Toward Trustworthy Decision-Making for Autonomous Vehicles:A Robust Reinforcement Learning Approach with Safety Guarantees

While autonomous vehicles are vital components of intelligent transportation systems,ensuring the trustworthiness of decision-making remains a substantial challenge in realizing autonomous driving.Therefore,we present a novel robust reinforcement learning approach with safety guarantees to attain trustworthy decision-making for autonomous vehicles.The proposed technique ensures decision trustworthiness in terms of policy robustness and collision safety.Specifically,an adversary model is learned online to simulate the worst-case uncertainty by approximating the optimal adversarial perturbations on the observed states and environmental dynamics.In addition,an adversarial robust actor-critic algorithm is developed to enable the agent to learn robust policies against perturbations in observations and dynamics.Moreover,we devise a safety mask to guarantee the collision safety of the autonomous driving agent during both the training and testing processes using an interpretable knowledge model known as the Responsibility-Sensitive Safety Model.Finally,the proposed approach is evaluated through both simulations and experiments.These results indicate that the autonomous driving agent can make trustworthy decisions and drastically reduce the number of collisions through robust safety policies.

The impact of the Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee(Rural Dibao)Program on child nutrition outcomes

The Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee(Rural Dibao)is an important unconditional cash transfer program to alleviate poverty in rural China.Despite the importance of children’s nutrition in breaking poverty cycles,little is known about the impact of Rural Dibao on child nutrition outcomes.Using China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),this paper examines the effects of Rural Dibao on child nutrition outcomes and investigates potential pathways and heterogeneous effects.We exploit propensity score matching and difference-in-differences techniques to evaluate the effects of the Rural Dibao program on child nutrition outcomes.Our results suggest that Rural Dibao significantly impacts the nutrition outcomes of children up to 15 years of age.Specifically,our results suggest that Rural Dibao improves child height-to-age z-scores by 1.05 standard deviations and lowers the probability of stunting by 11.9 percentage points.Additional analyses suggest that increased protein intake is the main pathway through which Rural Dibao participation contributes to better nutrition outcomes.We also find that the effect of the program is more pronounced among girls,children who are non-left-behind or live with highly educated mothers,and those from low-income families and poor areas.Our findings suggest that Rural Dibao participation helps improve child nutrition outcomes through improving diet quality.

Guarantee Strategy for the Safety of Agricultural Industry in Hunan Province

The safety of agricultural industry in Hunan Province shows an upward trend from"basically safe"to"very safe",but the state in the"safe"or"very safe"range is still unstable.In view of this,Hunan Province should guarantee the agricultural production ability,cultivate and enhance the core competitiveness of agriculture,firmly grasp the agricultural control power,attach importance to the export quality of agri-cultural products and other aspects to ensure the safety of agricultural industry.

Modeling Policyholder Behavior through Insurance Resonant Marts for Pricing Options and Guarantees

Background: The 11th Annual Conference of Asia-Pacific Risk and Insurance Association was held on July 22-25, 2007 in Taipei, Taiwan. The first author participated in this annual conference where he met the second author who was invited to deliver two plenary speeches on Corporate Governance and Financial Institution Regulation [1] and Alternative Investments for Financial Institutions [2]. The first author was then working as consultant with i-flex solutions, a subsidiary of Oracle and the second author was Vice President of Strategic Business Initiatives Units at ING Life Insurance in its Taiwan operation. The two authors decided to start collaborating on a research paper titled “Modeling Policyholder Behavior through Insurance Resonant Marts for Pricing Options and Guarantees.” The first version of the paper was submitted for research purposes to ING Insurance Risk Management Global Conference 2007 [3] which was held in Beijing, China. Although it was neither presented nor published, the working draft was constantly updated and revised. In 2015, after eight years of continuous research collaboration, the two authors decided to submit the final version of the paper to the 5th World Congress on Engineering and Technology for scholarly presentation. Aim: The competition in the insurance industry is extremely fierce. Insurance companies are under tremendous pressure to retain and increase their customer base, to offer services at attractive rates and provide returns competitive with mutual funds, equities and banks, to achieve profitability across various lines of insurance, to comply with statutory norms etc. Despite having the best of breeds, such as accountants, actuaries [4], lawyers, underwriters, IT experts, consultants, etc., many insurance companies face severe problems to cope with and survive under such pressures. Insurance companies are now striving towards creating innovative products that can match the expectation of the customers with respect to investment returns and risk coverage at competitive rates, which is a very challenging task. Also it is very important to measure the expectations of the customers keeping in mind that those customers are already owners of other financial products. Pricing always follows the expectations and without proper data support, Model risk is imminent. Even if a product is correctly priced, without understanding the behavior of the policyholder towards various financial products will lead to heavy lapses [4]. The authors describe a new framework called UIRDM Approach (Unified Insurance Resonant Data Mart) for the insurance companies wherein this approach stresses the need to think beyond the insurance boundaries.

AN ADAPTIVE AQM TO PROVIDE DELAY GUARANTEES FOR DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES

RIO(RED with IN and OUT) is the primary queue management mechanism proposed for assured forwarding in the DiffServ (Differentiated Service) framework. Although RIO can generally provide bandwidth guarantees, its queuing delay is sensitive to the traffic load. This paper presents a qualitative explanation for its origin. As a solution, an Adaptive RIO for Delay (ARIO-D) is proposed to provide guaranteed delay for multimedia traffic. Simulation results show that by trading loss for delay, ARIO-D can effectively improve the robustness of RIO under different and dynamic traffic, and provide stable and differentiated performance of queuing delay without any degradation in performance of throughput.

Local Government Implicit Guarantees in China＇ s Farmland Financial System

With the massive and intensive development of the operation mode of rural land in China,the financing problem of the new rural land managers has gradually attracted more attention.The reasonable design of farmland financial system is of great importance to promote rural financial resource allocation optimization.This paper chooses two types of measures of local government implicit guarantees which are commonly used in promoting rural land mortgage loan.The measures are establishing guarantee mechanism to provide guaranties to borrowers and purchasing debt assets from financial institutions.The analysis framework is based on the financing ability theory of Holmstrom &Tirole.Research shows that when considering the collateral disposal cost,the two measures both could contribute to expand the coverage of farmland financial service.Meanwhile,local government implicit guarantees also exists some negative effects.The suggestions of the paper are reducing the collateral disposal costs of farmland loan /encouraging the market-oriented guarantee institutions to enter the rural credit market further standardizing the operation of policy guarantee mechanism and making the use range of risk fund and disposal fund clear.

Improving China's Legal System for Product Quality Guarantees ——A legal analysi s of product quality guarantee regulation by the Government

It is the responsibility of governments to supervise and regulateproduct quality to protect consumers and prevent failures in the product qualityguarantee system.Appropriate supervision will help safeguard the interests ofconsumers,promote product quality,and resolve disputes.The extent of supervisionshould be guided by the principle of need for state intervention andneeds to be highly diversified.

Study on Urban Resilience Based on the Analysis of Supply Guarantee Facilities during Epidemic Closure—A Case Study of Shanghai in 2022

In the case of major public emergencies, the ability of cities to resist shocks becomes very important and reflects urban resilience. This paper selected the supply guarantee facilities during the city-wide lockdown of Shanghai during March-May 2022 due to COVID-19 pandemic as the research object. In this research, the per capita supply guarantee capacity and supply guarantee overlay intensity were analyzed based on the official list of facilities, and the actual role of the supply guarantee facilities was investigated through a public research questionnaire. The thermodynamic diagram map that was generated based on phone visits reflected the actual distribution of the population. Then the level of “supply guarantee resilience” was evaluated and graded for each district of Shanghai. It was concluded that the overall level of supply guarantee resilience was high in the central city, divergence in the near suburban districts, and generally low in the remote suburban districts. Based on this, the paper summarized the problems of supply guarantee revealed in Shanghai during the epidemic lockdown as well as proposed strategies to improve the resilience of similar scenarios in the future. With the help of big data and public research tools, this paper aimed to provide ways and methods to evaluate the resilience of cities under major public emergencies.

China's Employment Promotion Law Guarantees Right to Employment

China＇s legislature is soliciting comments and suggestions to the draft of Employment Promotion Law as an endeavor to democratize its process of legislation. Up to April 25 the National People＇s Congress had received over 11,000 items of comments and suggestions.

罕见病寻医找药多功能智慧化药学服务平台的建立与应用

目的加强罕见病患者合理用药管理,提高用药综合保障水平,以解决罕见病用药痛点问题。方法借助移动信息化技术,开发广东短缺药品咨询平台应用程序,并建立罕见病患者智慧化多功能的药学信息服务。结果作为中国首个整合省级罕见病医药资源的大数据平台,通过建立完善、专业的罕见病移动式药学服务体系,创新性实现线上线下“医+药+患”三方闭环。结论该药学服务平台为罕见病患者搭建起寻医找药的桥梁,助力健康中国高质量发展。

教师作为有价值的专业人员——经合组织“教师教学国际调查”(TALIS)的生成与运行

“教师教学国际调查”(TALIS)作为经合组织开展的大型国际教师调查研究项目,其产生和发展与所处国际背景和经合组织自身理念密切相关。由于经合组织是一个不具有强制约束力的机构,“教师教学国际调查”的运行受经合组织的软性治理及竞争比较这两大非正式机制的影响。行政资源的有效利用、集聚知识的能力、过去的成功经验这三条路径保障了“教师教学国际调查”的成功运行,使之获得较大关注和影响力。“教师教学国际调查”有一定的局限性,要在认识其作用的基础上,考虑我国的现实国情和历史文化背景,改进和完善我国的教师发展政策。

树立大农业观、大食物观构建整体性的国家重要农产品供给保障战略

构建一套整体性的农产品供给保障战略,是居民食物消费结构从“生存型”“温饱型”向“发展型”“享受型”转变的需要,是避免不同品类农产品保障任务相互冲突、顾此失彼的需要,是利用农产品品类间功能替代关系扩大政策选择空间的需要,是设置合理精准任务目标引导保供政策实施的需要。构建国家重要农产品供给保障战略应树立大农业观、大食物观,聚焦国家食物营养安全,根据不同农产品品类的功能作用差异,建立分层次的重要农产品供给保障体系,聚焦重点品类,强化要素支撑,完善市场机制,优化进口布局,保障重要农产品充足、持续、稳价、高效供给。

我国重要农产品供需变化趋势与供给保障能力提升策略

基于对我国重要农产品生产、消费和进口历史变化情况的分析,以及对2035年前变化趋势的预测,认为我国重要农产品供给保障面临国内增产边际效应递减和利用国际市场风险增大的双重挑战,应从统筹国内和国际两个大局、发展和安全两件大事出发,谋划好现代化新征程重要农产品供给保障思路。一方面,应从供需两侧入手扩产能、控消费,构建农业综合生产能力内在增长机制,针对农民务农种粮和地方重农抓粮逻辑采取差异化扶持政策,推进节粮减损、倡导节约消费;另一方面,应实施农产品进口多元化战略,提高海外供应链稳定性可靠性;此外,还应推动建立统一、联动的全国农产品大市场,完善农产品储备调节制度。

交叉学科文献资源保障体系研究——以云冈学文献资源保障体系为例

交叉学科文献具有边界模糊、难界定等特点。文章以新兴交叉学科云冈学的文献资源保障体系为例,分析阐述了其存在的问题与建设内容,并据此提出交叉学科文献资源保障体系建设策略,即科学分析,广泛搜集文献;确定原则,明确建设目标;联合保障,创新组织形式;搭建平台,开展智慧服务;全面评价,提升服务水平。

罕见病用药保障现状与挑战

近年来,国家和政府的高度重视有效推动了中国罕见病诊疗和保障工作。但全球范围内,仅5%的罕见病存在有效治疗方法。罕见病药物可及性差仍是中国罕见病领域存在的主要困境之一,是导致患者“治疗难”和“用药难”主要原因。罕见病药物保障覆盖罕见病药物研发、生产、流通、使用、支付保障、技术创新等多个环节,涉及供给、需求、政策决策等多个主体,其复杂性不同于普通药物。本文总结国内外罕见病药物保障政策,以及目前罕见病药物治疗的技术和方法,提出存在的问题和挑战,以期对未来罕见病药物保障和技术的创新和发展做出展望。

担保型以物抵债协议真要识契——对《<民法典>合同编通则部分司法解释》第28条的再思考

《合同编通则司法解释》否定担保型以物抵债协议的独立地位,协调了《担保制度司法解释》第68条与《民间借贷司法解释》第23条的关系,其采取的“完成财产权利所有权变动公示的属于让与担保、未完成财产权利所有权变动公示的仅能就其受偿”做法虽大体合理,但却忽视了履约期满前签订的以物抵债协议中“为清偿而给付”情形的剔除以及存在多个未完成财产权利所有权变动公示的担保型以物抵债法律关系时各个债权人的受偿规则建构。出于尊重真实意思表示、细化操作规则的考虑,有必要重新厘定担保型以物抵债协议的概念范围、完善未完成财产权利所有权变动公示的担保型以物抵债协议中的受偿规则。

压力控制容量保证通气模式在新生儿胸腔镜食管闭锁手术中的应用

目的探讨在新生儿胸腔镜食管闭锁手术中应用压力控制容量保证通气(PCV-VG)模式的通气效果及应用安全性。方法选择全麻下行胸腔镜食管闭锁手术新生儿36例,男22例,女14例,日龄1~4 d,体重1.4~4.5 kg,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。采用随机数字表法将新生儿分为两组:PCV-VG模式组(P组)和容量控制通气(VCV)模式组(V组),每组18例。麻醉成功后P组和V组分别使用PCV-VG模式和VCV模式。记录气管插管前、单肺通气前10 min、单肺通气后30 min、单肺通气结束后10 min的MAP、HR、SpO_(2)。记录单肺通气前10 min、单肺通气后30 min、单肺通气结束后10 min的气道平均压(Pmean)、气道峰压(Ppeak)、吸气平台压(Pplat)、肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)、P_(ET)CO_(2)、PaCO_(2)、PaO_(2)和pH。记录术后气管导管拔除时间和ICU停留时间。结果与V组比较,单肺通气后30 min P组SpO_(2)、Cdyn、PaO_(2)和pH明显升高(P<0.05),Pmean、Ppeak、Pplat明显降低(P<0.05);单肺通气后30 min和单肺通气结束后10 min P组P_(ET)CO_(2)、PaCO_(2)明显降低(P<0.05)。与V组比较,P组术后气管导管拔除时间和ICU停留时间明显缩短(P<0.05)。结论在新生儿胸腔镜食管闭锁手术中,与VCV模式比较,使用PCV-VG模式可以降低气道压力,提高肺顺应性,改善术中肺部气体交换,有利于新生儿术后康复。

我国共同富裕评价指标体系及测度——基于省级行政区与区域层面的探讨

扎实推动共同富裕的重要基础是科学构建评价指标体系,并准确测度共同富裕水平。本文强调整体思维、多维思维、长线思维和底线思维,系统梳理共同富裕的理论内涵与统计含义,构建由富裕性、共享性与托底性三个一级指标组成的共同富裕评价指标体系,并采用政府统计部门宏观数据与中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)的大样本微观调查数据,在省级与区域层面测度2010—2018年共同富裕的实现程度。研究发现,从省级层面看,共同富裕指数持续向好,省级行政区之间的共同富裕指数呈收敛趋势;从一级指标看,富裕性指数与托底性指数稳步提升,但共享性指数提升乏力;省际富裕性指数与共享性指数呈比较明显的倒U型关系。从区域层面看,东部、中部、西部、东北地区之间在共同富裕指数上呈现明显的收敛趋势;南方与北方地区之间在共同富裕指数上的差距则呈加速扩大态势,但北方地区共享性维度的指数却一直高于南方地区。本文丰富了构建共同富裕评价指标体系的理论与方法,并将共同富裕的测度细化到省级与区域层面,为刻画共同富裕指数的省际差异、区域差异与时序变动,找准共同富裕的着力点并优化相关政策提供重要借鉴。

林业碳汇信贷融资现实困境、制约因素与模式创新

林业碳汇信贷融资作为林业碳汇价值实现的主要路径,对于盘活林业碳汇资源、提升碳汇资产价值,以及缓解碳汇经营企业融资约束具有重要价值。目前,中国部分地区已探索试点林业碳汇质押融资业务,但面临现有模式难以复制推广的现实困境。该研究通过剖析典型案例的融资模式和现存不足,深入分析林业碳汇信贷融资当下面临的现实问题,探究影响林业碳汇发挥质押作用的根本原因。研究发现:①林业碳汇法律属性不明确,质权设立过程中涉及的相关权益变动缺乏法理依据。②林业碳汇价值评估标准缺失,质押价值评估结果银行难以认定。③林业碳汇资产质权难以处置变现,质权实现路径缺失导致银行无法有效控制信贷违约风险。因此,该研究通过引入林业碳汇保险的保单质押、价值认定和金融增信功能,以及碳汇收储机制在质权实现方面的担保增信作用,创新性地提出“林权抵押附加林业碳汇(预期收益权)质押+碳汇价值综合保险+林权(碳汇)收储担保”“林业碳汇(预期收益权)价值保险保单质押+碳汇收储担保”和“林业碳汇资产质押+碳汇价格指数保险”三种林业碳汇信贷融资模式,为林业碳汇质押融资广泛开展提供可行路径。最后,针对林业碳汇信贷融资的制约因素,从完善碳汇相关配套政策、统一碳汇价值评估标准、优化创新碳汇保险产品、建立碳汇收储担保制度、构建林业碳汇金融支持体系五个方面,提出促进林业碳汇信贷融资有效开展的具体策略建议。