Epidemiological Characteristics and Risk Factors of the Pertussis in Infants < 12 Months of Age in Tianjin, China

The epidemiologic characteristics of 631 infant pertussis cases 〈 12 months, which accounted for 57.42% of the total cases, were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology in Tianjin, between 2010 and 2015. The incidence of infants was 104.66/100,000, which was 118 times higher than in other age groups （P 〈 0.001）. The primary type of pertussis simultaneously presented in households was adult-to-infant （70.51%）. The parents were identified as the source of infection in 80.18% of cases for infants. The positive rate of placental antibody transfer was 31.06% and 3.13% for 3-month-old infants. Infants presented the highest age-specific pertussis incidence. The most important reason was parents were the important sources of infection, and secondly the lower level of antibodies in neonates and the rapid waning of maternal antibody titer.

The Patterns of Complementary Feeding and Growth among 12 to 23 Month-Old Children in China

Objective This study aimed to understand the characteristics of dietary patterns among children aged12 to 23 months and discusses the relationship between dietary patterns and the growth of children.Method Cross-sectional data were selected from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for 0 to 18 year-old children in China(n=2,449)to describe the patterns of complementary feeding and the growth of children.Cluster analysis was used to analyze complementary feeding patterns,and an analysis of variance and Bonferroni test were conducted to analyze the relationship between Z scores and complementary feeding patterns.Results Four dietary patterns were identified among the children via cluster analysis.In Pattern 4(n=104,4.2%),children still consumed milk as their staple food.They displayed the lowest grain,fruit,vegetable,egg,and flesh foods consumption,a medium frequency of breast milk consumption,and a high frequency of dairy product consumption.Pattern 4 had the lowest length-for-age Z scores and weight-for-age Z scores,with-0.10±1.34 and 0.24±1.00,respectively(F=7.940,P<0.001;F=5.317,P<0.001).Conclusion Although China is undergoing rapid urbanization and economic development,there is still a phenomenon of insufficient intake of protein-rich foods and dairy-based dietary patterns at the stage of complementary food introduced among children aged 12 to 23 months.

Vitamin A supplement: a key strategy to prevent vitamin A deficiency among young children in Afghanistan

Background:Vitamin A deficiency is the main problem of public health worldwide demonstrated that 190 million population of preschool children and 122 countries(in Africa and South-East Asia)have vitamin A deficiency,according to recent estimated research.In Afghanistan,vitamin A supplementation is a key strategy to prevent vitamin A deficiency among young children.Children receive vitamin A supplements as part of National Immunization Days(NID)campaigns.Methods:In this case study,the data was collected from June 15/2015 to February 23/2016,and the final report of the Afghanistan Demographic Health Survey(AfDHS)2015 was released on February 15/2017.All 27,209 children aged 6-59 months who are living with their mothers were included in this study.Who consumed foods rich in vitamin A was not included in this study.Results:The percentages who were given vitamin A supplements in the last 6 months among all children 6-59 months aged.A total of 1,572 children aged among 6-8 months were given vitamin A supplements 670(42.6%)children and comparison with the total community of the study(27,209)children(2.46%).A total of 1,148 children aged among 9-11 months were given vitamin A supplements to 465(40.5%)children and comparison with the total community of the study(27,209)children(1.70%).Conclusion:After following up on more studies,we found that vitamin A deficiency is a public problem,thus it is better to use wheat flour fortification,vitamin A capsule(VAC)supplementation,nutrition education,source of vitamin A,and training of primary healthcare workers on the clinical to prevent and treat the vitamin A deficiency among children.Therefore,we aimed to determine the given vitamin A supplementation among children aged 6-59 months in 33 provinces in Afghanistan,in 2015.