Identifying Global Monsoon Troughs and Global Atmospheric Centers of Action on a Pentad Scale

Using two datasets of global pentad grid precipitation and global 850 hPa geopotential height during 1979-2007,this study identified global monsoon troughs and global atmospheric centers of action (ACAs) on a pentad scale.The global monsoon troughs consist of planetary-scale monsoon troughs and peninsula-scale monsoon troughs.Forced by seasonal variations in solar radiation,the inter-tropical convergence zones (ITCZs) represent the planetary-scale monsoon troughs,which are active and shift over the tropical North Pacific,the tropical North Atlantic,and the tropical South Indian oceans.The peninsula-scale monsoon troughs are originated from regional land-sea topography and varied with contrasts in seasonal land-sea surface temperatures and precipitation.During the boreal summer,five peninsula-scale troughs and one planetary-scale trough are distributed in the Asia-Northwest Pacific (NWP) region.In total,22 troughs,nine monsoon troughs,and 19 ACAs in the lower troposphere were identified.Relevant ACAs may be useful in constructing regional monsoon and circulation indices.

Re-examination of Tropical Cyclone Formation in Monsoon Troughs over the Western North Pacific

The monsoon trough （MT） is one of the large-scale patterns favorable for tropical cyclone （TC） formation over the western North Pacific （WNP）. This study re-examines TC formation by treating the MT as a large-scale background for TC activity during May-October. Over an 11-year （2000-10） period, 8.3 TC formation events on average per year are identified to occur within MTs, accounting for 43.1% of the total TC formation events in the WNP basin. This percentage is much lower than those reported in previous studies. Further analysis indicates that TC formation events in monsoon gyres were included at least in some previous studies. The MT includes a monsoon confluence zone where westerlies meet easterlies and a monsoon shear line where the trade easterlies lie north of the monsoon westerlies. In this study, the large-scale flow pattern associated with TC formation in the MT is composited based on the reference point in the confluence zone where both the zonal and meridional wind components are zero with positive vorticity. While previous studies have found that many TCs form in the confluence zone, the composite analysis indicates that nearly all of the TCs formed in the shear region, since the shear region is associated with stronger low-level relative vorticity than the confluence zone. The prevailing easterly vertical shear of zonal wind and barotropic instability may also be conducive to TC formation in the shear region, through the development of synoptic-scale tropical disturbances in the MT that are necessary for TC formation.

VARIATION OF THE MONSOON TROUGH INTENSITY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITIES

Using the daily average of the NCEP/DOE AMIP-II reanalysis data from 1979 to 2005 and the characteristics of monsoon troughs in the western North Pacific,we established an intensity index and a location index to describe the activity of the monsoon troughs in three different regions and their impacts on tropical cyclones generated therein(MTTCs).The behavior of the monsoon troughs was analyzed.The following conclusions are obtained:(1)The established monsoon trough intensity index has a positive correlation to the location index,indicating that stronger monsoon trough intensity corresponds to more northward location.(2)Monsoon trough intensity exhibits significant interannual variation,with obvious periods of 4–5 years prior to 1994 and 2–3 years afterwards.(3)The affecting factors on monsoon trough intensity are different with areas.The preceding SST anomaly results in anomalous atmospheric circulation, leading to the anomaly of monsoon trough intensity in different areas.(4)The frequency of cyclogenesis and location anomalies of the MTTC are closely related to the intensity and location of the monsoon trough. Most of the anomalously less MTTC years coincide with the years with a weak general monsoon trough and weak regional monsoon troughs.The anomalously more MTTC years are associated with both a strong general monsoon trough and a weak general monsoon trough combined with a strong one over the South China Sea,though with a larger probability for the latter.(5)The interseasonal variation of the intensity of monsoon troughs provides favorable conditions for TC generation and development.The monsoon trough is in the active periods of both quasi-biweekly 10 to 20 day and 30 to 60 day oscillations,which is favorable for MTTC occurrence.

RESEARCH ON THE INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIABILITIES OF THE MONSOON TROUGH AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN

In this paper, we mainly summarize and review the progresses in recent climatological studies(by CMSR,IAP/CAS and some associated domestic and international institutions) on the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of monsoon troughs and their impacts on tropical cyclones and typhoons(TCs) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean. The climatological characteristics of monsoon troughs and four types of circulation patterns favorable to TCs genesis over the western North Pacific Ocean in summer and autumn are given in this paper. It is also shown in this paper that the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean has obvious interannual and interdecadal variabilities. Especially, it is revealed in this paper that the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean influence the TCs genesis not only through the impact on distributions of the vorticity in the lower troposphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere, the water vapor in the mid-and lower troposphere and the vertical shear of wind fields between the upper and lower troposphere over the western North Pacific Ocean, but also through the dynamical effects of the transition between convectively coupled tropical waves and providing disturbance energy. Besides, some climatological problems associated with TCs activity over the western North Pacific Ocean that need to be studied further are also pointed out in this paper.

Comparison of the Double Summer Monsoon Troughs over East Asia

Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, an investigation has been carried on the comparison of the double summer monsoon troughs over East Asia, which refer to the subtropical summer monsoon trough （subtropical-trough） and the South China Sea summer monsoon trough （SCS trough）, respectively. The results show that the SCS trough is stronger than the subtropical-trough either in convergence or convection. The subtropical-trough extends up to higher levels and inclines northward with altitude, while, the SCS trough extends up to a lower level, and its position is seldom changed. The SCS trough establishes early and abruptly with the low level positive relative vorticity appearing suddenly, and retreats slowly, but the subtropical-trough establishes step by step with the positive relative vorticity initially over the Yunnan- Guizhou Plateau and Guangxi areas spreading gradually northeastward, and withdraws rapidly. The onset of SCS trough is obviously indicated by the reverse of the easterly, but the establishment of the subtropical- trough is characteristic of the westerly enhancement. The subtropical-trough has clearly frontal property, yet the SCS trough has not.

The Henan extreme rainfall in July 2021: Modulation of the northward-shift monsoon trough on the synoptic-scale wave train

The synoptic-scale wave train is a dominant pattern of the synoptic variability over the tropical western Pacific and usually affects the extreme weather over South China and Southeast Asia.Whether it could extend its influence and contribute to the Henan extreme rainfall in July 2021 still needs to be unraveled.We found that during the Henan extreme rainfall days a positively synoptic-scale vorticity disturbance dominated Henan province,China,which was embedded in the synoptic-scale wave train that originated from the western North Pacific.Moreover,the propagating pathway of this synoptic-scale wave train located northward and was likely modulated by the latitudinal location change of the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific.A northernmost displacement of the monsoon trough in July 2021(∼23.2°N)would facilitate the synoptic-scale wave train to propagate farther northwestward via shifting the related barotropic conversion northward.Therefore,the synoptic-scale wave train from the tropics could reach Henan,provide the necessary lifting forcing,and supply abundant water vapor associated with the anomalous southerly for the occurrence of Henan extreme rainfall event.The results implicate that the pre-existing synoptic-scale wave train regulated by the location of the monsoon trough may be a potential precursor for heavy rainfalls in northern Central China.

IMPACT OF CONVECTION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING SUMMER MONSOON

The intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) of the South China Sea(SCS, 105-120°E, 5-20°N) convection and its influences on the genesis and track of the western North Pacific(WNP) tropical cyclones(TCs) were explored, based on the daily average of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the OLR data and the western North Pacific tropical cyclone best-track data from 1979 to 2008. The mechanism of the influences of ISO on TC movement and the corresponding large-scale circulation were discussed by a trajectory model. It was found as follows.(1) During the SCS summer monsoon, the SCS convection exhibits the ISO features with active phases alternating with inactive phases. The monsoon circulation patterns are significantly different during these two phases. When the SCS convection is active(inactive), the SCS-WNP monsoon trough stretches eastward(retreats westward) due to the activity(inactivity) of SCS monsoon, and the WNP subtropical high retreats eastward(stretches westward), which enhances(suppresses) the monsoon circulation.(2) The amount of TC genesis in the active phase is much more than that in the inactive phase. A majority of TCs form west of 135 °E during the active phases but east of 135 °E in the inactive phases.(3) The TCs entering the area west of 135 °E and south of 25 °N would move straight into the SCS in the active phase, or recurve northward in the inactive phase.(4) Simulation results show that the steering flow associated with the active(inactive)phases is in favor of straight-moving(recurving) TCs. Meanwhile, the impacts of the locations of TC genesis on the characteristics of TC track cannot be ignored. TCs that occurred father westward are more likely to move straight into the SCS region.

Environmental Conditions Conducive to the Formation of Multiple Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific

There is limited understanding regarding the formation of multiple tropical cyclones(MTCs).This study explores the environmental conditions conducive to MTC formation by objectively determining the atmospheric circulation patterns favorable for MTC formation over the western North Pacific.Based on 199 MTC events occurring from June to October 1980–2020,four distinct circulation patterns are identified:the monsoon trough(MT)pattern,accounting for 40.3%of occurrences,the confluence zone(CON)pattern at 26.2%,the easterly wave(EW)pattern at 17.8%,and the monsoon gyre(MG)pattern at 15.7%.The MT pattern mainly arises from the interaction between the subtropical high and the monsoon trough,with MTCs forming along the monsoon trough and its flanks.The CON pattern is affected by the subtropical high,the South Asian high,and the monsoon trough,with MTCs emerging at the confluence zone where the prevailing southwesterly and southeasterly flows converge.The EW pattern is dominated by easterly flows,with MTCs developing along the easterly wave train.MTCs in the MG pattern arise within a monsoon vortex characterized by strong southwesterly flows.A quantitative analysis further indicates that MTC formation in the MT pattern is primarily governed by mid-level vertical velocity and low-level vorticity,while mid-level humidity and vertical velocity are significantly important in the other patterns.The meridional shear and convergence of zonal winds are essential in converting barotropic energy from the basic flows to disturbance kinetic energy,acting as the primary source for eddy kinetic energy growth.

广东“18.8”季风槽极端降水事件对流尺度集合预报分析

受季风槽影响,2018年8月30—31日华南地区出现一次极端暴雨过程,单日站点累计降水量达1056.7 mm,刷新了广东有历史纪录以来新的极值。对于此次极端降水事件,常用的业务模式包括欧洲中期天气预报中心全球模式(ECMWF)、日本气象厅谱模式(JMA)和中国气象局广东快速更新同化数值预报系统(CMA-GD),都低估了降水强度。利用深圳市气象局业务对流尺度集合预报系统分析了此次特大暴雨过程,结果表明:对流尺度集合预报系统对本次特大暴雨过程具有比较好的预报能力,概率匹配平均最大雨量达348.7 mm·(24 h)^(-1),集合平均的强降水中心和观测基本一致,观测极值附近区域发生大暴雨(≥150 mm)概率最大值达到80%。选取了较“好”和较“差”集合成员预报进行对比分析,发现较“好”成员预报的强降水中心位置和观测基本一致,而较“差”成员预报的降水中心位置则偏向福建地区。较“好”成员预报出莲花山南侧地面中尺度辐合线较长时间的维持和缓慢移动,导致强降水雨团在莲花山脉附近不断地触发和维持,同时地形的阻挡作用使得对流系统在地形附近区域持续维持,造成了罕见的特大暴雨;而较“差”成员辐合区位于莲花山以北,对流形成后向东、向北移动,最终导致强降水预报位置偏向福建地区。

近年来关于西北太平洋热带气旋和台风活动的气候学研究进展

本文主要综述和回顾了近年来季风系统研究中心关于西北太平洋热带气旋和台风(TCs)活动的气候学研究进展及有关的国内外研究。文中不仅回顾了最近关于夏、秋季西北太平洋利于TCs生成的大尺度环流型及其与涡旋的正压能量交换、西北太平洋TCs活动的年际和年代际及季节内的变化特征、以及今后全球变暖背景下西北太平洋TCs活动的变化趋势的气候学研究进展,而且综述了西北太平洋季风槽及热带对流耦合波动对西北太平洋上TCs生成的动力作用的研究。此外,文中还指出今后有关西北太平洋TCs活动一些亟需进一步研究的气候学问题。

西北太平洋季风槽异常与热带气旋活动

在普查1979—2005年热带气旋(TC)个例的基础上,建立了生成于西北太平洋季风槽的热带气旋(简称MTTC)序列,统计发现1979—2005年的5—10月南海和西太平洋TC总频数为672个,其中MTTC频数为491个,占总频数的73.1%,占登陆我国TC频数的79.2%,可见,MTTC的活动规律反映了西太平洋TC以及影响我国TC的主要活动规律。分析了逐日环流场,将季风槽分为5种主要形态:南海季风槽型、南海-西太平洋季风槽型、反向季风槽型、三气流型和西太平洋季风槽型。根据每年5—10月的季风槽、副高以及越赤道气流等系统的强弱和位置,将1979—2005年分为4种年型:季风槽西南型、西北型、偏东型和正常年型,针对前3种季风槽异常年型,诊断分析了有利于TC形成的海温场、大尺度环流场、水汽输送、大气视热源和视水汽汇以及纬向风垂直切变的特征,发现不同季风槽年型,由于太平洋海温场的差异,引起哈得来环流和Walker环流的差异以及西太平洋副高、南亚高压等大尺度系统位置以及越赤道气流强度的差异,导致有利于TC生成的热力条件、动力条件和环境条件的不同,致使MTTC生成位置、频数、路径以及在我国的登陆点有着显著差异。

西北太平洋夏季风的变化对台风生成的影响

研究了西北太平洋夏季风特征及其季风槽结构对台风生成的影响。当西北太平洋季风槽增强并向东扩展使季风加强时,西北太平洋的风速垂直切变、高低空辐散风、湿度和海温等都对台风的生成产生有利的影响,台风数明显比季风槽弱时多。而且对台风生成的位置也有很大的影响,即季风槽强时,台风的生成位置偏东,季风槽弱时台风的位置偏西。这表明西北太平洋夏季风主要是通过季风槽活动影响台风的生成。而夏季风的强弱对台风也有影响,在西北太平洋夏季风的活跃阶段,西北太平洋夏季风强时,台风生成的比较多,夏季风中断时台风生成的比较少。西北太平洋夏季风通过季风的季节内振荡对西北太平洋台风也有显著的影响。季节内振荡对台风生成的影响主要以30—60 d振荡为主。在这种低频振荡对流活动的湿位相时期台风生成个数明显多,干位相时期台风生成的少。而且低频振荡的西风位相也有利于台风生成,在东风位相时生成的台风少。另外,还研究了多台风期西北太平洋夏季的特征(群发性),发现在这些时期,存在强的季风槽,弱的垂直切变与充足的水汽供应。这表明西北太平洋台风时空的群发性与夏季风活动的异常密切相关。

西太平洋暖池对西北太平洋季风槽和台风活动影响过程及其机理的最近研究进展

本文回顾和综述了近年来关于西太平洋暖池对西北太平洋热带气旋和台风(TCs)活动影响过程及其机理的研究进展。文中首先简单回顾了近年来关于西太平洋暖池热状态和菲律宾周围对流活动变化特征及其对与TCs活动有关的南海夏季风爆发和西太平洋副热带高压的季节内、年际变异的影响过程和机理的研究;然后,本文系统地回顾了近年来关于西太平洋暖池热状态通过西北太平洋季风槽影响TCs活动年际和年代际变化的影响过程及其机理的研究。此外,文中还指出了关于西太平洋暖池对西北太平洋上空季风槽和TCs活动变异的热力和动力作用需进一步深入研究的科学问题。

北京北郊冬季大风过程湍流通量演变特征的分析研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所325m气象观测塔1993年12月～1994年1月大气边界层实验资料,计算分析了大风过境过程中47m和120m高度湍流通量演变特征及其影响因子,以及与风速、稳定度等参数的关系。结果表明:大风过程对近地面层的物质能量输送有着重要影响,大风之前出现短时间动量上传和热量下传;大风过程中的湍流通量数值明显高于过境后,水平方向湍流通量数值和能量增加幅度大于垂直方向;当风速大于临界值5m/s时,湍流通量与风速、湍流动能的相关迅速增大;湍流谱特征表现为湍流能量的低频部分增加、湍流谱曲线变宽;大风能强烈影响近地面层的能量收支。

南海季风槽影响下热带气旋暴雨增幅的研究

使用NASA的热带测雨卫星TRMM资料、常规气象观测降水资料、NCAR/NCEP-2再分析资料及NCEP全球数据同化系统(GDAS)资料,分析研究南海季风槽伴随热带气旋登陆华南而导致热带气旋暴雨强烈增幅的事实,并根据观测事实提出季风槽伴随热带气旋登陆华南的定义。结果表明:(1)南海季风槽伴随热带气旋登陆导致热带气旋降水强烈增幅的天气现象发生在盛夏季节;(2)环流背景表现为副热带高压带状西伸,稳定控制华中一带;同时,西南季风活跃,南海季风槽位于南海北部之时;(3)热带气旋登陆后的填塞消亡时间因为季风槽的伴随而大大延长,热带气旋云系有再生、加强和扩展现象;(4)伴随登陆的季风槽对热带气旋暴雨无论是空间,时间,还是强度上均有强烈增幅作用,热带气旋暴雨在季风槽南侧延伸,尺度可达1500～2500km。

西北太平洋风速垂直切变异常对热带气旋活动年际变化的影响

应用中国《台风年鉴》资料、欧洲中心40年月平均再分析资料和NOAA的逐月海温资料,研究了西北太平洋(5°—30°N,110°E—180°)风速垂直切变异常对热带气旋(TC)活动年际变化的影响。研究发现,西北太平洋所有TC、风暴以上级别的TC(TSTY,即达到热带风暴级别及以上的所有TC)和所有台风(WTY,包括台风、强台风和超强台风)年频数与西北太平洋风速垂直切变都显著负相关。西北太平洋风速垂直切变大小对生成源地在南海(5°—30°N,110°—120°E)TC和西北太平洋西部海域(5°—30°N,120°—150°E)TC的影响较小,而对西北太平洋东部海域(5°—30°N,150°E—180°)生成的TC影响最大:即西北太平洋风速垂直切变负异常年,有利于西北太平洋东部海域TC生成发展,使得负异常年较正异常年TC频数偏多和源地平均位置偏东;并且风速垂直切变的变化对TC频数和生成源地影响的显著性,随着TC强度的增加而增加。对TSTY生成环境场的进一步分析表明,西北太平洋风速垂直切变偏小年,季风槽偏强位置偏东,它的东端位于宽阔的太平洋洋面,与弱风速垂直切变区相配合,暖的海温加上低层强烈的正涡度和强烈辐合,且相应的高层有强的气流辐散区,这些环境场都有利于TSTY在主要源地尤其是西北太平洋东部海域生成,这是风速垂直切变偏小年TSTY偏多和生成源地偏东的重要原因。

关于西北太平洋季风槽年际和年代际变异及其对热带气旋生成影响和机理的研究

总结和综述近年来中国科学院大气物理研究所季风系统研究中心,关于西北太平洋季风槽的年际和年代际变异及其对热带气旋和台风(TCs)生成的影响和机理的气候学研究进展,并综述一些有关的国内外研究。给出了夏、秋季西北太平洋季风槽的气候特征以及利于TCs生成的四类季风槽环流型,表明了西北太平洋季风槽强度和位置有明显的年际和年代际变异。特别是揭示了西北太平洋季风槽的年际和年代际变异不仅通过影响西北太平洋上空对流层低层气流的涡度和对流层高层的散度、对流层中、下层的水汽以及对流层上下层风场的垂直切变等利于TCs生成的大尺度环境因子的分布而影响TCs的生成,而且通过对热带对流耦合波动的转化和提供扰动能量而对TCs生成起着重要的动力作用。还指出今后有关西北太平洋季风槽和TCs活动一些亟需进一步研究的气候学问题。

台风榴莲(2001)在季风槽中生成的机制探讨

利用NCEP 1°×1°分析资料、TMI海温资料、卫星云图资料对季风槽中南海台风榴莲(2001)生成机制进行了分析,揭示了大尺度环境流场、温暖洋面、中尺度对流活动对热带气旋(TC)生成的控制作用。结果表明,水平风速垂直切变的演变在一定程度上指示着TC在暖湿洋面上生成的时间,水平风速垂直切变由强向弱转变,在TC发生前18小时迅速减小到10 m/s,随后在10 m/s以下维持少变,垂直切变的变化主要反映了对流层高层环流形势的演变;在对流层中低层,季风槽的形成和加强对TC的生成有重要作用,由于热带温暖洋面作用,季风槽首先表现出有利于单体对流和带状对流发生发展的条件性对流不稳定特征,随着季风槽的加强,季风槽进一步表现出有利于中尺度扰动发生发展的正压不稳定特征;季风槽槽线南侧的低空急流的经向分布很宽广,由105°E越赤道气流和中南半岛偏西气流(其源头是索马里越赤道低空急流)汇合而成,急流的加强活动具有经向差异,由于边界层高θ_e空气辐合抬升产生两条经向距离约300 km的显著带状对流云系,槽线南侧风速分布的经向差异导致两条带状云系发生追赶,并逐步在季风槽底部槽线附近合并加强为MCC,进而导致中尺度涡旋(MCV)的产生并最终发展成为TC。分析结果还表明,为深对流供应丰富对流有效位能的主要是来自台风发生区域本地南海暖洋面的地面热通量,南海暖洋面对TC生成有重要贡献。台风榴莲的生成是一个多尺度相互作用过程,主要包括涡旋对流热塔、与带状对流云系伴随的涡度带的升尺度,涡度带合并成长为MCV,以及大尺度条件对TC在季风槽中生成的时间及地点的控制作用等。

影响登陆我国不同区域热带气旋活动的大尺度环流定量分析

利用日本的JRA-25(Japanese 25-year Reanalysis)逐日再分析风场资料以及美国联合台风预报中心的热带气旋(TC)数据,以厦门为分界点,分别对影响登陆我国厦门以北和厦门以南TC的西北太平洋副热带高压和季风槽作了相关的环流分析。通过定义副热带高压的西伸脊点和南北脊线指数,以及季风槽的倾斜和强度指数,定量研究它们与登陆我国不同区域TC的关系。研究结果表明,所定义的指数对西北太平洋地区TC的生成位置、能量及登陆我国的路径有很好的指示作用。西北太平洋副高位置东西以及南北位置的偏移对登陆我国厦门以北TC的路径有很大影响;西北太平洋季风槽线斜率对登陆我国厦门以南TC的路径有一定影响,且倾斜程度与西北太平洋地区TC平均生成地的南北向偏移有密切的关系,并且,西北太平洋季风槽线的平均涡度对于西北太平洋地区TC生成时的能量也有很大影响。

华南沿海2011年7月15-18日持续暴雨过程中的季风槽与中尺度对流系统相互作用

应用NCEP FNL再分析资料及位涡分离反演等方法,对华南沿海2011年7月15—18日持续暴雨过程中季风槽与中尺度对流系统的相互作用进行了研究.主要针对暴雨发生期间季风槽气旋性涡度向上发展的机理及其对季风槽维持发展和中尺度对流系统活动的影响进行分析。结果发现,季风槽的中尺度对流系统发展于弱斜压性环境中,大多在槽东西两端涡度中心区发展最强。南侧盛行的西南低空急流为对流反复发生提供了对流发展的"可维持性"条件,是对流得以组织发展成为中尺度对流系统的重要原因。涡度收支诊断表明,季风槽气旋性涡度生成主要由中尺度对流系统低层辐合引起。位涡分离反演结果证实,季风槽气旋性环流增强主要由与中尺度对流系统潜热加热相关的扰动位涡造成,并随着中尺度对流系统加热峰值高度升高而向上发展,是大尺度环流对中尺度对流系统潜热加热动力响应的结果。在季风槽东西两端,由于中尺度对流系统发展强烈且持续,具有更高的加热效率,引起的气旋性涡度向上发展最为明显。其结果可引起中尺度对流系统西南一侧向北非地转风发展,并在地转偏向力作用下增强西风,维持低空急流的发展,为对流反复发生提供条件。这些都说明季风槽大尺度环流与中尺度对流系统相互作用在中尺度对流系统和持续暴雨形成过程中有重要作用。