货币政策工具稳定金融市场的内涵逻辑,增添了金融市场渠道传导的实证证据。本文的研究结论也带来一些启示:作为市场最后的流动性提供者,中国人民银行应当充分利用以抵押品为基础的非常规货币政策工具在缓解特定局部风险时的准确和高效特点,通过灵活调整质押率更好地稳定市场。

高质量发展阶段货币政策传导渠道的有效性——基于银行流动性创造的视角

提升货币政策传导效率是高质量发展阶段现代中央银行制度建设的客观要求。鉴于我国货币政策面临着“宽货币”难以向“宽信用”传导的梗阻困境,本文从银行流动性创造理论视角提炼高质量发展阶段货币政策传导的典型事实,在此基础上,从流动性创造发挥货币政策中介目标功能应当具备的可控性、相关性和可测性出发,考察货币政策流动性创造渠道的机理,并利用上市银行2016—2022年季度数据展开实证检验。研究发现,在高质量发展阶段,随着金融体制市场化改革不断深入推进,银行经营模式从存贷业务模式向批发业务模式转变、货币政策调控框架从数量型向价格型转变,银行流动性创造渠道会比银行贷款渠道发挥更为关键的作用。中央银行应充分认识到银行流动性创造功能的重要性,并将流动性创造纳入货币政策调控的中介目标体系。

开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型下最优货币政策和货币状况指数研究——基于1992—2022年中国数据的理论和实证分析

本文构建开放经济下的新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡模型,模拟显示在外部冲击下,利率、汇率和最终目标高度相关。以理论模型为基础对最优货币政策进行探究,发现其政策权重受消费者、生产者和中央银行的行为等模型参数的影响。进一步构建货币状况指数(MCI),其权重不仅取决于商品市场、货币市场和利率平价参数等的变化,还依赖于最优货币政策参数的变化。根据1992—2022年数据进行实证研究发现,最优货币政策参数为1.1823,意味着我国央行的货币政策是逆周期操作的,且赋予经济增长以更大的权重;估计出MCI的权重为0.7867,意味着实际利率上升1%相当于实际汇率下降0.79%,实际利率变动的影响弱于实际汇率。最后本文研究表明货币状况指数可以作为宏观经济目标变动的先行指标。

货币政策、企业金融资产配置与资本收入份额

为探究经济转型过程中资本和劳动两大要素在货币政策影响下的收入差异,本文在理论分析的基础上,利用2007—2019年沪深两市A股非金融非房地产上市公司的面板数据,实证检验了货币政策对企业资本收入份额的影响,以及企业金融资产配置在货币政策影响企业资本收入份额中的作用。研究结果表明,宽松的货币政策显著提升了企业资本要素的收入份额,且企业金融资产配置加剧了宽松货币政策对企业资本收入份额的影响。货币政策对企业资本收入份额的影响主要通过推动企业资本深化和推高其股票价格实现。异质性分析显示,规模小、融资约束高、劳动密集型企业,金融发展水平较高的区域以及银行流动性囤积较低时期的企业,其资本收入份额在宽松货币政策影响下呈现更快的上升趋势。

国际货币权力的内涵、分类及国别特征

国际货币权力是国际金融学研究的重要组成部分,文章整理并总结了国内外学者关于国际货币权力研究的理论成果,并从国际货币权力的定义、来源、分类、改革构想以及不同国家的国际货币权力等多个维度对国内外学者的相关研究文献进行系统梳理和评述,指出现有文献的主要贡献和不足,并提出进一步研究的可能方向。

货币政策、收入结构与财富不平等——基于一般均衡视角的分析

货币政策作为政府当局调节经济活动的重要手段,在微观个体异质性的作用下具有潜在的财富分配效应。如何理解货币政策对财富不平等的影响、防止财富分化进一步加剧是政府与社会关注的重要问题。本文通过构建带有初始财富异质性的一般均衡模型,分析货币政策对财富分配的影响机制,讨论如何调整货币规则以提升福利公平。研究发现,货币政策冲击将显著提高财富与收入基尼系数,且表现出明显的马太效应;家庭收入结构与边际消费倾向由财富存量决定,货币政策首先通过收入结构差异加剧收入分化,随后借助家庭消费与资产配置行为放大财富不平等;中央银行应允许通胀与产出缺口小幅波动以防止消费差距过度增加;纳入家庭消费分布二阶矩的泰勒规则能在提高社会总福利的同时减小福利不平等。