HELMHOLTZ FREE ENERGY IN A SYSTEM OF ANISOTROPIC CHAINLIKE MOLECULES AND ITS APPLICATIONS FOR NORMAL MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS AND NORMAL ALKANES

1 INTRODUCTIONAfter Prausnitz et al.published the perturbed hard-sphere chain theory(PHCT),manymodified theories have been put forward,such as the perturbed soft-sphere chain theory(PSCT),the perturbed anisotropic chain theory(PACT)and the associated perturbedanisotropic chain theory(APACT).These theories are all concerned with the parameter3c.But,Wertheim in his work proved that the free energy of hard-sphere chain couldbe calculated without 3c.Induced by the work done by Wertheim,Chapman

Studies on the Mechanism of Primary Nucleation of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Monohydrate

A general expression for the relationship between induction periodand supersaturation was developed based on polynuclear approach.Different mechanism of primary nucleation in solution can beillustrated by the expression. The results of induction perioddetermined by laser scattering method shows that the crystallizationof ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate in water/ethanol oraqueous solution is by the mechanism of primary nucleation followedby one-dimensional diffusion growth, and then on-dimensionalcontinuous or 'birth and spread' growth on crystal face. The growthmechanism on the crystal face is affected by temperature and solvent.

Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate Monohydrate

The thermal decomposition of ammonium 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate monohydrate[NH4（NTO）·H2O] was studied by means of thermal analysis-MS coupling and the combination technique of in situ thermolysis cell with rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that there are two endothermic steps and one exothermic step in the decomposition process of NH4（NTO）·H2O. The detected gas products consist of NH3, H2O, N2, CO2, CO, and NO2.

Germanium separation and purification by leaching and precipitation

In this research work, extraction and purification of germanium from zinc leach residues(ZLR) were investigated. The results of ICP, XRF, and atomic adsorption spectroscopy(AAS) tests show that contents of germanium, iron, lead, and zinc within the leaching residue were 105×10^(-6), 3.53%, 10.35%, and 8.8%, respectively. XRD results indicate that the main minerals were in different forms of sulfates(CaSO_4·2H_2O, PbSO_4 and ZnSO_4·6H__2O), silicate(SiO_2), and oxide(Fe_2O_3). Dissolution of leaching filter cake was carried out using 5 parameters and each in 4 levels(acid concentration, temperature, time, liquid-to-solid ratio, and stirring speed) by Taguchi method(L_(16)), and then optimization of the effective parameters by response surface method. Under optimum conditions, zinc and germanium dissolution efficiencies were 88.71% and 8%, respectively. Leaching tests with sulfuric acid(added di-ammonium oxalate monohydrate) and hydrochloric acid(HCl) on the residues obtained from previous-stage sulfuric acid dissolution, yielded germanium and iron recoveries of 83%, 88%, 40%, and 90%, respectively. Thus, leaching experiment with sulfuric acid(added di-ammonium oxalate monohydrate) was superior to that with hydrochloric acid due to high and low extraction amounts of germanium and iron, respectively. Precipitation experiments revealed that germanium purification with tannic acid presented a better result compared to sodium hydroxide and ammonia. Under optimum conditions, contents of germanium and iron in the solution after precipitation were 0.1505% and 14.7% with precipitation yields of 91% and 52%, respectively.

Histological changes and antidiabetic activities of Icacina trichantha tuber extract in beta-cells of alloxan induced diabetic rats

Objective:To investigate the antidiabetic,hypolipidaemic activities and histopathological changes ofIcacina trichantha(I.trichantha)tuber extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats.Methods:In the present study,80%methanol extract of I.trichanthatuber was tested on alloxan induced diabetic rats.They were randomly grouped into control(distilled water and glibenclamide)and experimental(200,400 and 600 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 160 mg/kg body weight of alloxan.Blood glucose levels weremeasured using blood glucose test strips with AccuCheck Advantage II glucometer at 1,3,6,and 24 h on the first day and 1 h after treatment on Day 7,14 and 21.Blood samples were collected and centrifuged to separate serum for estimation of lipid profile and other biochemical parameters.Histopathological changes in diabetic rats pancreas were also studied after extract treatment.Results:Daily oral administration ofI.trichanthatuber extract(200,400,and 600 mg/kg bodyweight)and glibenclamide(2 mg/kg)showed beneficial effects on blood glucose level(P<0.01)as well as improving liver,kidney functions and hyperlipidaemia due to diabetes.The extract had a favourable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in alloxan induced diabetes.Conclusions:I.trichanthatuber extracts posses antidiabetic activities as well as improve liver and renal profile and total lipids levels.I.trichanthatuber extracts also have favourable effects to inhibit the histopathological changes of the pancreas in alloxan induced diabetes.

Ultrasound assisted crystallization of cephalexin monohydrate:Nucleation mechanism and crystal habit control

With the high-quality requirements for cephalexin monohydrate,developing a robust and practical crystallization process to produce cephalexin monohydrate with good crystal habit,appropriate aspect ratio and high bulk density as well as suitable flowability is urgently needed.This research has explored the influence of ultrasound on crystallization of cephalexin monohydrate in terms of nucleation mechanism and crystal habit control.The results of metastable zone width and induction time measurement showed the presence of ultrasound irradiation can narrow the metastable zone and shorten induction time.Cavitation phenomena generated by ultrasound were used to qualitatively explain the mechanism of ultrasound promoting nucleation of cephalexin monohydrate.Furthermore,on the basis of classical nucleation theory and induction time data,a series of nucleation-related parameters(such as crystalliquid interfacial tension,radius of the critical nucleus and etc.)were calculated and showed a decreasing trend under ultrasound irradiation.The diffusion coefficient of the studied system was also determined to increase by 72.73%under ultrasound.The changes in these parameters have quantitatively confirmed the mechanism of ultrasound influence on the nucleation process.In further,the calculated surface entropy factor has confirmed that the growth of cephalexin monohydrate follows continuous growth mechanism under the research conditions of this work.Through the exploration of crystallization conditions,it is found that suitable ultrasonic treatment,seeding,supersaturation control and removal of fine crystals are conducive to improving the quality of cephalexin monohydrate product.Optimizing the crystallization process coupled continuous ultrasound irradiation with fine-crystal dissolution policy has achieved the controllable production of monodisperse cephalexin monohydrate crystal with good performance.

Thermodynamic properties of metamizol monohydrate in pure and binary solvents at temperatures from(283.15 to 313.15) K

The thermodynamic properties of metamizol monohydrate in pure solvents(methanol,ethanol,n-propanol and isopropanol) and two binary mixed solvent systems including(methanol+ethanol) and(methanol+isopropanol) were measured from 283.15 K to 313.15 K by gravimetric method under atmospheric pressure thought as 0.1 MPa.The modi fied Apelblat equation,the CNIBS/R-K equation,the Hybrid model and the NRTL model were used to correlate the solubility of metamizol monohydrate,respectively.The results show that the solubility of metamizol monohydrate in all the tested solvents increases with the rising temperature which means that it has temperature dependence.What's more,the effects of solvent components of the binary solvent mixtures on solubility were discussed,it illustrates that the increasing of the molar fraction of methanol gives the system a greater dissolving power.Furthermore,according to the NRTL model,the enthalpy,the Gibbs energy and the entropy of the mixing process were also obtained and discussed.

Studies on the Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of <i>Nelumbo nucifera</i>Leaf in Long-Evans Rats

The study was carried out to evaluate the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder. In rats, hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding High Fat Diet (Lab diet: Dalda: Coconut oil = 4:3:1) and type 2 diabetes was built inside by injecting Alloxan. The sample N. nucifera leaf powder was added in different percentages with the regular Lab Diet for 21 days feeding. In case of hyperlipidemia developed groups, feeding of Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder at, 30% (70% Lab diet + 30% Sample), 20% (80% Lab diet + 20% Sample) and 10% (90% Lab diet + 10% Sample) showed varied but in a nutshell significant (p Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder for 21 days resulted significant decrease in the blood glucose levels of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Both the percentages of Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder having 20% with 80% Lab Diet and 10% with 90% Lab Diet significantly (p Nelumbo nucifera powder was found to be exerted to the more prominent effects in lowering the blood glucose level. Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder had 75% efficacy rate in lowering the blood glucose level in comparison to the drug control group treated with glibenclamide which was found with the decreasing capability up to 66%. Although not significant, it, based on the data, can be stated that the sample is endowed with the quality of decreasing capability of body weight. Thus, results of the experimental study reveal that the leaf of Nelumbo nucifera has potent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties.

Structure, Growth and Characterization of Ammonium 5-Sulfosalicylic Acid Monohydrate Crystal

Ammonium 5-sulfosalicylic acid monohydrate （NH4·C7H5O6S·H2O, ASSA） was synthesized and optical grade crystal with dimensions of 45ram × 20mm × 18mm was obtained from aqueous solution by the cooling solution method. The crystal structure was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction method and the empirical composition is C7HIINO7S with formula weight 253.23. The crystal belongs to monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 1 1.884（9）, b = 7.306（5）, c = 12.152（9） A, β = 104.851（13）°, V= 1019.8（13） A3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.649 g/cm3,μ = 0.340 mm-1, F（000） =528, the final R= 0.0307 and wR= 0.0866 for 7494 observed reflections （I〉 2σ（I））, Elemental analysis, 1R and 1H-NMR spectrum were used to characterize the compound. Thermal analysis showed that one coordination water molecule was contained and dehydration temperature of ASSA crystal was 106℃. Optical transmission and fluorescence spectrum revealed that the ASSA crystal exhibited a strong absorption in ultraviolet region with the sharp absorption edge located at 340 nm and a significant blue fluorescent emission band at 442 nm.

Synthesis,Growth and Spectroscopic Studies of Piperazinium Paranitrophenolate Monohydrate Crystals

A new piperazinium 4-nitro phenolate monohydrate single crystal(PNP)was grown by employing the solution growth technique piperazine and 4-nitrophenol,were the source material used for the growth,acetonitrile is used as solvent.The grown crystal was characterized by Single X-ray analysis and it shows that piperazinium 4-nitrophenol monohydrate crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1/c,with cell parameters a=10.902 5(4),b=6.226 1(3),c=14.031 8(5),and z=4.The lattice parameters of the substances were also determined by using powder diffraction methods.The functional groups are identified by using FTIR spectral analysis.The absorbance of title compound were analyzed using UV-Vis spectra.The thermo analytical properties of the crystal were studied using TG,DTA.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 5-Allyl-2,3-dihydro-9-(2-hydroxy-5-oxocyclopent-1-enyl)-cyclopenta[b]chromen-1(9H)-one Monohydrate

The title compound 5-allyl-2,3-dihydro-9-（2-hydroxy-5-oxocyclopent-1-enyl）-cyclopenta[b]chromen-1（9H）-one monohydrate（C20H18O4.H2O,Mr = 340.36） was synthesized and crystallized.It crystallizes in the triclinic system,space group P with a = 8.5840（17）,b = 8.7027（17）,c = 11.561（2）,α = 89.69（3）,β = 74.33（3）,γ = 86.13（3）°,V = 829.6（3）（A°）^3,Z = 2,Dc = 1.363 g/cm^3,MoKa radiation（λ = 0.71073 ）,F（000） = 360,μ = 0.098 mm^-1,the final R = 0.0430 and wR = 0.1008 for 2957 observed reflections with（I 〉 2σ（I））.X-ray analysis reveals that atoms C（1）,C（2）,C（3）,C（4）,C（5） and O（1） on the new pyran ring are coplanar,which is obviously different from the half-chair or boat conformations of other similar compounds.

Solubilities of 2-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid Monohydrate and Sodium 2-Naphthalenesulfonate in Sulfuric Acid Solution and Their Application for Preparing Sodium 2-Naphthalenesulfonate

The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate in sulfuric acid solutions were measured at temperatures ranging from 278,15 to 338.15 K by using a dynamic method. The concentration of sulfuric acid solution ranged from 0 to 80wt%. The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate increased with temperature, and both of them were the lowest at 70wt% of sulfuric acid solution （ w3 0 = 0.70） while the highest in pure water. The solubility data were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation. Based on the solubility difference between 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate, a new technique in which sodium sulfate was used to replace sodium sulfite in the neutralization reaction was developed. The suitable mole ratio of H20 to Na2SO4 in the neutralization reaction was 80 ： 1, and that of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate to Na2SO4 was 3.2 ： 1. The material balance under the suitable mole ratios was given and discussed.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of N-[(3aR,4R,4aR,5aS,6S,6aS)-1,3-Dioxo-octahydro-4,6-ethenocyclopropa[f]isoindol-2(1H)-yl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylmethanimine Monohydrate

The crystal structure of the title compound （C19H17F3N2O4, Mr = 394.35） was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 28.383（6）, b = 10.355（2）, c = 12.799（3） A, β = 111.74（3）°, V= 3493.8（12） A3, Z = 8, De = 1.499 g,/cm3, λ（MoKα） = 0.71073, F（000） = 1632,μ = 0.127 mm^-1, R = 0.0412 and wR = 0.1019. In the title compound, there exist three intermolecular hydrogen interactions （O（4）...O（1）, 0（4）...0（3） and O（4）...N（1）） between water. The neighboring molecules are linked to each other generating a two-dimensional network structure via the three intermolecular hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions shaped by phen-phen with centroid distance of 4.049 A.

The Geometry Effect in a Pioneering Experimental Study on the Batch Crystallization of the CAM

Far from being equivalent to host the process, the vessels play an active role in the crystallization thanks to their differently shaped bottoms. It was clearly pointed out through a meticulous experimental research on the batch crystallization of CAM （citric acid monohydrate） carried out in the years 1997-1998 by the author at the historic laboratories of＂La Sapienza＂ University of Rome. Such pioneering M.Sc. thesis, supervised by Prof. Barbara Mazzarotta （Department of Chemical Engineering）, was already summarized in an informative essay but, since the crystallization operating conditions to optimize were illustrated ＂collectively＂, it seemed necessary a further paper expounding uniquely the geometry effect. Our aim is to use all the data, collected and simulated, in order to show why the round-bottomed crystallizer performed better than the conical-bottomed one with the CAM from aqueous solutions, and why we should discard the flat-bottomed crystallizers.

Hypoglycemic Effect Study of a Combination of Some Stipulated Spices in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Wistar Albino Rats along with Nutritional Value Evaluation

The main purpose of the study was to reveal the hypoglycemic effect of a combination of some selected spices along with the evaluation of nutritional values. A sum of fourteen different types of spices at different percentages were taken into consideration to propel the research activities forward, viz;ginger, garlic, onion, red chili, turmeric, cumin, cinnamon, clove, coriander, fenugreek, black pepper, nigella, carom seed and cardamom. The healthy experimental wistar albino rats were made diabetic by injecting alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. The rats of Group-D and Group-E were treated with the sample, mixed spices at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively with the lab diet while in case of Group-C, glibenclamide at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight was introduced with the lab diet for a total period of 21 days where as for the same days span, Group-A and Group-B were continued feeding with only lab diet. Data suggest that the mixed spices of both doses applied in Group-D and Group-E had exerted effects significantly (p 0.05) in lowering the blood glucose level. On 22nd day, in Group-D and Group-E, the FBG level was found to be reduced by around 40.66% and 41.18% respectively compared to their respective initial days where in Group-C, the reduction was around 51.90% in comparison to its initial day. Again, in case of 2hPG level measurement, on 22nd day, both the groups, Group-D and Group-E were found with the decreased level of around 19.38% and 39.11% respectively compared to their respective initial days while the Group-C was shown with the reduced of 44.26% in comparison adopting same manner. Furthermore, various analyses confirm the presence of several micro and macro nutrients and high amount of dietary fiber in the spices mix. Thus the result affirms that this combined spice possesses strong hypoglycemic properties.

Comparative Study between the Effect of <i>Momordica charantia</i>(Wild Type) Fruits and <i>Coccinia cordifolia</i>’s Leaf on Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Alloxan

Aims: The study was aimed to compare the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Momordica charantia (wild type) fruits and Coccinia cordifolia’s leaf in alloxan induced type 2 diabetic Long-Evans rats. Methods: All rats were divided into groups A to H (n = 48, 06 rats per group). They were made diabetic by intraperitoneally injecting alloxan monohydrate 150-mg/Kg-body weight. Groups A and B were provided with normal diet and glibenclamide plus normal diet respectively. C to H groups were provided with different percentages (70%, 50% and 30% of regular diet) of samples. Different biochemical parameters (blood glucose level, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), LDL, HDL, serum insulin, hepatic glycogen) were observed for 21 consecutive days (at eight days interval). Results: Oral administration of both of the Momordica charantia (wild type) fruits and Coccinia cordifolia’s leaf significantly (p nificantly (p level and LDL in type 2 diabetic rats. HDL levels were increased slightly and hepatic glycogen level was more or less unchanged in both groups at 22nd day. Conclusion: Though both samples show hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities, 50% wild type fruits of Momordica charantia were more significant

Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Limiting Measurements of {(1Z)-[4-(Dimethylamino)Phenyl]Methylene} 4-Nitrobenzocarboxy Hydrazone Monohydrate under CW Laser Regime

We report results from the investigation of the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient of {(1Z)-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]methylene} 4-nitrobenzocarboxy hydrazone mono-hydrate (DMPM4NBCHM) solution using Z-scan technique with a continuous wave (CW) Argon ion laser. The results show that this type of organic material has a large nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index at 488 nm and 514 nm. The origin of the nonlinear effects was discussed. We demonstrate that the light induced nonlinear refractive index variation, leads to limiting effect. The results indicated that DMPM4NBCHM could be promising candidates for application on nonlinear photonic devices and optical limiters.

Comparative proteomic analysis of renal tubular epithelial cell injury caused by oxalic acid and calcium oxalate monohydrate

Objective To analyze and identify the differentially expressed proteins in human renal tubular epithelial ceils ( HK-2) after injury caused by oxalic acid and calcium oxalate monohydrate ( COM ) crystal,and to explore the potential role of renal tubular cell injury in kidney stone formation. Methods Normal HK-2 cells

Individual Responses to Creatine Supplementation on Muscular Power is Modulated by Gene Polymorphisms in Military Recruits

Purpose The aim was to explore five established SNPs(rs1815739,rs1805086,rs2700352,rs28497577,and rs28357094)that are known to modulate skeletal muscle protein kinetics in response to creatine supplementation.Methods A randomized,placebo-controlled,repeated measures design was used.Participants(n=152)were rand-omized divided into one of two groups:CREA(20 g/day creatine monohydrate)or PLAC:(dextrose)for 7 days.SNP were assessed,and participants were classified accordingly.Before and after supplementation,anthropometrics(height and body mass)and performance measures(vertical jump,countermovement vertical jump,squat jump,abdominal crunches,and maximum push-ups)were assessed.Results CREA gained more body mass than PLAC(CREA:Δ0.864±0.06 kg;PLAC:Δ0.154±0.07 kg,P<0.001).In the CREA group,the presence of an A allele for the MYLK1 polymorphism was related to changes in countermovement jump height(P=0.027;effect size[d]=0.41)and leg power(P=0.040,effect size[d]=0.18).The total number of abdominal crunches after supplementation was influenced by treatments and SPP1 gene(P=0.041).A higher number of abdominal crunches was associated with the G allele in the CREA group and the TT genotype in the PLAC group(effect size[d]=0.04).Conclusion Collectively,short-term creatine supplementation increased body mass but was unable to alter muscle perfor-mance.However,following creatine supplementation,participants expressing A alleles in the MYLK1 polymorphism had a greater increase in jump height and leg power and participants expressing G alleles in the SPP1 gene had greater improve-ments in abdominal crunch performance.

Effect of different sources and levels of iron in the diet of sows on iron status in neonatal pigs

This study was conducted to determine the effects of maternal dietary supplementation of ferrous glycine chelate(Fe-Gly) and ferrous sulfate monohydrate(FeSO_4·H_2O) on the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents, red blood cells(RBC), hemoglobin concentration(HGB) and hematocrit(HCT) in blood, as well as ferritin(Fn), serum iron(SI), and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) in serum of newborn piglets.Forty-five sows(Landrace × Large white, mean parity 3 to 4, no significant differences in BW) were randomly allotted to 9 treatments(n=5 sows/treatment): control(basal diet with no Fe supplementation), the basal diet supplemented with 50, 80, 110 or 140 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Gly, and the basal diet supplemented with 50, 80, 110 or 140 mg Fe/kg as FeSO_4·H_2O.The neonatal piglets(n=45) were used to determine the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents and blood biochemical indices.Compared with the control, the relative weight of spleen and kidney were significantly increased(P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly groups.The iron contents in liver,spleen, kidney and femur were also found increased(P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly groups.The RBC(d 1 and 21),HGB(d 1 and 21) and HCT(d 1 and 21) in blood and Fn(d 1) and SI(d 1 and 21) significantly increased(P < 0.05), but the TIBC(d 1 and 21) in serum decreased(P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly groups.Moreover, the kidney relative weight, iron content in liver, spleen, kidney and femur, RBC(d 1) and HGB(d 21) in blood, and SI(d 1)in the Fe-Gly groups increased(P < 0.05) compared with the FeSO_4·H_2O treatment.Linear and quadratic responses of the kidney relative weight, the iron content in liver, spleen, kidney and femur, RBC(d 1 and 21),HGB(d 1 and 21) and HCT(d 1 and 21) in whole blood, SI(d 1) and TIBC(d 1 and 21) in the Fe-Gly groups were observed(P < 0.05).Linear responses of Fn(d 1 and 21) and SI(d 21) in the Fe-Gly groups, and spleen relative weight, HCT(d 1), Fn(d 1) and TIBC(d 1 and 21) in the FeSO_4·H_2O groups were observed(P < 0.05).These finding suggest that Fe-Gly supplemented at the level of 110 mg/kg in the diet of sows in this experiment is superior to other forms of supplementation, based on HGB concentration, the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents and blood biochemical indices of piglets.