千年桐(Aleurites montana)人工林细根特征及其与细根N、C含量的关系

采用完整土块法,以千年桐（Aleurites montana）人工林为研究对象,测定了1~5级细根的形态、生物量和组织碳（C）、氮（N）含量,分析了不同径级和序级与细根形态指标的差异性,对序级与细根生物量、碳氮含量及它们之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明：直径≤1 mm的细根根尖数、根系累计长度、根系累计表面积分别占据总量的99.66%,88.42%,69.82%;随着根序从1级根到5级根升高,千年桐细根直径由0.86 mm增加到1.35 mm,组织密度由0.11 g/cm3上升到0.47 g/cm3,根表面积密度由0.46 m2/m3降低到0.085 m2/m3,比根长由32.04 m/g减少到16.41 m/g;千年桐细根直径、比根长、根表面积密度、根组织密度及生物量与序级之间回归分析发现它们与序级之间具有二次函数、指数函数、线性函数、三次函数及高斯峰值函数关系;1~5级细根生物量对总生物量的贡献分别为：18.7%,30.9%,27.1%,16.6%,6.7%;N含量随着根序升高由16.73 mg/g下降到11.83 mg/g,C含量则由454.97 mg/g上升到494.43 mg/g;千年桐细根C/N比的变异受根组织N含量的影响程度达到93%,而受C含量的影响程度仅为50%。上述结果证明,千年桐细根的结构特征、生物量和碳氮含量之间存在密切联系,为了解千年桐根系结构与功能提供重要依据。

Monthly variation in litterfall and the amount of nutrients in an Aleurites montana plantation

In this study, the dynamics of monthly variation in litterfall and the amount of nutrients, i.e., organic C, N, P and K, in an Aleurites montana plantation were analyzed, based on a field study and experiments over one year. The results show that the litterfall mass of A. montana collected generally presents an ascending trend with maximum defoliation occurring in the autumn and winter （October-December）, accounting for 75.67% of the total amount of annual litterfalk The sequence in the amount of nutrients in A. montana litter was as follows： organic C 〉 N 〉 K 〉 P; their monthly amounts show various dynamic curves. Similar to the dynamics of the mass of monthly litterfall, the monthly returns of C, N, P and K generally show an ascending trend with their peak values all occurring in December. The mass of A. montana litterfall and the dynamics of its monthly nutrient return provide, to a certain degree, a scientific reference for planting and fertilizing A. montana.

Origin of Little Missouri River - South Fork Grand River and nearby Drainage Divides in Harding County, South Dakota and Adjacent Eastern Montana, USA

Barbed tributaries flowing in southeast directions, an asymmetric drainage divide with both the South Fork Grand River and the North Fork Moreau River, and the Jump-off escarpment-surrounded basin (interpreted here to be a large abandoned headcut) are examples of topographic map evidence suggesting the north oriented Little Missouri River valley eroded headward across a large southeast oriented anastomosing complex of ice-marginal melt water flood flow channels that once crossed Harding County, South Dakota. Additional evidence includes southeast oriented tributaries to the northeast oriented South Fork Grand River and multiple divide crossings (e.g. through valleys and wind gaps) on the Boxelder Creek-Little Missouri River divide (in eastern Montana and west of the Little Missouri River) and suggests deep regional erosion occurred as the north oriented Little Missouri River valley eroded headward into and across the region. Harding County is located south and west of the southwest limit of coarse-grained glacial erratic material and ice-marginal melt water flow routes logically should have crossed it. Deep melt water erosion of Harding County and adjacent eastern Montana regions to the west is not consistent with many previous drainage history and glacial history interpretations, but is consistent with deep erosion by continental ice sheets.

Anti-lipid droplets accumulation effect of Annona montana(mountain soursop)leaves extract on differentiation of preadipocytes

The Annona genus is a member of Annonaceae,one of the largest families of plants across tropical and subtropical regions.This family has been used in several ethnomedicinal practices to treat a multitude of human diseases.However,the molecular mechanism underlying its effect on the lipid droplet formation and on the expression of adipogenic markers of this plant remain to be investigated.In this study,we examined whether the extracts from the aerial part of Annona montana affect in vitro differentiation of preadipocytes.For our investigations,both mouse embryo fibroblast 3T3-L1 and normal human primary subcutaneous preadipocytes were incubated with Annona montana extracts(-and its subfractions-)and then analyzed on preadipocyte differentiation,lipid content,lipid droplet size and number,the expression of adipogenic-specific transcriptional factors,as well as cell survival.From our examinations,we found the Annona montana ethyl acetate extract to exhibit a potent inhibitory effect on adipogenesis,without affecting cell survival,in a dose-dependent manner.Such inhibitory effects included a significant decrease in the accumulation of lipid content by both a dramatic reduction of size and number of lipid droplets.This extract strongly attenuated the expression of PPARγand HMGB2.It also inhibited the expression of CEBPα,FAS,and Akt without influencing Erk1/2 activities.Our findings suggest that specifically,the Annona montana ethyl acetate extract has a prominent inhibitory effect in cellular pathways of adipocyte differentiation by modulating specific gene expression,which is known to perform a pivotal role during adipogenesis.

Upper Sun River Drainage Basin Origin Determined by Topographic Map Interpretation Techniques: Lewis and Clark and Teton Counties, Montana, USA

A new and fundamentally different regional geomorphology paradigm in which massive south- and southeast-oriented meltwater floods flowed across the entire Missouri River drainage basin is tested by interpreting detailed topographic maps of the Montana upper Sun River drainage basin region by trying to explain origins of previously unexplained or poorly explained erosional landforms located upstream from Sun River Canyon (which cuts across Montana’s north-to-south oriented Sawtooth Range). Mountain passes, through valleys, and other drainage divide low points along what are today high mountain ridges, including the North American east-west continental divide, are interpreted to be evidence of drainage routes that once crossed the region. These drainage divide crossings suggest that prior to erosion of present-day upper Sun River drainage basin valleys, massive floods moved in south directions across what are today the north-oriented Middle and South Fork Flathead River drainage basins into today’s upper Sun River drainage basin area and carved a complex of diverging and converging channels into what was probably a low relief surface now represented by the crests of the region’s highest mountain ridges. Further, the map evidence shows how a diverging complex of south- and southeast-oriented upstream Sun River drainage basin flood flow channels changed flow direction to cross the Sawtooth Range in a northeast direction before converging on the Montana plains at a location downstream from Sun River Canyon. The observed upper Sun River drainage basin area topographic map evidence is consistent with the new geomorphology paradigm predictions, in which massive south-oriented meltwater floods flowing across the rising rim of a continental ice sheet created deep “hole” (created by deep ice sheet erosion and ice sheet weight caused crustal warping) are diverted to flow in northeast and north directions into and across deep “hole” space being opened up by ice sheet melting.

An in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Sutherlandia montana E. Phillips & R.A. Dyer leaf extracts

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Sutherlandia montana E. Phillips & R.A. Dyer leaf extracts using the in vitro model.Methods: The antioxidant activities of aqueous, decoction, ethanol and hydro-ethanol extracts of the plant were determined using seven different assays; the antidiabetic potential was evaluated through the inhibition of key carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes(aamylase and a-glucosidase), while the modes of the enzymes inhibition were assessed using enzyme kinetic analysis.Results: The ethanol extract exhibited the best scavenging activity(IC_(50): 0.47, 0.36,0.20, 0.29 and 0.01 mg/m L) against the tested radicals like 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,2, 20-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), nitric oxide, hydroxyl and superoxide anion, respectively. It also showed the best reducing power efficiency when compared with the standard(silymarin), while the decoction extract displayed the strongest metal chelating potential(IC_(50): 0.71 mg/m L). The ethanol(IC_(50): 5.52 mg/m L)and decoction(IC_(50): 0.05 mg/m L) extracts exhibited mild and strong inhibitory effects on the specific activities of a-amylase and a-glucosidase respectively, through an uncompetitive and non-competitive mode of action.Conclusions: The observed properties might be linked to the presence of active principles as shown by the results of the phytochemical analyses of the extracts. This research has validated the folkloric application of Sutherlandia montana as a potential antidiabetic agent, which is evident from the inhibition of specific activities of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.

Cultivation characteristics and flavonoid contents of wormwood (Artemisia montana Pamp.)

The aim of this study was to establish the optimum harvesting time and the content of flavonoids in the leaves, stems, and roots of Artemisia montana Pamp. A. montana was monitored from June to October in 2012. The yield of A. montana at high density (30 × 10 cm) was higher than that of A. montana at low density (30 × 20 and 30 cm). Yield in terms of dry weight was increased with an extended growth period and development stage. High yield achieved at 2580 and 2757 kg?10 a?1 in September and October, respectively. Among the leaves, stems, and underground plant organs, jaceosidin and eupatilin were mainly detected in the leaves, and the highest levels were observed in June, at values of 66.6 and 158.2 mg?100 g?1, respectively. In contrast, apigenin was the major compound detected in the underground plant organs, with levels ranging from 21.2 to 29.5 mg?100 g?1 until September. Therefore, optimal harvest times were between September and October, generating a high yield and adding economic value although a higher level of total flavonoids was observed in crops harvested in June.

Glycosidically Bound Volatile Compounds of Satureja montana L.,S.cuneifolia Ten.,S.subspicata Vis.and Endemic S.visianii SiliC

In this paper, the glycoconjugated volatile compounds of four Croatian Satureja species (Satureja montana L., S. cuneifolia Ten., S. subspicata Vis. and endemic S. visianii Silic) were investigated. Content and composition of these compounds were examined depending on the stage of plant development. GC and GC–MS analysis of volatile aglycones revealed twenty-one compounds. Thymoquinone, geraniol and carvacrol were detected in all vegetative phases of the investigated plants. Other quantitatively important aglycones were eugenol and thymol of S. montana, phenyl ethyl alcohol, benzene acetaldehyde, borneol, α-terpineol, thymol and eugenol of S. cuneifolia, phenyl ethyl alcohol, benzene acet-aldehyde, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol and β-ionone of S. subspicata and camphor, thymol and 8a-acetoxylemolol of S. visianii. Moderate similarity in the chemical composition of essential oils and volatile aglycones of investigated plant species indicate that many biologically active compounds are glycosylated and accumulate as non-volatile glycosides.

氮、磷、钾配施对葛根生长及品质的影响

为探明氮、磷、钾肥配施对葛根生长及品质的影响,为葛根高效栽培提供合理的施肥技术支撑和理论依据,采用L_(9)(3~4)正交试验设计,研究氮、磷、钾配施对葛根产量和主要功能成分的影响,明确研究区葛根氮、磷、钾的最佳施用量。结果表明,不同施肥方案对葛根产量和功能成分的影响显著,其中以N_(3)P_(1)K_(2)(N 270kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)45 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))处理的产量和总黄酮含量最高,分别为2.13 kg/株和83.10 mg/g;N_(1)P_(3)K_(2)(N 90 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))的葛根素含量最高,为24.85 mg/g,N_(1)P_(2)K_(3)(N 90 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)90 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 135 kg/hm^(2))处理的大豆苷和大豆苷元含量均为最高,分别为22.96和2.55 mg/g。氮、磷、钾肥配施对葛根产量和葛根素含量影响的大小顺序为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥。以葛根产量为目标的最佳施肥量为N 270 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2),以葛根品质提升为目标的最佳施肥量为N 180 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2)。

铝胁迫下千年桐叶片角度及形态特征的变化

高等植物通过调整叶角大小,在弱光条件下提高光利用效率或者在光辐射强烈时有效避免强光的伤害,以此获得适度光照或者减弱叶片受到的光胁迫,促进植株生长。但胁迫条件会对叶片的适光行为产生不同程度的影响。为探究铝胁迫对红壤区常见生态树种千年桐叶片形态和行为调整的影响,以1年生千年桐苗木为试验材料,设置无铝0 mmol·L^(-1)(CK)、低铝0.555 mmol·L^(-1)(T1)、中铝0.746 mmol·L^(-1)(T2)、高铝1.111 mmol·L^(-1)(T3)4种不同浓度铝处理,比较不同浓度铝胁迫下,千年桐苗木的叶角度、叶片形态特征以及光合生理指标的差异,分析影响叶角变化的相关因子,从叶片形态可塑性和适光行为调整的角度揭示千年桐对铝胁迫的响应。结果表明,光照充足条件下,CK处理的千年桐叶片悬挂角在7:30时最小(106.00°),叶脉处于近水平位置,随着光照的增加叶悬挂角有所增大;不同铝浓度处理下叶悬挂角与叶方向角的日变幅按从小到大的排序均表现为T2<T3<CK<T1。在T1和T3处理时千年桐叶长、叶宽、叶柄长与叶面积下降明显,叶形指数在T3处理时达到最大值。千年桐叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率在T2处理时数值最小,与CK相比,其降幅分别为32.35%和46.22%;瞬时水分利用效率在T2处理下达到最大值。相关性分析显示,千年桐叶方向角与叶柄长度呈与叶形指数呈显著负相关;叶悬挂角与叶方向角呈显著负相关。由此可知,无铝胁迫时千年桐在强光条件下能通过减小叶方向角和增大叶悬挂角,降低叶面对光辐射的截获量以避免光损伤;在弱光条件下通过增大叶方向角和减小悬挂角使叶片两面能接受更多的光辐射。低铝浓度下,千年桐仍可进行积极的叶片适光调整。而中高铝浓度下,千年桐叶角变幅减小,但可通过光合生理指标的调整降低叶片失水量,实现叶柄对叶片角度的调节。

Montana Duck Hunters

Ten Montana hunters are in a duck blind when 10 ducks fly over.All 10 hunters pick a duck at random to shoot at,and all 10 hunters fire at the same time.How many ducks could be expected to escape,on average。

抚育间伐对福建千年桐-闽楠混交林磷含量的影响

明确抚育间伐对千年桐-闽楠混交林的磷动态结构干扰机制,为千年桐-闽楠混交林土壤磷素的科学管理提供依据。以福建南平范桥国有林场5 a生千年桐和闽楠为对象,测定其土壤全磷、有效磷含量以及枝、叶、干、根全磷含量,研究抚育间伐对其根际土和营养器官磷含量的影响。结果表明:1)千年桐与闽楠根际磷富集作用明显,其抚育间伐前后根际土全磷和有效磷含量均显著高于非根际土(P<0.05),抚育间伐使千年桐和闽楠根际土全磷和有效磷含量得到显著提高(P<0.05),在0~15 cm土壤深度,随着土壤深度增加,千年桐和闽楠根际土全磷和有效磷含量均呈上升的趋势。2)千年桐不同土壤深度根际土全磷与有效磷含量在抚育间伐前后均高于闽楠,抚育间伐后千年桐与闽楠不同土壤深度根际土全磷含量的差值与有效磷含量的差值均增大,抚育间伐提高了千年桐与闽楠枝、叶、干、根全磷含量,在抚育间伐前后,千年桐枝、叶、干、根全磷含量均高于闽楠。3)相关性分析表明,千年桐和闽楠根际土有效磷与根全磷、叶全磷均为显著正相关(P<0.05),其根全磷与叶全磷也显著正相关(P<0.05)。抚育间伐提高了千年桐和闽楠营养器官与根际土磷含量,对非根际土磷含量影响较小,对千年桐和闽楠根际土壤磷活化吸收有促进影响;抚育间伐对千年桐的影响程度大于闽楠,千年桐根系比闽楠更发达,具有更强的土壤磷活化能力。

不同基质对千年桐容器苗光合生理特征的影响

于2019—2020年,在福建省南平市建阳区国营苗圃,采用9种基质配方,探讨不同基质对千年桐容器幼苗光合生理特性的影响。结果显示,千年桐苗木在P5(泥炭50%+黄心土25%+谷壳25%)基质培育的容器苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率均最高,P_(3)(泥炭30%+黄心土50%+谷壳20%)基质培育的千年桐容器苗的气孔导度最大且显著高于CK(黄心土基质),P_(4)(泥炭60%+黄心土20%+谷壳20%)基质培育的千年桐容器苗的胞间二氧化碳浓度和Fv/Fm最高。综合各指标特征来看,以泥炭50%+黄心土25%+谷壳25%以及泥炭60%+黄心土20%+谷壳20%这2种基质配方最有利于提高千年桐的光合能力。本研究结果可为千年桐容器育苗生产应用提供参考。

Arnica montana experimental studies:confounders and biases?

Arnica montana is a popular traditional remedy widely used in complementary and alternative medicine, in part for its wound-healing properties. The authors recently showed that this plant extract and several of its homeopathic dilutions are able to modify the expression of a series of genes involved in inflamma- tion and connective tissue regeneration. Their studies opened a debate, including criticisms to the ＂errors＂ in the methods used and the ＂confounders and biases＂. Here the authors show that the criticisms raised on methodology and statistics are not consistent and cannot be considered pertinent. The present comment also updates and reviews information concerning the action of A. montana dilutions in human macrophage cells while summarizing the major experimental advances reported on this interesting medicinal plant.

葛根总黄酮提取工艺优化及其抑菌与抗氧化活性研究

对葛根[Pueraria montana(Loureiro)Merrill]总黄酮的抑菌和抗氧化活性进行研究。采用单因素试验结合响应面法优化葛根的水提工艺,利用紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法对葛根总黄酮进行表征,并运用琼脂扩散法和以DPPH·、ABTS+·和总还原能力为指标评价葛根总黄酮的生物活性。结果表明,优化后的葛根总黄酮提取工艺为料液比(m∶V,g∶mL)1∶16,提取时间69 min,提取3次,总黄酮得率为7.690%。优化后的葛根总黄酮中检出9种常见黄酮成分,其含量总占比为91.81%;葛根总黄酮对11株供试菌有不同的抑菌活性,并首次发现其对粪链球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)和苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)有中度敏感作用,MIC分别为250、500 mg/mL,具有较强的清除能力和总还原能力,其中对DPPH·、ABTS~+·自由基的IC_(50)分别为0.398、0.189 mg/mL。

Anti-proliferative effect of Annona extracts on breast cancer cells

Backgorund:Fruits and seed extracts of Annona montana have significant cytotoxic potential in several cancer cells.This study evaluates the effect of A.montana leaves hexane extract on several signaling cascades and gene expression in metastatic breast cancer cells upon insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)stimulation.Methods:MTT assay was performed to determine the proliferation of cancer cells.Propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analysis of Annexin V binding was utilized to measure the progression of the cell cycle and the induction of apoptosis.Protein expression and phosphorylation were determined by western blotting analysis to examine the underlying cellular mechanism triggered upon treatment with A.montana leaves hexane extract.Results:A.montana leaves hexane(subfraction V)blocked the constitutive stimulation of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathways.This inhibitory effect was associated with apoptosis induction as evidenced by the positivity with Annexin V and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNNEL)staining,activation of caspase-3,and cleavage of PPAR.It also limited the expression of various downstream genes that regulate proliferation,survival,metastasis,and angiogenesis(i.e.,cyclin D1,survivin,COX-2,and VEGF).It increased the expression of p53 and p21.Interestingly,we also observed that this extract blocked the activation of AKT and ERK without affecting the phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor and activation of Ras upon IGF-1 stimulation.Conclusion:Our study indicates that A.montana leaves(sub-fraction V)extract exhibits a selective anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effect on the metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through the involvement of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 pathways.

土壤铝胁迫下内生真菌对千年桐幼苗光合作用的影响

【目的】深入了解千年桐生长与土壤铝胁迫环境之间的关系,寻找能够有效提升千年桐抵抗土壤铝毒害作用的有效途径,为今后对千年桐营林管理、经济发展及土壤改良提供重要科学依据。【方法】以一年生千年桐实生幼苗作为研究材料,通过J10467、J10328、J10468、J10466、J10469五种内生真菌菌液浇灌,测定幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度G_(s)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、水分利用率(WUE)以及初始荧光(F0)、可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(F_(m))、最大荧光的比率(F_(v)/F_(m))等光合特性指标的变化参数。【结果】接种内生真菌对千年桐幼苗光合特性的影响:测定幼苗叶片光合特性指标并进行分析,可得接种优势菌J10466和J10469可以提高幼苗P_(n);重度铝胁迫条件下千年桐幼苗接种J10468,叶片G_(s)以及C_(i)都显著提高;千年桐幼苗接种J10469可以显著提高叶片的T_(r);重度铝胁迫条件下接种优势菌J10328、J10468和J10466在一定程度上提高了幼苗对水分的WUE;土壤铝胁迫下内生真菌对千年桐幼苗荧光参数的变化影响不大,但是在进行重度土壤铝胁迫梯度下存在高于CK值的结果,起到了一定的保护作用,一定程度下有利于提高光合作用效率。【结论】接种千年桐内生真菌对试验盆栽千年桐幼苗的光合作用具有显著影响。

粉葛PtCHI基因的克隆、原核表达和亚细胞定位

为探究葛根品种间异黄酮类物质代谢关键酶基因PtCHI的分子机制差异,并揭示其品种间异黄酮物质含量差异的原因,该研究以野葛品种‘桂葛8号’和粉葛品种‘桂葛1号’为材料,经乙醇提取并通过高效液相色谱仪对野葛和粉葛中葛根素和总黄酮的含量进行测定,基于已报道的野葛CHI基因,通过同源克隆方法分离粉葛中PtCHI基因,并在体外进行蛋白表达,同时在拟南芥原生质体中研究PtCHI基因的定位。结果表明:(1)野葛中的葛根素含量显著高于粉葛的,野葛的总黄酮含量也高于粉葛但未达到显著水平。(2)成功分离到粉葛PtCHI基因,长度为742 bp且包含672 bp完整的ORF框,编码223个氨基酸,与野葛的CHI基因具有99%的同源性。(3)CHI基因在粉葛中的表达量为茎>根>叶子,在野葛中则为根>茎>叶子,除叶子外野葛中CHI基因的表达量均显著高于粉葛。(4)经预测,粉葛PtCHI蛋白为稳定的亲水性蛋白且大小为27.8 kD,二、三级结构以α-螺旋为主,具有25个磷酸化位点,与野葛、大豆和乌拉尔甘草的亲缘关系较近,与F3H2、F3H、4CL4、DFR2及CHS发生互作的可能性较大。(5)在体外成功诱导并分离到27.8 kD的PtCHI单一蛋白。(6)通过拟南芥原生质体进一步揭示PtCHI主要定位在叶绿体。该研究结果进一步解析了粉葛和野葛中黄酮类物质含量的差异问题,为PtCHI的功能验证和异黄酮代谢途径机理研究提供了参考。

不同预处理对葛麻姆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

采用聚乙二醇-6000(PEG)、赤霉素(GA3)、硝普钠(SNP)、6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、萘乙酸(NAA)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)等6种外源物质分别对葛麻姆种子进行浸种处理,测定葛麻姆种子的发芽指标和幼苗生长指标,探究不同预处理对葛麻姆种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,0.5~8.0 mg/L NAA对种子的萌发表现为抑制作用。5%~55%PEG、80~300 mg/L GA3、30~50 mg/L SNP、4~25 mg/L 6-BA和100~125 mg/L IAA对种子的萌发主要表现为促进作用,其中35%PEG处理的种子发芽指标最好,其发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数分别为49.33%、66.00%、9.52、0.68。2~50 mg/L 6-BA和0.5~8.0 mg/L NAA不利于幼苗根系的生长。15%~45%PEG、80~120 mg/L GA3、10~50 mg/L SNP和75~200 mg/L IAA对幼苗生长有促进作用。研究表明,不同预处理对葛麻姆种子萌发及幼苗生长具有不同的影响,综合其种子发芽指标及幼苗生长指标,采用35%PEG浸种是葛麻姆种子的最佳处理方式。