Geological reservoir and resource potential(10^(13)m^(3))of gas hydrates in the South China Sea

A detailed understanding of the distribution and potential of natural gas hydrate(NGHs)resources is crucial to fostering the industrialization of those resources in the South China Sea,where NGHs are abundant.In this study,this study analyzed the applicability of resource evaluation methods,including the volumetric,genesis,and analogy methods,and estimated NGHs resource potential in the South China Sea by using scientific resource evaluation methods based on the factors controlling the geological accumulation and the reservoir characteristics of NGHs.Furthermore,this study compared the evaluation results of NGHs resource evaluations in representative worldwise sea areas via rational analysis.The results of this study are as follows:(1)The gas hydrate accumulation in the South China Sea is characterized by multiple sources of gas supply,multi-channel migration,and extensive accumulation,which are significantly different from those of oil and gas and other unconventional resources.(2)The evaluation of gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea is a highly targeted,stratified,and multidisciplinary evaluation of geological resources under the framework of a multi-type gas hydrate resource evaluation system and focuses on the comprehensive utilization of multi-source heterogeneous data.(3)Global NGHs resources is n×10^(15)m^(3),while the NGHs resources in the South China Sea are estimated to be 10^(13)m^(3),which is comparable to the abundance of typical marine NGHs deposits in other parts of the world.In the South China Sea,the NGHs resources have a broad prospect and provide a substantial resource base for production tests and industrialization of NGHs.

Types and Evaluation of Natural Tourism Resources in Liangshan Prefecture

According to the analysis of current situation of natural tourism resources, it showed that Liangshan prefecture owned 4 categories of natural tourism resources, including lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, except cosmic tourism resource. All of these tourism resources can be divided into 10 types, 24 kinds of tourism landscapes, and all about 115 natural tourism attractions. The lithosphere tourism resources were rare and magical, which provided the value of sightseeing and scientific expedition. The water landscape tourism resources were attractive, combining with leisure and experience value. The biological tourism resources developed the ecological education and agricultural eco-tourism functions. The unique climate tourism resources supplied the leisure and vocation function for tourism.

Evaluation of natural gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea by combining volumetric and trend-analysis methods

Natural gas hydrate(NGH),considered as a type of premium energy alternative to conventional hydrocarbons,has been broadly studied.The estimate of the total NGH resources in the world has decreased by more than 90%since the first evaluation in 1973.Geographic and geophysical conditions of the South China Sea(SCS)are favorable for the formation of NGH,which has been proved by drilling results up to date.The recoverability of the NGH in the SCS has been confirmed by the production tests using both vertical and horizontal wells.Since 2001,35 estimates of NGH resources in the SCS have been made,with relatively stable results varying between 600 and 900×109 ton oil equivalent.In these estimations,the volumetric method was commonly adopted,but the geological conditions,the migration-accumulation mechanisms of NGH,and the practical recoverability were not considered.These estimates cannot be regarded as evaluated resources according to the international resource evaluation standards,but are at most about prospective gas content of NGH,thus inefficient for guiding explorations and developments.To solve these problems,this study divides the past NGH surveys in the SCS into seven stages,acquires key geological parameters of every stage based on previous studies and analogy with other areas,evaluates the NGH resources of these seven stages by using the volumetric method,then adopts a new trend-analysis method to simulate the downward trend of these estimates,and finally predicts the NGH resources in the SCS at 2025 and 2030.The downward trend is because of the continuous improvement of NGH understanding over time,which is consistent with the trend of global NGH estimates.At the present stage(from 2019 to 2021),the average technically recoverable resource(ATRR)is 7.0×10^(12)m^(3),and the estimates of 2025 and 2030 ATRR are 6.46×10^(12)m^(3) and 4.01×10^(12)m^(3)respectively,with a difference of less than 40%.Therefore,it can be inferred that the ATRR of NGH in the SCS is between 4.0 and 6.5×10^(12)m^(3),with an average of 5.25×10^(12)m^(3).

Research progress and challenges of natural gas hydrate resource evaluation in the South China Sea

As an efficient clean energy,natural gas hydrate(NGH)has become a hot topic in recent researches.Since1990 s,China has made great achievements and progress in NGH exploration in the South China Sea(SCS),including determination of the favorable distribution areas and favorable strata thickness,identification of the dual source for accumulation,evaluation of the prospective gas contents,verification of the widespread existence,and confirmation of the technical recoverability of NGH resources.However,there are three major challenges in the NGH studies.First,all the 24 national key and major projects in the SCS focused on trial production engineering and geological engineering in the past 20 years,while 8 of the 10 international NGH research projects focused on resource potential.Second,resource evaluation methods are outdated and some parameter selection are subjective.Third,the existing resource evaluation results are low-level with a great uncertainty,and cannot be used to guide NGH exploration and production or strategic research.To improve the evaluation of NGH resources in the SCS,future researches should focus on four aspects:(1)improve the research on the criterion of the objective existence of NGH and the method of prediction and evaluation;(2)apply new theories and methods from the global NGH research;(3)boost the research on the difference and correlation of the conditions of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in different basins;(4)innovate the theory and method of NGH resource potential evaluation.

Evaluation and reasonable exploitation on the natural view resources of Lushan Mountain scenic spot

The paper carried on the classified and rating evaluation primarily on natural landscape resources in Lushan Mountain. According to the evaluation, exploiting and utilizing the situation of scenic spot natural landscape resources, some reasonable advices were given on further exploiting Lushan Mountain natural scenic spot, expecting that it could supply some theoretical references for the natural landscape resources sustainable development in Lushan Mountain in the future.

Reduction of global natural gas hydrate(NGH)resource estimation and implications for the NGH development in the South China Sea

There have been at least 29 groups of estimates on the global natural gas hydrate(NGH)resource since1973,varying greatly with up to 10,000 times and showing a decreasing trend with time.For the South China Sea(SCS),35 groups of estimations were conducted on NGH resource potential since 2000,while these estimates kept almost the same with time,varying between 60 and 90 billion tons of oil equivalent(toe).What are the key factors controlling the variation trend?What are the implications of these variations for the NGH development in the world and the SCS?By analyzing the investigation characteristics of NGH resources in the world,this study divided the evaluation process into six stages and confirmed four essential factors for controlling the variations of estimates.Results indicated that the reduction trend reflects an improved understanding of the NGH formation mechanism and advancement in the resource evaluation methods,and promoted more objective evaluation results.Furthermore,the analysis process and improved evaluation method was applied to evaluate the NGH resources in the SCS,showing the similar decreasing trend of NGH resources with time.By utilizing the decreasing trend model,the predicted recoverable resources in the world and the SCS are(205-500)×10^(12)m^(3)and(0.8-6.5)×10^(12)m^(3),respectively,accounting for 20%of the total conventional oil and gas resources.Recoverable NGH resource in the SCS is only about 4%-6%of the previous estimates of 60-90 billion toe.If extracted completely,it only can support the sustainable development of China for 7 years at the current annual consumption level of oil and gas.NGH cannot be the main energy resource in future due to its low resource potential and lack of advantages in recovery.

Theory and practice of value management and its innovation for natural resources from the perspective of sustainable development

The supreme obstacle for sustainable development of natural resources is the scarecity, bottleneck. So how to promote the sustainable utilizing and increase the using efficiency of natural resources is worth studying. This paper suggests that we should improve the model and means of evaluating method and value management based on th~ theory of natural resource compensation. This paper discusses the User Cost Method based on the microeeonomicaspect which can change the evaluating method for natural resources. From the perspective of value managemen model, we should use the User Cost Method to realize the linkage and integration of micro and macro eompensation for natural resources. Based on the evaluating and aecounting idea User Cost Method, this paper presents a theo. retical framework to harmonize and link micro and macro compensation for natural resources. At present, we should seek the new approach and method to manage natural resources, so can we realize the capitalization managemen focusing on the vahte management for natural resources.

Dynamic Tracking and Comprehensive Evaluation on the Natural Resources Security Elements and System in China

System theory,pressure-state-response and drivingpressure-state-impact-response model have been applied to establishing China's dynamic tracking evaluation system of natural resources security in this article.Based on analytic hierarchy process and Delphi methods,the natural resources security situation has been evaluated systematically from 1991 to 2007.The result showed that the overall level of China's natural resources security presented a downtrend from 1991 to 2007.The basic reasons are the pressure indicators such as population,GDP,natural resources trade increased gradually,resulting in tension and fragility of natural resources security.

Evaluation of Ecotourism Resources in Dawangling Nature Reserve,China

Dawangling Nature Reserve in Guangxi is famous for its rich ecotourism resources such as diversified animal and plant resources,picturesque natural scenery and pleasant climate.A.Through the field investigation and the application of landscape resources management system,the authors adopted 7 landscape quality factors to evaluate aesthetic quality of Dawangling Nature Reserve that could be experienced,specifically,terrain,plant,water,color,influence of neighboring landscapes,scarcity and human modification.The evaluation score was obtained as 20.0(A-grade),which implied that natural scenery in the study area was of high aesthetic value,and suitable for various experiential tourist activities.B.Ecological assessment standards for nature reserves were applied to evaluate eco-quality of the tourist environment in the study area,6 specific assessment indexes were adopted,specifically,diversity,scarcity,representativeness,naturalness,appropriateness of area and threats of survival.The evaluation score was obtained as 86.1(Grade Ⅰ),which implied that tourist environment of the study area was excellent and suitable for ecotourism development.C.According to the detailed landscape grading standards,the total score of its landscapes was obtained as 86(up to the standards of international 4A-class tourist site or spot),which implied that landscape quality of the scenic area was fine,and had great development potentials.D.By consulting the evaluation model tree of mountainous scenic areas in China,a comprehensive quantitative evaluation of the study area was carried out from the perspectives of tourist resource conditions,location and tourist source conditions,regional economic background.The score of its tourist resources was obtained as 60.67,accounting for 85.6% of the total;that of location and tourist source conditions was 11.83,accounting for 79.8% of the total;that of regional economic background was 10.55,accounting for 72.5% of the total,which implied that tourist resources in the study area were of high development value,enjoyed obvious location advantages,great value of regional economic background,thus had excellent development advantages.This study aimed at providing useful references for the further development of ecotourism resources in Dawangling Nature Reserve,which would facilitate the overall improvement of tourism industry in Baise,enhance its economic development and exploration of more ecotourism projects.

Study on Process Economics of Natural Resource Utilization

Finite supply of non-regenerative resources triggers a competition between economic entities or between areas, which requires the ways regarding their utilization with higher levels in science and the standards regarding their use with higher efficiency in economics. To solve a problem of process evaluation in science and of driving force in economics during a process design or a process run for natural resources utilization, a process evaluation parameter originated from natural gas hydrate preparation from a small scale to industrialization scale and the equation of the criterion dependent are introduced to evaluate a variety of processes of natural resources utilization. The analyses indicate that the parameter is relevant to internal undeveloped resources amount change with a stable mass composition in a virtual black box model and external variable market with an implication of process efficiency in economy or of process efficiency of resource utilization and that the parameter has similar features of the thermodynamic state functions. Moreover, the equation of the criterion provided is a difference between the value of the process evaluation parameter at the final state and the value of the process evaluation parameter at the initial state in an actual process, which can be used to determine the direction of development and to judge the size of the driving force in an actual process or an economical run. The provided examples and correlative mathematical description can guide how an identification for the undeveloped resources and a real-time adjustment of dynamic production for the developing resource are done and how decisions regarding resource exploitation, the venture forecasting of capital utilization and updating technology are made. The parameter used itself and the equation of the derived criterion can help by playing a predictive role for selecting the optimal use processes and for designing new process of the natural resource utilization or capital use, and by playing a practical role for adjusting factual production status and for improving the actual process of the utilization of resource or capital in an economic society. Finally, those closed resource systems having accumulation or depletion of the resources or a variable mass such as a decomposition system, a fission system and a biological reproduction system will become possible future research objectives under the guide of this work.

Research on Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity

This paper, in the context of resources and environmental carrying capaci-ty, systematic reviewed resources and environmental carrying capacity in monitoring, evaluation and early warning, and then putted forward the development direction for promoting the sustainable development of China’s social and economic environment.

The dynamic analysis of natural environment change of nuclear test field in Lop Nur region of China

Using earth satellite observation means, remote sensing information distilled technique and regional research production, we have roundly analyzed and made an integrated evaluation about the Lop Nur nuclear test field in western China. This product reveals the rarely-known nuke explosion effect and response events of geology conditions. It also offers us legible and practical first-hand materials about human extreme effects, important engineering environment and intimidating influence process. By excavating and appraising the materials gradually on the natural environment factors changing in the test field through macroscopic elimination and typical filtration, it can supply basic scientific data for security of national nuclear usage, appraising the nuclear environment synthetically and developing nuclear strategy expediently.

自然资源动态监测网络构建——以江苏省为例

自然资源是人类生产、生活的基本物质基础和空间载体,动态监测自然资源数量、质量、生态变化,系统获取长期、稳定、准确、连续的自然资源监测数据,对自然资源管理决策具有十分重要的科学和现实意义。在对江苏省自然资源监测现状梳理基础上,以管理需求和问题为导向,基于“融合视频物联”的对地观测网络构建技术、“陆海统筹”的地面监测站网构建技术、动态监测监管平台构建技术,构建形成了“天空地海”自然资源动态监测网络,并应用于江苏省“1+6+X”自然资源常规、专项和专题动态监测服务。研究结果表明,研究整合建立的陆海统筹、天地一体、上下协同、信息共享的全省自然资源动态监测网络,及时监测江苏省土地、矿产、森林、水、湿地、海域海岛等自然资源的种类、空间分布、质量、生态等动态变化情况,形成了以“天-空-地-海”协同作业为特征的自然资源全覆盖、全天候、全要素监测能力,实现了自然资源数量-质量-生态一体化监测服务,为支撑自然资源管理“两统一”职责履行、推进自然资源治理体系和治理能力现代化、保障经济高质量发展和生态文明建设奠定了坚实的基础。

环保信用评价提高企业绿色全要素生产率了吗?

环保信用评价是生态环境治理与经济绿色转型压力下的一种新型环境治理政策工具。以环保信用评价政策的实施作为一项准自然实验,选取2008—2019年沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,构建三重差分模型,考察了环保信用评价对企业绿色全要素生产率的影响。研究发现:环保信用评价政策显著提高了企业绿色全要素生产率。影响机制分析表明,绿色技术创新和绿色资源获取对环保信用评价政策促进企业绿色全要素生产率提高发挥了中介效应。进一步研究发现,环保信用评价与企业绿色全要素生产率之间的正相关关系在政府监管环境严格的地区、市场竞争环境激烈的行业以及社会信任环境良好的地区更加明显。结论提供了环保信用评价政策经济后果的经验证据,丰富了企业绿色全要素生产率驱动因素的研究文献,对政府部门进一步推广环保信用评价政策、积极引导企业实施环境向善行为、助力实现经济绿色可持续发展等具有建设性作用。

自然资源“三全”调查监测技术体系研究与实践

为统筹整合遥感数据源,统一实施地类变化信息提取,优化各项调查监测和业务管理的业务流,探索建立“全范围地类监测、全流程变化跟踪、全业务数据支撑”的“三全”调查监测体系。整合“天空地网”多源协同数据获取、变化监测要素智能提取、三维时空场景建模与管理、自然资源监测智能化服务平台等关键技术,形成标准统一、手段智能、业务联通、先进实用的自然资源统一调查监测技术体系,更有力地支撑生态文明建设和自然资源管理。

基于时序遥感影像的骆马湖水资源调查与分析

自然资源不仅是发展之基、生态之源、民生之本,更是推进美丽中国建设和深化生态文明体制改革的核心载体,同时也是重要的资源性资产。本文旨在探讨宿迁市湖滨新区骆马湖水资源的调查监测,并以自然资源调查监测为背景,采用遥感技术作为主要手段进行水资源调查。研究通过获取骆马湖范围内的Sentinel-2遥感影像数据,对骆马湖水体的空间分布、变化趋势进行综合分析。同时,本文还探讨了遥感技术在水资源调查中的应用价值和优势。研究结果表明,骆马湖的水资源状况有着一定变化和挑战。本研究的意义在于通过遥感手段探讨了积水频率识别和积水范围提取,为水资源调查监测提供了一种快速、高效的手段。此外,针对骆马湖水资源调查监测的研究成果也为其他类似区域的水资源管理和保护提供了借鉴和参考。这对于推动水资源的可持续利用和提高区域生态环境质量具有重要意义。

基于国土调查数据的湿地资源更新方法探索

根据《自然资源调查监测体系构建总体方案》提出以“三调”成果作为自然资源管理的“统一底版”和“唯一底版”的要求,提出了一种以国土调查数据为基础开展湿地资源更新的方法,分别设置标识字段用于记录地表编码与变化情况,同时保留本底数据的关键属性与边界。实验结果表明更新与标识方法可以面向不同管理需求,便捷有效地提取湿地资源数据,同时可快速开展湿地资源流入、流出分析,为自然资源调查监测工作的全面开展提供一种可参考的思路。

自然资源调查监测成果分析评价指标计算系统设计与实现

针对自然资源调查监测数据分析评价工作自动化和智能化的需求,设计了自然资源调查监测成果分析评价指标计算系统的总体架构、系统数据库、功能架构与技术架构。在系统建设的过程中,基于ETL技术实现了大规模结构化数据的快速入库,采用模型构建器技术,提升了建模效率和模型的可拓展性,运用在线可视化分析页面构建技术,实现了在系统中高效且美观地展示各类专项调查监测、统计及评价成果数据,运用地理信息赋能经济社会可持续发展。

国土“三调”赋能下的耕地恢复潜力调查研究

恢复类地块是耕地资源的重要储备,充分认清恢复类地块资源的数量及恢复耕地潜力,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文全面介绍了耕地恢复潜力调查工作,并与耕地后备资源潜力调查模式进行了横向对比分析。基于“三调”基础数据,以广州市从化区耕地恢复潜力调查为研究对象,采用“3+2”的分段调查模式。第一阶段以图斑为单元,依现状核实“农作物种植/水产养殖类别”、“耕作便利度”和“水源保障”三类属性信息;第二阶段以村社为单元,核实记录“恢复成本”和“群众意愿”两类属性信息;最后,从地块恢复成本、水源供给和耕地质量等条件,进一步对恢复类耕地开发利用的工作方向提出建议。