Characteristics of moral distress from nurses’perspectives:An integrative review

Objective:This integrative review aimed to identify the common characteristics of moral distress in nursing and distinguish it from other types of distress by examining nurses’perspectives in the literature.These insights will help update existing tools and create new ones to capture moral distress better,guiding the development and implementation of strategies to support nurses in addressing this challenge.Methods:Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review method was employed to guide a systematic search for literature in three databases(EBSCO Medline,CINAHL,and PubMed).Additionally,two journals,Bioethics and Nursing Ethics,were manually searched to reduce search bias.The included studies were primary resources published in English between 2018 and 2023,utilizing quantitative,qualitative,or mixed methods to examine moral distress’s characteristics,components,and definitions.All of identified studies were screened,extracted,and analyzed independently by two researchers.Results:Nineteen studies were included.The results were grouped into five themes shaping the main characteristics of moral distress:1)experiencing a moral situation,with five ethically conflicted situations identified,including treatment plans,professional and personal moral values,team dynamics,complex contexts,clinical practices,and patient-centered care;2)making a moral judgment,where nurses experience moral distress when they cannot act consistently with their values,ethical principles,and moral duties;3)the presence of constraints,categorized at three levels:individual factors related to the nurse,patient,and patient’s family;team factors related to the team or unit involved;and system factors,including institutional and policy elements;4)moral wrongdoing,which occurs when nurses are unable to perform the right moral action;and 5)moral suffering,with studies showing that moral distress impacts physical,emotional,and psychological well-being.Conclusion:The findings enhance the understanding of moral distress characteristics among nursing staff,highlighting the concept of the crescendo effect,which underscores the cumulative and escalating nature of unresolved moral distress,emphasizing the need to address moral conflicts proactively to prevent the erosion of moral integrity and professional satisfaction.

Trade credit contracting in a risk-averse supply chain under adverse selection and moral hazard

Trade credit,as an effective tool for integrating and coordinating material,information,and financial flows in supply chain management,is becoming increasingly widespread.We explore how a manufacturer can design optimal trade credit contracts when a risk-averse retailer hides its sales cost information(adverse selection)and selling effort level(moral hazard).We develop incentive models for a risk-averse supply chain when adverse selection and moral hazard coexist,which are then compared with the results under single information asymmetry(moral hazard).Moreover,we analyze the effects of private information and risk-aversion coefficient on contract parameters,selling effort level and the profit or utility of the supply chain.The study shows that when the degree of retailer’s risk aversion is within a certain range,reasonable trade credit contracts designed by the manufacturer can effectively induce the retailer to report its real sales cost and encourage it to exert appropriate effort.Furthermore,we find that the optimal trade credit period,optimal transfer payment,and retailer’s optimal sales effort level under dual information asymmetry are less than those under single information asymmetry.Numerical analysis are conducted to demonstrate the effects of the parameters on decisions and profits.

Exploring the Path of Implementing the Home-School Co-education Model from the Perspective of Moral Education Field

As a social psychological field derived from the concept of physical field,the moral education field plays a very important role in guiding the construction of a home-school co-education model.In this paper,by analyzing the internal power system of the moral education field,with a policy oriented approach and combined with contemporary factors,it aims to empower the traditional home-school co-education model.Only by combining home education and school education,supplemented by social policy guidance,strengthening the construction of the"trinity"community,creating a harmonious and stable ecological interactive moral education field,expanding the path of home-school cooperation,strengthening the boundary of home and school responsibility,and innovating the form of home-school co-education,can it support the bright future of education.

On the Dilemma of Contemporary Liberal Theory of Moral Rights for Penalty Justification——Exemplified by the Right to Personal Liberty

Contemporary liberal theory on moral rights argues that moral rights associated with personal liberty constitute a strong constraint on the boundaries of state power.Therefore,the core issue of the penalty justification is not the purpose of the penalty,but the reason for the penalty to refrain from infringing on the moral rights of individuals.In order to justify the penal system,scholars have explored solutions such as limiting the content of rights,waiving rights,and finally rights forfeiture.However,the concept of rights forfeiture cannot be reasonably integrated into the framework of the liberal theory of moral rights.The failure of these attempts stems from the patchwork understanding of rights presupposed by the liberal theory of moral rights.There is another systematic way of understanding rights that offers a better justification.Individual rights are not an independent non-derivative moral justification,and both individual rights and the penal power of the state are only part of a specific(realistic or ideal)system of rules that collectively serve certain values.The real question of penalty justification is not why the punishment does not infringe on the moral rights of individuals,but whether the overall institutional arrangements,including the penal system,are justifiable for all citizens,including the punished.

Natural Law and Daoist Law in the Perspective of Law and Morality

This paper has a comparative analysis of natural law and Daoist law,focusing on the connections of law and morality.There is a description of the definitions of them and the historical analysis of natural law.And the stoicism is introduced to reveal the feature and nature of links of law and morality,which is supported with the current cases of violences worldwide to demonstrate the significance of moral rules,the states of mind.The Daoist law in China emphasizes the spontaneity of the inner world,a higher spiritual condition to be pursued in ancient China,free from the inappropriate desires,less intervention of the authority with more initiative of the general public.The western individualistic god-centered law under the guidance of reason and rationality can go well along with the collectivistic China’s Daoist law,the former stressed on the principles of justice,equality,fairness,etc.and the latter themed Ziran,self so,keeping as they are.The fighting guys of natural law and positive law in the West are mirrored with the counterparts of Daofa,the spontaneity of all things,and Lifa,the rule-based Confucian governance in China.The two couples as well as the two differing views within can either oppose or complement each other.Natural law can refer to the just doctrines,the moral principles,immanent in nature,while Daoist foundation is based on nature-like inclination,the self-so and other-so spontaneity.

On Evaluating University Teachers’ Morality and Ethics in the New Era

University teachers play an important role in promoting moral and political education among university students.Regular and long-term construction of teachers’morality and ethics will contribute to the success of the fundamental task of cultivating talents.The present study proposes that due to the multiple identities of university teachers,it is necessary to evaluate the construction of teachers’morality and ethics in terms of what to evaluate and how to evaluate?It is expected that the attempt will provide useful guidance for the construction of university teachers’morality and ethics.

An Empirical Study on Students’Evaluation of Moral Education in Foreign Language Education in China

Students’evaluation of moral education is of great significance for improving the quality of teaching.Through a survey of 2715 undergraduates majoring in foreign languages,this paper analyzes their evaluation of the moral education.Findings show that students speak highly of teachers’competence in moral education,teaching methods and the integration of moral education in the textbooks,but not in the course assessment and the overall effect of moral education.Suggestions were proposed accordingly to improve moral education of foreign language education in China.

Moral Perspective as Depicted in the Archetypes on Divine-Human Perspective of Dianshizhai Pictorial

This article examines the archetypes related to the divine-human perspective in the Dianshizhai Pictorial and uses the basic theory of“Myth-Archetype Criticism”to analyze the concepts of moral perspective and the view of cause and effect reflected in the text.It summarizes the interactive modes and various archetypes of cause and effect in three contexts:gods to humans,humans to gods,and humans to humans,explores the social reality and the relevant views of moral perspective and causality reflected in the illustrated magazine,and reveals the archetype foundation of the narrative of moral perspective retribution in Dianshizhai Pictorial in the three dimensions of psychology,literature,and society.

Challenges and Countermeasures of Youth Moral Education in the Era of Big Data

Youth moral education is an extremely important work,which is related to the inheritance of traditional virtues of the Chinese nation,the fundamental plan of“successor,”and the construction of modern Chinese spiritual civilization.In the era of big data,the moral education of youth is facing new challenges and opportunities.The wide application of big data technology has brought about an information explosion,exposing young people to more diverse and complex social information.It not only brings opportunities for positive moral education but also many challenges.The main problems of youth moral education in the era of big data are neglected youth subjectivity,insufficient youth moral practice,and utilitarian youth value orientation.We should develop personalized moral education programs,strengthen the integration of moral knowledge and action,and pay more attention to moral practice to improve the pertinence and effectiveness of moral education for young people in the era of big data.

A Study of a Moral Dilemma Stories Teaching Model Focusing on the Development of Higher-Order Thinking --"Synthetic polymers" as an example

Cultivating students'higher-order thinking is one of the important goals of modern education,and innovative teaching model is an effective way to achieve this goal.Aiming at the inadequacy of the existing moral dilemma stories approach in the transformation of knowledge and behavior,this research constructs a new Project Based Learning-Ethical Dilemma Stories(PBL-EDS)Teaching Model applicable to China's secondary education stage based on the innovative features of the moral dilemma stories approach on the core competencies,taking the chemistry subject as an example to carry out practice,and puts forward suggestions for the implementation of the teaching model.Chemistry as an example to carry out the practice,and suggestions are made for the implementation of the teaching model.

An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Moral and Law Course Teaching on the Effectiveness of University Students’Ideals and Beliefs Education

The Moral and Law course serves as a critical platform for educating university students about ideals and beliefs,and it has a significant impact on the effectiveness of ideals and beliefs education.This paper establishes a mechanism through which Moral and Law course teaching influences the effectiveness of ideals and beliefs education and conducts an empirical evaluation.The results reveal that factors such as the relevance and applicability of the teaching content,the integration of theory and practice,the innovation,interactivity,and participation of teaching methods,as well as classroom atmosphere,teaching facilities,and campus culture,all have a significant positive impact on the effectiveness of ideals and beliefs education for university students.

Research on the Relationship between Elementary School Moral and Legal Education and the Formation of Students’Behavioral Habits

This study focuses on the practical effects of moral and legal education in elementary schools,examining its role in shaping students’behavioral habits and how optimizing educational methods and content can more effectively promote students’holistic development.The article systematically analyzes the goals,methods,and outcomes of moral and legal education,delving into the interaction mechanisms between education and behavioral habits.Additionally,it proposes further optimization strategies.This research not only deepens our understanding of the essence of moral and legal education but also provides valuable insights for policymakers,teachers,and parents.It aims to drive the reform and innovation of moral and legal education,ultimately enhancing the overall quality of students.

Collaborative Cultivation of Ideological and Political Education and Undergraduate Management in Colleges and Universities Under the Guidance of Moral Education

Guided by moral education,improving the ideological and moral quality of college students is an important goal of college education.To achieve this goal,it is necessary to strengthen ideological and political education and continuously improve the level of undergraduate management.This paper outlines the feasibility of collaborative cultivation of ideological and political education and undergraduate management in colleges and universities and analyzes its significance and the specific implementation strategies,with a view to providing valuable references for relevant colleges and universities to carry out educational work.

人与类人之间的道德前景——从意向性看人工智能的伦理之“锚”

人工智能演进开启了人与类人互成镜像的“类人世代”。AI类人(Agents)在其“锚定”的社会、理性、价值、德性存在中以“伦理物形式”呈现。基于计算主义对AI“伦理之锚”的阐释遭遇“具身主义”批评。“具身哲学”认为计算主义的AI类人不可避免地掉入“离身心智”“道德机器”“行而上学”的类人陷阱。按照“意向性差异”的一般阐述,“机器意向性”与“蝙蝠的意向性”的比较可为“类人”的伦理之“锚”做出说明。机器意向性呈现出的四重紧张关系,表征了AI类人因“主体性欠缺”而无法最终越出其初始用具形态的阈限,因而隐蔽着一种“新奴隶制设置”。人机共生意向性作为机器伦理的底层架构以“自身意识逃逸”为技术进路,然而这实际上预设了“自身意识”返回自身且面向自己本身的反思的重要性。反思性带来的不安或忧性,是机器意向性无法穿越的“伦理剩余物屏障”。澄清“类人陷阱”“新奴隶制设置”“自身意识逃逸”造成的不安,有助于破除AI伦理学探究中出现的一些似是而非的观念。

学科核心素养德育维度的实践审视及路径重构

“德才兼备”或“品学兼优”为我们理解学科核心素养提供了德育和智育的双重视角。当前学界对关键能力导向的智育核心素养的实践路径具有较高的共识度,在德育维度的核心素养培育方面却面临着认识上“在位”和实践上“缺位”的困境。归因于教学过程中长期存在的学科智育核心素养路径窄化引发的德育核心素养的实践误区。学科德育核心素养的实践需建立在学生与知识、情境的情感互动之上,教学过程中应通过学科知识道德内涵的挖掘、教学过程中多元情境的创设以及学习过程中的情感关联互动等来重构学科德育核心素养的实践路径,以促进学科核心素养整体育人价值的实现。

脱离监护之侵权的认定及责任

将监护定位于职责或权利,监护关系的外部效力都具有绝对性,对其侵犯需适用《民法典》侵权责任编规则。侵权人包括令被监护人从监护状态中脱离的行为人,以及延续其脱离状态的收买人等在后行为人。即便其他行为也可能延续被监护人脱离监护的状态,这一假设原因也不减免在后行为人的损害赔偿责任。无过失的受托监护人并非侵权人。除监护人的身份利益之外,脱离监护关系同时有损被监护人的人格利益,因此被亲生父母出卖的子女可主张侵害人格权的损害赔偿。脱离监护型侵权的损害赔偿范围包括被监护人成年后持续产生的损害,损害赔偿请求权适用普通诉讼时效。精神损害赔偿请求权的主体不应限于父母和其他近亲属,非近亲属监护人等也可主张。

中国儿童道德情感发展的动态演变及生态系统模型建构——基于三轮大样本实证调查

道德情感是品德现实化的动力因素,是考察儿童知行统一性的关键点。基于2016、2019、2022年中国儿童道德发展的大样本整体动态数据(77953,77367,79914),采用回归分析、夏普里值分解发现中国儿童道德情感的发展:(1)类型不均衡,同情心表现需要关注;(2)水平随年龄的增高呈现先增高后降低的发展趋势,10岁为儿童道德情感发展的关键点;(3)存在性别和城乡区域的结构差异;(4)按因素影响强度呈现独特的生态系统逻辑,从高到低排列为“个体-学校-社会支持-家庭”;生活满意度、了解儿童的人、学校和家庭心理环境是高影响因素;不同因素对不同性别和学段儿童的道德情感发展影响存在差异。由上发现提出,中国儿童道德情感培育要重视道德情感类型的发展失衡、群体发展的差异和关键影响因素,优化儿童道德情感发展的生态系统,抓住发展的关键期,进一步明确教育的侧重点,提升针对性和时效性。

论朱熹评述王安石的取向

朱熹对王安石的为学、为政、为人的评述较为全面深刻,分别侧重经学、变法、性格方面的内容,并指向义理、致治、品性角度的考量和评判。朱熹肯定王安石的才学,但又认为他的经学“不正”“不纯”,不明格物复礼,不别道德刑名,借“三经”阐发,勾兑“老释”,夹杂“申商”,带有外儒内法的色彩;朱熹赞同变法,“易乱为治”,同时强调适应时代需要,乘势而为,并肯定熙宁变法中青苗法、方田法等一些具体内容,但又不同意王安石以“新学”为理论基础,变法逐利,无视民生,导致民穷国弱,远离了治世;朱熹认为王安石为人执拗,基本上认同二程等对王安石性格的评判,但又能对王学、变法进行深究,寻找其偏执、固执的根源,是由重利轻义、重君轻民所致。朱熹这些方面的评价取向,以及与王安石在经学、变法、品性上的认知差异,应是朱、王思想或新学、理学分歧的重要表现。

逻辑、理路与策略:萨提亚模式德育功能的应用

心理育人是提升高校思想政治教育质量“十大”育人体系之一,作为学校德育工作的一部分,成为提升学校思想政治教育质量的重要环节。在当前大力开展“大思政”协同育人背景下,探索心理教育与治疗模式的德育功能具有现实意义与价值。萨提亚模式的德育功能发挥具有现实、学理与实践逻辑依据;其三大治疗信念、四大助人目标、五大基本要素及其经典工具与德育目标、德育内容、德育方法相融,为新时期高校德育实践开拓了新路径。

新时代高校美育的目标定位及实践策略

新时代高校美育担负着重要的历史使命,其对全民审美素养的提升具有引领作用。高校美育除了具备审美教育的一般特性,还具有道德涵养属性,其目标在于道德养成。相较于社会美育和中小学美育,高校美育的示范性、体系性、可持续性更强,其可以扭转当代教育“感性缺失”状况,这构成了高校美育道德养成的人性保障。在高校美育的实施策略上,以“浸润”为总原则,依托公共艺术类课程、中华优秀传统文化和诗性思维,培养通识审美、担当情怀以及愉悦追求,为全社会审美素养提升和创新意识养成提供支持。