China＇s prevailing hukou （household registration） system and land tenure system seem to be very different in their applications. In fact, they both function to deny the exit right of rural residents from a rural co...China＇s prevailing hukou （household registration） system and land tenure system seem to be very different in their applications. In fact, they both function to deny the exit right of rural residents from a rural community. Under these systems, rural residents are not allowed to freely exit from collectives if they do not want to lose their entitlements, such as their rights to using collectively owned land and their land-based properties. Farmers are neither allowed to sell their houses to outsiders, nor allowed to sell to outsiders their rights to contracting a piece of land from the collective where their households are registered. For migrant workers from rural areas, it is extremely difficult for them to obtain an urban hukou with all its associated entitlements at an urban locality where they currently work and live. The combined effect of the two systems leads to serious distortions in labor and land markets, resulting in discrimination against migrant workers, sprawling yet exclusive urbanization, housing bubbles, and depressed domestic demand. These distortions further entrench the existing and much widened urban/rural divide. Unless these two systems are thoroughly reformed, the rural residents in Chinese mainland will be trapped in their comparatively much lower income and remain unable to share the gains from the agglomeration effects of urbanization.展开更多
This paper demonstrates the potential role of autonomous agents in economic theory.We first dispatch autonomous agents,built by genetic programming,to double auction markets.We then study the bargaining strategies,dis...This paper demonstrates the potential role of autonomous agents in economic theory.We first dispatch autonomous agents,built by genetic programming,to double auction markets.We then study the bargaining strategies,discovered by them,and from there,an autonomous-agent-inspired economic theory with regard to the optimal procrastination is derived.展开更多
文摘China＇s prevailing hukou （household registration） system and land tenure system seem to be very different in their applications. In fact, they both function to deny the exit right of rural residents from a rural community. Under these systems, rural residents are not allowed to freely exit from collectives if they do not want to lose their entitlements, such as their rights to using collectively owned land and their land-based properties. Farmers are neither allowed to sell their houses to outsiders, nor allowed to sell to outsiders their rights to contracting a piece of land from the collective where their households are registered. For migrant workers from rural areas, it is extremely difficult for them to obtain an urban hukou with all its associated entitlements at an urban locality where they currently work and live. The combined effect of the two systems leads to serious distortions in labor and land markets, resulting in discrimination against migrant workers, sprawling yet exclusive urbanization, housing bubbles, and depressed domestic demand. These distortions further entrench the existing and much widened urban/rural divide. Unless these two systems are thoroughly reformed, the rural residents in Chinese mainland will be trapped in their comparatively much lower income and remain unable to share the gains from the agglomeration effects of urbanization.
基金grateful to the participants and two anonymous referees for the comments received.The NSC grants NSC 98-2911-I-004-007,NSC 98-2410-H-004-045-MY3 are also gratefully acknowledged.
文摘This paper demonstrates the potential role of autonomous agents in economic theory.We first dispatch autonomous agents,built by genetic programming,to double auction markets.We then study the bargaining strategies,discovered by them,and from there,an autonomous-agent-inspired economic theory with regard to the optimal procrastination is derived.
