榆林市樟子松人工林土壤养分特征

为进一步探明陕西省榆林市樟子松人工林的土壤养分变化特征,以5年生樟子松(Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litv.)纯林和5年生樟子松-胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)混交林为研究对象,分析土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾等理化指标以及土壤酶活性的变化特征。结果表明,樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量整体上均随着土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,全磷含量均随着土层深度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,硝态氮含量则均随着土壤深度的增加而增加,5个指标均表现为樟子松-胡枝子混交林高于樟子松纯林,且樟子松-胡枝子混交林各层土壤有效磷含量均显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05);樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤含水率各土层间差异均不显著,樟子松-胡枝子混交林5~15 cm土层土壤含水率含量显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05);樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层深度的增加而降低,且樟子松-胡枝子混交林过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性在各土层均显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05)。

红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松林种内种间竞争分析

运用Hegyi单木竞争指数分析了内蒙古红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松(Pinus sylvestrisvar.m ongolicaL itv.)林内所有胸径大于2 cm的樟子松、山杨(Populus davidianaDode.)、白桦(Betula platyphyllaSuk.)和山荆子(Malus baccataL.)的种内和种间竞争强度。结果表明,样地中主要的竞争木和对象木均为樟子松和白桦;樟子松的种内竞争强度(0.534)远大于种间竞争强度。随径级的增大,樟子松的种内竞争强度逐渐减小,且与胸径存在幂函数关系CI=A.D-B。胸径达到30 cm后,樟子松种内竞争强度变化不明显。作为竞争木,樟子松对其他树种产生了较大的竞争压力。

樟子松挥发性有机物释放动态及其抑菌作用

利用SUMMA采样罐收集樟子松(Pinus sylvestnis var.mongolica Litv.)挥发物,通过预浓缩仪与气质联用系统对樟子松挥发物进行分析。研究结果表明:春、夏、秋三季樟子松挥发物的主要成分有萜类、烷烃、烯烃类、醇类、呋喃类、醛类、酮类和含氮化合物7大类物质,其中萜类、烃类物质占主体,且随季节变化显著。(+)-2-蒈烯(占挥发物总量36.84%)、(+)-莰烯(占挥发物总量22.28%)是构成春季挥发物的主要成分,夏季则以2-氯-1-丙烯(占挥发物总量34.31%)为主,秋季以(E)-2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯-5-炔(占挥发物总量59.19%)、桧烯(占挥发物总量11.35%)、莰烯(占挥发物总量9.05%)、β-蒎烯(占挥发物总量6.88%)、β-月桂烯(占挥发物总量4.01%)为主。樟子松的挥发物对空气中的细菌具有抑制作用,以夏季抑菌作用最强。

干旱胁迫下沙地樟子松脱落酸变化及生理响应

土壤水分是限制沙地樟子松生长发育的关键因子。采用根系渗透胁迫法（ＰＥＧ处理）和盆栽干旱处理。以幼苗根系及叶片中脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量的累积作为幼苗对干旱胁迫响应的指示剂．模拟沙地樟子松幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理生态响应。在干旱胁迫下．根部和叶片ＡＢＡ均可迅速积累．但叶片ＡＢＡ累积较根部滞后；同时测定干旱胁迫下气孔导度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率．认为ＡＢＡ增加可降低气孔导度、并伴随蒸腾速率、净光合速率下降。１％土壤含水量可能是沙地樟子松幼苗干旱胁迫的临界值。低于此临界值，幼苗生长受到限制。

染色单板光变色的规律和影响因子的研究

该文以染色杨木和染色樟子松单板为试材,利用氙光衰减仪进行辐射试验,使用色彩色差计测定光辐射前后和光辐射过程中的试件表面材色,并以国际照明委员会颁布的CIE(1976)L*a*b*表色系统进行颜色表征.分析其光变色规律和试验因子对染色单板光变色的影响,并进行耐光性能评价.

樟子松叶栖真菌的群落结构

运用真菌学、森林病理学与群落生态学的基本研究方法,对樟子松叶栖真菌群落结构进行了研究,共获樟子松叶栖真菌26种。叶栖真菌在小龄针叶上的种类和数量明显少于老龄针叶。上冠层的真菌种类最多,其次是下冠层,中冠层的真菌种类最少。兼性寄生性真菌在老龄针叶上的种类和数量均多于小龄针叶,并为老龄针叶的习居菌,而且随冠层的降低还有增加。

松针提取物的GC-MS分析及其复配剂对榆紫叶甲的毒杀效果

采用索氏提取法以正己烷为溶剂从樟子松和黑皮油松新鲜针叶中提取松针提取物,对提取物进行了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析,并分别研究了这2种松针提取物与松木屑木醋液的复配剂对榆紫叶甲的杀虫活性。研究结果表明:樟子松鲜针叶正己烷提取物中共鉴定出16种成分,总GC含量为65.92%,GC含量最高的化合物是2,2,4,4,6,8,8-七甲基壬烷(23.72%),其次是苯乙酸-3-己烯酯(8.56%)。黑皮油松鲜针叶正己烷提取物中共鉴定出41种成分,总GC含量为98.06%,GC含量最高的化合物是石竹烯(23.29%),其次是4-epi-荜澄茄油烯醇(11.24%)。这2种松针提取物复配木醋液(体积比1∶9)的5倍蒸馏水稀释液,对榆紫叶甲成虫的毒杀效果差,樟子松鲜针叶提取物复配木醋液(体积比1∶9)的5倍蒸馏水稀释液对榆紫叶甲成虫的毒杀效果优于木醋液的5倍蒸馏水稀释液。实验1~4天,松木屑木醋液的5倍蒸馏水稀释液对榆紫叶甲幼虫的毒杀效果要好于黑皮油松鲜针叶提取物复配木醋液(体积比为1∶9)的5倍蒸馏水稀释液,第5天则相反。

干旱荒漠地区沙地樟子松育苗试验研究

春季低温低湿、大风频繁 ,夏季干旱高温 ,土壤颗粒粗 ,持水力低是干旱荒漠地区沙地樟子松育苗的主要制约性因素。只要抓好土壤改良、春季苗床覆盖、灌水、遮荫、越冬覆盖和施肥施药等措施 ,即可保证沙地樟子松育苗的成功。

樟子松人工林生长与立地因子间关系的研究──草牧场防护林主要树种适地适树初步研究（Ⅰ）

本文以东北西部内蒙东部草牧场防护林的主要组成树种之一的樟子松作为研究对象。分别不同立地区，设置标准地。普遍调查了樟子松在各种立地条件下的生长状况，运用灰色关联度分析方法，分析了樟子松生长与其立地条件之间的相互关系。结果表明：影响樟子松人工林生长的主要立地因子为ＰＨ值、容重、ＣａＣＯ３含量和有机质。

呼伦贝尔沙地天然樟子松种子扩散机制研究

通过对沙地樟子松母树种子落种时空格局的观测,发现沙地樟子松种子大部分在高峰期集中飞散在母树周边,与母树距离的增加种子数量减少,在距离母树4m左右处,落种密度达到最大,且母树北侧和东侧的落种密度要高于南侧和西侧.此外文章还探讨了落种密度和距离与母树本身的关系,如树高和冠幅等,推算出了树高和扩散距离之间的量化关系,计算得出在已知风速的情况下沙地樟子松种子的最大扩散距离公式.最后将沙地樟子松种子更新过程分为母树、种子和幼苗阶段3个阶段和母树的结实与生产、种实扩散、种子萌发和幼树生长4个时期,从环境状况和母树自身特征角度分别探讨了沙地樟子松更新的影响因素,并在此基础上建立了沙地樟子松种子更新的时空模型.

樟子松愈伤诱导及植株再生的初步研究

以樟子松成熟胚为外植体,研究不同生长调节剂组合对樟子松愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响,并获得了完整的再生植株。结果表明:诱导愈伤组织的最佳培养基组合为MS+1.5 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L 6-BA,愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基组合为MS+0.2 mg/L IAA+1.5 mg/L 6-BA,樟子松不定芽伸长生长的适宜基本培养基为1/2MS+0.1%活性炭,诱导生根的最佳培养基组合为1/4MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.2 mg/L IBA。

樟子松组培苗菌根化技术研究

樟子松是我国西北干旱地区的主要造林树种。为了获得樟子松菌根化组培幼苗,以樟子松成熟胚为外植体,通过愈伤途径获得樟子松组培幼苗,接种厚环乳牛肝菌与点柄乳牛肝菌两种不同的菌种,进行菌根合成试验。结果表明,接种厚环乳牛肝菌后樟子松组培苗各项生长指标均显著提高。试验结果将为樟子松组培苗菌根化技术提供依据。

Small-Scale Spatial Variability of Soil Nutrients and Vegetation Properties in Semi-Arid Northern China

A field experiment was conducted at Kezuohouqi County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, which was located on the southeastern edge of the Horqin Sandy Land, to study the spatial variability of soil nutrients for a smallscale, nutrient-poor, sandy site in a semi-arid region of northern China; to investigate whether or not there were 'islands of fertility' at the experimental site; and to determine the key nutrient elements that sustained ecosystem stability. Results obtained from geostatistical analysis indicated that the spatial distribution pattern of soil total nitrogen (STN) was far different from those of soil organic matter (SOM), total phosphorus (STP), and total potassium (STK). Compared to SOM, STP, and STK, STN had a lower structural heterogeneity ratio and a longer range, while other elements were all similar. In addition, STN had an isotropic spatial structure, whereas the others had an anisotropic spatial structure. The spatial structure patterns of herbage species, cover,and height also differed, indicating that spatial variability was subjected to different ecological factors. Differences in the spatial variability patterns among soil nutrients and vegetation properties showed that soil nutrients for a small-scale were not the primary limiting factors that influenced herbage spatial distribution patterns. Incorporating spatial distribution patterns of tree species, namely, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. and shrub Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. in a research plot and using fractal dimension,SOM, STP, and STK were shown to contribute to the 'islands of fertility' phenomenon, however STN was not, possibly meaning that nitrogen was a key limiting element. Therefore, during restoration of similar ecosystems more attention should be given to soil nitrogen.

Soil animals and nitrogen mineralization under sand-fixation plantations in Zhanggutai region,China

The effects of soil animals on soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and its availability were studied by investigating soil animal groups and their amounts of macro-faunas sorted by hand, and middle and microfaunas distinguished with Tullgren and Baermann methods under three Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. plantations in Zhanggutai sandy land, China. In addition, soil N mineralization rate was also measured with PVC closed-top tube in situ incubation method. The soil animals collected during growing season belonged to 13 orders, 5 groups, 4 phyla, whose average density was 86 249.17 individuals·m^(-2). There were significant differences in soil animal species, densities, diversities and evenness among three plantations. Permanent grazing resulted in decrease of soil animal species and diversity. The average ammonification, nitrification and mineralization rates were 0.48 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1), 3.68 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1) and 4.16 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1), respectively. The ammonification rate in near-mature forest was higher than that in middle-age forests, while the order of nitrification and net mineralization rates was: middle-age forest without grazing < middle-age forest with grazing < near-mature forest with grazing (P<0.05). Soil N mineralization rate increased with soil animal amounts, but no significant relationship with diversity. The contribution of soil animals to N mineralization was different for different ecosystems due to influences of complex factors including grazing, soil characteristics, the quality and amount of litter on N mineralization.

Genetic variation and division of Pinus sylvestris provenances by ISSR markers

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat （ISSR） was used to detect genetic variation among nine provenances, including 135 individuals. A total of 108 loci were amplified using 10 random primers. The differentiation of the percentage of polymorphic bands （PPB） among different provenances was evident, ranging from 27% to 54%. of which Honghuaerji provenance had the highest PPB and Kalunshan provenance had the lowest PPB. Shannon＇s Information index （1） at species level was 0.1581 and Nei＇s gene diversity （h） was 0.2393. Coefficient of gene differentiation （Gsr） calculated by Popgene was 0.3965, these results indicated that majority of genetic variation （60.35%） was found within provenances. According to dendrogram among pinus sylvestriv provenances, nine provenances were divided into two provenance areas. namely Daxing＇an and Xiaoxing＇an Mountains provenance area and Hulunbeier provenance area.

硫酰氟熏蒸处理对出口包装樟子松木材力学性能的影响

采用硫酰氟作为熏蒸剂处理樟子松木材,在试验室条件下,研究熏蒸处理对木材的抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗剪强度和顺纹抗压强度的影响。结果表明,经硫酰氟熏蒸处理后樟子松木材的抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗剪强度和顺纹抗压强度均有程度不同的变化;除顺纹抗剪强度有所增强,抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度均减小;抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量的相关性有所下降。

Afforestation effects on soil microbial abundance, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity in dunes of Horqin Sandy Land, northeastern China

In order to investigate the effects of afforestation on soil microbial abundance, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity in sandy dunes, 20-year-old Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. （PSM） and Populus simonii Carri6re （PSC） mature forests were se- lected in Horqin Sandy Land, and mobile dunes was set as a control （CK）. Results show that PSM and PSC plantations can im- prove soil physicochemical properties and significantly increase microbiological activity in mobile dunes. Soil microbial abun- dance, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity show an order of PS〉PSM〉CK. Total soil microbial abundance in PSM and PSC was respectively 50.16 and 72.48 times more than that in CK, and the differences were significant among PSM, PSC and CK Soil microbial biomass carbon in PSM and PSC was respectively 23.67 and 33.34 times more than that in CK, and the difference was insignificant between PSM and PSC. Soil enzyme activity, including dehydrogenase （DEH）, peroxidase （PER）, protease （PRO）, urease （URE） and cellobiohydrolase （CEL） in PSM and PSC were respectively 19.00 and 27.54, 4.78 and 9.89, 4.05 and 8.67, 29.93 and 37.46, and 9.66 and 13.42 times of that in CK. R sylvestris and P. simonii can effectively improve soil physico- chemical and microbiological properties in sandy dunes and fix mobile dunes in Horqin Sandy Land. The Cmic：C ratio is an appli- cable indicator to estimate soil stability and soil water availability, and based on an overall consideration of plantation stability and sustainability, R sylvestris is better than R simonii in fixing mobile dunes in sandy land.

蔗糖和硼酸不同质量浓度对樟子松花粉生命力的影响

以樟子松花粉为材料,在基本培养基中添加不同质量浓度的蔗糖和硼酸,观测其对花粉生命力的影响,结果表明:新鲜花粉对蔗糖和硼酸质量浓度的适应范围宽泛。蔗糖质量浓度为15%时,萌发率为94.2%,略高于其它处理。硼酸质量浓度为0.03%时,萌发率为93.7%,略高于其它处理。蔗糖和硼酸叠加作用对花粉萌发率的影响亦不明显,只是在含15%蔗糖+0.03%硼酸的培养基上花粉萌发略显优势,萌发率为98.5%。樟子松花粉对培养基有效化学成分反映不敏感。

沙地杨树、樟子松人工林固碳特征研究

采用标准地样方和标准木调查测定等方法研究了沙地杨树、樟子松人工林不同林龄碳储量的变化。结果表明:10年樟子松人工林树木碳库和根系碳库分别占总碳储量的18.9%和2.1%;18年分别为50.5%和4.0%;25年分别为34.79%和3.0%;30年分别为47.1%和2.4%;5年杨树人工林树木碳库和根系碳库分别占总碳储量的24.8%和3.8%;8年分别为33.6%和6.7%;18年分别为39.6%和7.7%。与对照相比,樟子松造林10年、18年、25年和30年人工林0～60 cm土层林地土壤碳储量分别增加66.45%、56.13%、177.42%和207.74%,5年、8年、18年林龄杨树人工林0～60 cm土层土壤碳储量分别比对照增加74.8%、67.1%和65.8%。杨树和樟子松树木各部位碳含量总平均值分别为49.9%和42.3%。

红皮云杉和樟子松林下土、枯枝落叶对小叶丁香及东北连翘生理特性的影响

[目的]探讨松科植物红皮云杉和樟子松对小叶丁香及东北连翘的化感作用。[方法]以小叶丁香、东北连翘盆栽幼苗为试验材料,探讨了樟子松和红皮云杉纯林下土、枯枝落叶等处理对其生理特性的影响。[结果]红皮云杉、樟子松的林下土和枯枝落叶对小叶丁香和东北连翘叶片中的光合色素含量有促进提高的作用;对根、枝中的可溶性糖的含量有促进提高的作用;对于小叶丁香根枝中的淀粉含量有促进提高作用;对于东北连翘根中的淀粉含量有促进提高作用,对枝中的淀粉含量有一定的降低作用。[结论]红皮云杉和樟子松对小叶丁香及东北连翘有一定的化感作用。