Optimization of Extraction Process,Analysis of Polysaccharides from Morchella septimelata

Morchella septimelata polysaccharide(MSP)possesses multiple biological activities.In this study,double enzyme method was used to extract polysaccharides from Morchella septimelata.The basis of single factor experiment and response surface design was used to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides.The optimal extraction conditions of polysaccharide were as follows:extraction time 2 h,extraction temperature 40.5℃,solid-liquid ratio 1:15(w/v),and the amount of double enzyme(cellulase:β-glucanase,mass ratio 1:2)2.0%.Under these conditions,the extraction yield of polysaccharide reached(14.86±0.12)%.

Climate Regionalization for Morchella esculenta Cultivation in the Western Sichuan Plateau Based on GIS

Based on the meteorological data and DEM data in the producing areas of Morchella esculenta in the western Sichuan plateau from 1991 to 2020, the biological characteristics of M. esculenta, as well as the survey of production in the planting area, the correlation between M. esculenta production and the climatic ecological conditions at an altitude of 1 200-3 000 m in the western Sichuan plateau was comprehensively analyzed by using the inverse distance weight method, analytic hierarchy process, climate risk assessment model and geographic information system(GIS), and restrictive or high impact climatic ecological factors were selected as the suitability zoning indicators to carry out the analysis of climatic ecological suitability and planting zoning. The results show that the climatic factors affecting M. esculenta cultivation in the western Sichuan plateau were mainly temperature, temperature difference between day and night, and humidity, and the main meteorological disaster was freezing disaster. Under the influence of vertical changes in temperature, topography and cold damage, the growing areas of M. esculenta in the western Sichuan plateau were mainly distributed in the Minjiang River basin and the river valley along the Dadu River basin at an altitude of 1 200-2 000 m, and were distributed in strips and branches along the rivers. The suitable areas were mainly distributed in Wenchuan, Lixian, Maoxian, Kangding, Jiulong and Luding counties(cities), which were the main producing areas of M. esculenta, but the area was small, accounting for only 3.5% of the study area;the sub-suitable areas were mainly distributed in some towns of Danba, Xiaojin, Wenchuan, Lixian, Maoxian, Heishui and Jiuzhaigou counties, accounting for 36.0% of the total area, and they were the main planting areas of M. esculenta.

Extracellular Enzyme Activity of Sclerotia-forming and Non-Sclerotia-forming Morchella Strains

The extracellular enzyme activities of sclerotia-forming and nonsclerotia- forming single spore strains of Morchella conica and M. crasspies were determined and compared. The non sclerotia-forming strains of M. conica exhibited higher aver- age activities of protease, catalase and xylanase but lower laccase activity than those of sclerotia-forming strains. However, the differences did not reach significance level. The soluble amylases activity of M. crasspies was significantly higher than that of M. conica, while the mean activity of other enzymes had differences between them, but the differences did not reach significance level.

菌种保藏条件对尖顶羊肚菌(Morchella conica)菌丝生长的影响

研究了尖顶羊肚菌菌种在不同条件下的短期保藏对其菌丝生长的影响,以寻求适宜的菌种保藏条件。采用10℃/5℃(昼/夜)和15℃/10℃2种变温条件、散射光和黑暗2种光照条件,分别保藏菌种30 d和60 d,以冰箱(4℃)保藏为对照。结果表明,10℃/5℃保藏时,尖顶羊肚菌的菌丝生长优于15℃/10℃及对照保藏;散射光保藏菌落颜色和菌丝气生性好于黑暗保藏;在10℃/5℃温度下,保藏时间对菌丝生长影响不大,可以继续延长保藏时间,在15℃/10℃温度下,不宜超过60 d的保藏时间。因此,较适宜的保藏条件是10℃/5℃、散射光、保藏30 d,菌株表现为菌落边缘整齐,菌丝气生性中等,菌丝致密,菌落角变面积小,菌丝长速均匀稳定和菌丝干重较高。说明尖顶羊肚菌菌种在较低的常温、有散射光条件下保藏比保藏在冰箱里效果佳。

高效毛细管电泳法测定羊肚菌(Morchella sextelata)菌丝中单核苷类化合物含量的研究

建立了羊肚菌Morchella sextelata菌丝中单核苷类化合物的含量高效毛细管电泳测定方法。确定采用菌粉按照1∶30加水先超声后水浴的方法提取样品,最佳电泳条件为pH为9.4的50 mmol/L硼砂缓冲液以及1.0 mg/m L的β-环糊精为运行缓冲液,分离电压为25 kV,进样时间为8 s。在最佳电泳条件下,5种标准品在20 min内得到了分离,精密度试验中同一批次三次进样的标准品混合物迁移时间RSD均小于0.89%,峰面积RSD均小于2.9%;在稳定性试验中,5种标准品在8 h内迁移时间RSD均小于0.61%,峰面积RSD均小于4.73%。表明标准品在8 h内具有良好的稳定性。结果表明:该方法能够测定出羊肚菌中含有3-脱氧腺苷、腺苷和尿苷。通过建立标准曲线测得羊肚菌菌丝中3-脱氧腺苷含量为4.38 mg/g,腺苷含量为6.6 mg/g,尿苷含量为7.8 mg/g。3种单核苷类化合物的回收率在95.5~100.8%之间,且RSD小于4.9%(n=3)。表明该方法适用于羊肚菌Morchella sextelata菌丝中的单核苷类化合物的测定。

Phenolic extract of Morchella angusticeps peck inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in vitro by inducing the signal transduction pathway of p38/MAPK

Morchella angusticeps Peck,one of the most popular edible mushrooms,has attracted great attention due to its delicious taste and healthy properties.However,both its biological effects and the possible mechanism of action have not yet been known.We investigated the anti-proliferative activity of the phenolic extract derived from Morchella angusticeps Peck(MPE)against HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Results showed that MPE at non-cytotoxicity doses significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner with inhibitory rates ranging from 18 to 90%(P<0.01).The possible mechanism might be that MPE induced apoptosis through initiating the mitochondrial death pathway by regulating Bax,Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3.On the other hand,MPE might trigger cell cycle arrest at G0/G1/S phases by managing p21,Cyclin D1,cyclin-dependent kinases-4(CDK4)and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA).Additionally,MPE downregulated TRAF-2 and p-p53,while upregulated p-ASK1 and p-p38.Therefore,it could be inferred that MPE might induce the anti-proliferative function to HepG2 cells through the p38/MAPK signal transduction pathway.

羊肚菌(Morchella)子囊发育的观察及营养和紫外线对孢子的反应

经光学显微镜观察，羊肚菌子囊发育可分为三个阶段：子囊形成期、子囊伸长期和子囊成熟期．子囊孢子在ＹＧ培养基上萌发率为９６．５％，紫外线对子囊孢子作用时间７ｍｉｎ，存活率为６０％

Efficient Technique of Rapeseed and Morchella spp.Interplanting in Mountainous Areas

Aiming at the climatic characteristics of more rain and high humidity and cultivation habits of rapeseed in Tongren area,in terms of rapeseed and Morchella spp.interplanting,excellent varieties suitable for the local climate were selected,the formulas of culture substrate and nutrition bag were optimized to produce high-quality strains,soil pests were prevented and controlled,rapeseed was transplanted in time,Morchella spp.were sown in ditches,nutrition bags were placed simultaneously,thick soil was covered and fruiting ditches were left,and stress was arranged to promote growth of mycelia.The production cycle was 90-100 d.The yield of Morchella spp.reached 2250-3375 kg/ha,with a net profit of 6000-10000 yuan.

Origin Investigation and Safety Evaluation of Morchella

The pollution and safety of Pb,Cd,Cr,Hg,and As in soils of six habitats of Morchella in Guizhou Province were evaluated based on single factor pollution index(PI),Nemerow’s pollution index(NPI),and assessment of health risk from exposure to the soils.As indicated by PI,the bases,except for base F,all suffered from the pollution by the five heavy metals,particularly Cd.NPI suggested warningline pollution in bases C and D,slight pollution in bases A and E,and no pollution in bases B and F.As for the health risk from exposure to the soil,the ADD was in the order of ADD_(ingestion)>ADD_(dermal contact)>ADD_(inhalation) and HQ followed the order of HQ_(ingestion)>HQ_(dermal contact)>HQ_(inhalation).However,the HQ values were<1,indicating no cancer risk in the study areas.

几种天然培养料对羊肚菌(Morchella Mel-21)菌丝生长影响研究

羊肚菌是具有较高食(药)用价值和市场经济价值的一类食用菌。以不同梯度的5种天然培养料单因素作用于1种羊肚菌,研究不同培养料对羊肚菌(Morchella sp.)菌丝生长情况的影响。采用平板培养法,测量菌落生长长度,以多因素分析法分析不同添加量之间的显著关系,得到菌丝生长的最佳配料和添加量。羊肚菌菌丝均可在各培养基上生长,其中在添加10 g·L^(-1)木屑的培养基上长势最佳,添加100 g·L^(-1)松针的培养基上生长最缓慢,表现出明显的抑制作用。本研究对于优化羊肚菌培养条件,指导实际生产具有重要的意义。

铁皮石斛苗床下立体栽培羊肚菌技术及其对土壤理化性质的影响

探讨四川省攀枝花市秋末冬初设施塑料大棚中羊肚菌(Morchella spp.)-铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)立体栽培的可行性,测定在羊肚菌生长过程中的菌丝生长期(M1)、子实体生长期(M2)和采收期(M3)表层土壤的pH、全氮、铵态氮、速效磷、有效钾、有机质、电导率(Electric conductivity,EC)和固体溶解性物质总量(Total dissolved solids,TDS)等。结果表明,与对照组相比,在羊肚菌生长的过程中,试验组不同时期表层土壤的pH和有效钾含量均下降,而速效磷、全氮、铵态氮、EC、TDS和有机质的含量均显著增高,且产量达(1950±180)kg/hm^(2)。

青海高原栽培羊肚菌营养和氨基酸特征分析及综合评价

为探究高原地区栽培羊肚菌(Morchella spp.)的营养品质,以海拔3 570 m栽培的3个六妹羊肚菌(M. sextelata)品种(M6、HB-8和HB-5)子实体(高原栽培羊肚菌)为主,对比同地域野生样品及湖北栽培的相同品种样品(平原栽培羊肚菌),分析粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗多糖、灰分、粗纤维、矿质元素、维生素和氨基酸等营养成分的差异。结果显示:当品种相同时,与平原栽培羊肚菌相比,高原栽培羊肚菌的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量显著上升,灰分含量显著下降,粗纤维含量显著降低(除M6外);K和Fe含量均显著降低;维生素B6、维生素B2、维生素B9、维生素D、维生素E含量显著降低,维生素B1含量显著升高;总氨基酸含量、总必需氨基酸含量及总必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量均显著上升。高原栽培羊肚菌的必需氨基酸指数(IAAI)明显高于平原栽培羊肚菌,更接近于FAO/WHO标准蛋白,且其生物价(BV)更高。关联性分析表明,羊肚菌中维生素B6、维生素B9(叶酸)、维生素D和维生素E含量与总必需氨基酸含量呈极显著负相关,维生素B6与粗多糖含量存在显著正相关。热图-聚类分析结果表明,高原栽培羊肚菌蛋白营养价值突出,而平原栽培羊肚菌矿质元素含量较高。营养品质综合评价结果表明,高原栽培羊肚菌样品评分结果明显均优于相同品种的平原栽培样品。

浅析羊肚菌稳产高产相关的科学技术问题

六妹羊肚菌(Morchella sextelata)、梯棱羊肚菌(M.importuna)和七妹羊肚菌(M.eximia)在我国已经实现商业化栽培,但依然无法稳产高产。笔者明确指出羊肚菌栽培面临的风险,剖析羊肚菌在遗传多样性、性亲和模式与生活史、菌核及菌霜生物学功能、营养吸收与转运机制、环境作用机制等方面需要研究的基本科学问题,明确羊肚菌在菌种质量管理、栽培场地适宜性评价、生长环境调控、田间精细管理等方面亟待突破的技术难题,阐述羊肚菌稳产高产栽培理论及关键技术的研究方向和目标。

赖氨酸修饰对梯棱羊肚菌黑色素结构和理化特性的影响

为了进一步提高梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的提取率及溶解性,该研究采用单因素、Plackett-Burman试验、响应面试验对纤维素酶-超声波协同提取梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的提取工艺进行优化。通过赖氨酸修饰,并对修饰前后的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素进行结构表征、理化性质及稳定性分析。结果表明,在NaOH浓度为1.54 mol/L,纤维素酶添加量为20 mg/g,纤维素酶酶解时间为78.6 min,料液比为1:30,酶解温度为40℃,超声时间为80 min条件下提取的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素最优。未修饰的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素不溶于水,色价值为480.24,修饰后的黑色素溶解度为1 016 g/L,色价值为1 771.18,比未修饰的黑色素在溶解性、色价值方面均有所提高。此外,在不同的温度、光照、pH条件下,修饰前后的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素均比较稳定。以上研究结果为梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的高效提取及其产品的开发利用奠定了理论基础。

UVC不同处理时间对生鲜羊肚菌贮运品质的影响

以重庆黔江主栽羊肚菌品种“七妹”为试材,研究紫外(UVC)不同处理时间对生鲜羊肚菌感官品质、褐变度、可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、相关抗性酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及次生代谢产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明:30 min UVC处理4℃贮运2 d, 4 d, 6 d, 8 d, 10 d,感官品质评分分别比对照提高10.15%, 14.29%, 15.38%, 40.05%和57.14%;褐变度分别比对照减少15.21%, 25.33%, 37.86%, 35.17%和44.46%;可溶性蛋白分别比对照增加10.29%, 2.87%, 13.96%, 12.26%和12.51%;SOD酶活性保持率分别比对照提高24.54%, 24.46%, 23.72%, 5.54%和7.49%;CAT酶活性保持率分别比对照提高3.45%, 23.69%, 5.64%, 15.24%和41.16%;MDA累积程度分别比对照减少6.31%, 11.36%, 10.02%, 5.61%和13.80%.另外,20 min和40 min UVC处理与对照相比上述指标效果均不如30 min UVC处理效果显著. 30 min UVC处理可作为生鲜羊肚菌主栽品种“七妹”贮运配送的优选方案.

超微粉碎对羊肚菌粉品质特性的影响

[目的]探究超微粉碎对羊肚菌粉品质特性的影响。[方法]采用振动式超微粉碎制备羊肚菌粉,研究不同超微粉碎时间对羊肚菌粉的理化性质和营养溶出的影响。[结果]随着超微粉碎时间的增加,羊肚菌粉的比表面积显著增大,中位粒径D50逐渐降低,超微粉碎5 min后可达到微米级别;超微粉碎后颗粒大小更加均匀,粉体色泽更明亮;休止角、滑角、持油力分别在超微粉碎5,10,10 min时达到平衡点,继续增加超微时间无显著性变化。持水力在超微粉碎5 min达到最大后逐渐降低,振实密度和堆积密度呈降低趋势;随超微时间的延长,多糖含量不断增加,可溶性膳食纤维含量先增加后降低,超微粉碎15 min时含量最高,蛋白质含量和DPPH自由基清除率无显著性变化。[结论]超微粉碎对羊肚菌粉的物化性质有显著影响,可根据实际加工需求和目的选择超微粒径。

羊肚菌菌核形成影响因素与分子机制研究进展

总结了羊肚菌(Morchella spp.)菌核的重要性、形成过程、交配型,影响羊肚菌菌核形成的营养、环境、共栖生物、种或菌株、胞外酶活性等因素及菌核形成的分子机制,并展望未来的研究方向,旨在为羊肚菌菌核形成机制的深入研究提供参考。

羊肚菌栽培方法优化研究

为了探究不同环境条件对羊肚菌产量和品质的影响,分别研究了品种、单播混播、菌种形态、低畦、腐殖质添加量等因素对羊肚菌生产性能的影响。选取ZHS-3、ZHS-5、四川-6和MZ-8等品种,在冬春季节分别做了品比试验、单一菌种和混合菌种栽培试验、固体菌种和液体原种栽培试验、低畦栽培试验和土壤基质栽培试验。结果表明,品比试验中四川-6的栽培效果更好,较ZHS-3、ZHS-5和MZ-8产量分别高22.27%、32.17%和19.74%;单一菌种和混合菌种栽培试验中单一菌种的栽培效果更好,产量较混合菌种高22.72%,说明若早发菌种和晚发菌种同时存在则无协同作用;液体原种和固体菌种栽培试验中固体菌种的栽培效果更好,产量较液体菌种高28.78%,液体菌种虽然发菌快但个体小;低畦栽培试验中平栽的栽培效果更好,产量较下挖组高53.24%,说明通风不足会影响产量;腐殖质添加试验中添加腐殖质含量在5%时栽培效果更好,产量较添加10%腐殖质区域高20.10%,较对照组高31.12%,说明腐殖质添加不宜过量。

“稻-羊肚菌”轮作下稻田消纳羊肚菌废弃物的减氮效应研究

为探讨“稻-羊肚菌”轮作下羊肚菌废弃物还田对水稻生产的影响及其替代化学氮肥的应用潜力,于2022年设置盆栽试验。试验设计了3个处理,分别为:羊肚菌废弃物还田+常规施肥(H1)、羊肚菌废弃物还田+氮肥减施10%(H2)、羊肚菌废弃物不还田+常规施肥(CK),测定了水稻产量与产量构成、干物质积累、植株氮素吸收利用效率及土壤有机质、pH与速效氮含量变化,分析了稻田消纳羊肚菌废弃物的减氮生产效应。结果表明:与CK处理相比,H1处理水稻产量增加了4.0%、H2处理降低了0.3%,H1处理的水稻产量构成指标优于CK处理,具体表现为有效穗数、每穗粒数与结实率分别提高了3.1%、1.7%与3.7%及成穗率提高了6.1%,H2处理有效穗数、每穗粒数与结实率分别降低1.0%、0.6%与0.4%,而千粒重、成穗率提高了1.3%、6.4%,但H1、H2、CK处理之间的产量及其构成差异均未达显著水平(P>0.05);不同处理之间水稻各时期的干物质积累及成熟期的含氮率、吸氮量、氮素干物质生产效率、氮素籽粒生产效率均无差异显著性(P>0.05);羊肚菌废弃物还田利于提升稻田土壤有机质含量、增加铵态氮含量,水稻成熟期H1、H2处理土壤有机质含量均较CK提高,且H1与CK处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05),H1、H2处理土壤铵态氮含量较CK分别提高28.8%、7.7%(P<0.05);处理间硝态氮含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合水稻产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收利用效率及土壤肥力等指标,“稻-羊肚菌”轮作下稻田消纳利用羊肚菌废弃物并不影响水稻生长及产量形成,并且对稻田土壤培肥具正向促进作用,基于羊肚菌废弃物还田下氮素减施10%(替代10%化学氮素)对水稻稳产性影响不显著。

不同品种羊肚菌和外源营养对其生产性状的影响

采用田间试验法,研究不同品种、不同配方的外源营养袋及其不同的放置时间对羊肚菌生产性状的影响。结果表明,供试的7个品种中MH1菌丝生长势强,产量最高,达3195 kg·hm^(-2);9种不同配方外源营养袋中,配方Ⅴ和Ⅰ的菌丝长势强,产量较高,分别达2685 kg·hm^(-2)和2235 kg·hm^(-2);5个放置营养袋的不同时间段中,适宜的放置时间为播种后15 d,对应产量为1785 kg·hm^(-2)。