Proximate, Chemical and Functional Properties of Wheat, Soy and Moringa Leaf Composite Flours

The study presents the effect of utilizing wheat, soy and moringa leaf flour and quality analysis of the flour. The composite flour was prepared using refined wheat flour, soy flour and moringa leaf flour. Four composite flour, compositions were formulated such as 100% wheat flour (control) designated as sample A. Sample B consisted of 75% wheat, 20% soybean and 5% moringa leaf. Sample C consisted of 70% wheat, 20% soybean and 10% moringa leaf. Sample D was 65% wheat, 20% soybean and 15% moringa leaf. Sample E was 60% wheat, 20% soybean and 20% moringa leaf, respectively. Proximate, chemical, and functional properties of wheat, soy and moringa leaf flours were studied in composite flour variation and preparations. The present study highlighted the nutrients enrichment of flour on incorporation of soy and moringa leaf. Relevant statistical tests were done to analyse the significance of means for all tested parameters. Composite flour composition with 20% soybean was identified to produce optimal nutrient, mineral quality and yield. The addition of soybean and moringa flour in baked products has been shown in this study to improve the nutrition and health benefits of the body. It also serves as a good cut on the cost of wheat importation in communities with supply challenges.

Nanoencapsulation of Antioxidant-Rich Fraction of Roasted <i>Moringa oleifera</i>L. Leaf Extract: Physico-Chemical Properties and <i>in Vitro</i>Release Mechanisms

Nanocapsules (NC) of antioxidant rich fraction of roasted Moringa leaves were prepared using emulsion coacervation technique with alginate (ALG) and/or chitosan (CTS) as biopolymers. NC were characterized based on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC). Substituting CTS with ALG in NC caused a reduction in particle size and PDI, and enhanced EE. Mean particle size dropped from 1209 nm in 1:3 to 413 nm in 3:1 ALG/CTS-NC;PDI decreased from 0.9% to 0.2% and zeta potential from -5.4 to -28.1 mV. The highest EE (87.6%) and LC (13%) were obtained with ALG-CTS-NC (3:1). ALG-NC were spherical while both CTS and ALG-CTS-NC were ovoid. ALG and ALG-CTS-NC were oil/water emulsions while CTS-NC formed water/oil emulsions. 60% and 70% of bioactives in ALG-CTS-NC (3:1) were released in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids respectively after 400 min. Release of antioxidants from NC is concentration-dependent (First order model) and involves simultaneously diffusion (Higuchi model), swelling (korsmeyer-Peppas model) and erosion (Hixson-Crowell model) mechanisms.

Effect of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Leaf Powder Supplementation on Some Quality Characteristics of Wheat Bread

The effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation on some physico-chemical and sensory properties of wheat bread was determined. Bread was prepared from varying proportions of 100%, 99%, 98%, 97%, 96% and 95% wheat flour supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% Moringa oleifera leaf powder respectively. The bread samples were allowed to cool at ambient temperature (30℃± 1℃) and analysed for some physical properties, proximate composition, and sensory attributes. Moringa leaf powder addition significantly (p % to 3.28%), ash (1.10% to 1.65%), protein (9.07% to 13.97%), and ether extract (1.51% to 2.59%), while decreasing moisture content (35.20% to 27.65%). Moringa leaf powder supplementation also significantly (p cm3, 32.32 to 25.65 g, 7.00 to 5.83 cm and 4.70 to 2.65 cm3/g respectively, while the loaf weight increased from 169.20 to 185.86 g. There was a significant (p mg/100g and 0.02 to 3.27 mg/100g respectively, while Iron (Fe) and Cupper (Cu) contents decreased from 2.74 to 1.25 mg/100g and 2.26 to 0.03 mg/100g respectively. Sensory evaluation showed that although there was significant (p Moringa supplementation. This implies that despite the high nutrient content of Moringa oleifera powder, it is not a good substitute for wheat in bread production due to its physical characteristics and sensory attributes.

Nutritional Evaluation of Complementary Food Formulations from Maize, Soybean and Peanut Fortified with <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Leaf Powder

Nutritional evaluation of complementary food formulations from maize, soybean and peanut fortified with Moringa oleifera leaf powder was carried out. Maize, soybean and peanut were blended in a ratio of 60:30:10 to produce a complementary food, which was then fortified. While the unfortified food product (sample A) served as control, the other three formulations were fortified with 5%, 10% and 15% Moringa leaf powder to give three samples (B, C and D respectively) of fortified food. Nutritional composition determination and feeding trials were then carried out, using two weeks old male albino rats to determine the performance of the food formulations. While the crude protein, crude fibre, and ash contents of the diets increased significantly (p with fortification, with values ranging from 16.04% to 17.59%, 2.25% to 4.42% and 1.40% to 2.50% respectively, crude fat and carbohydrate decreased significantly (p < 0.05), with concomitant decrease in energy, with values ranging from 23.48% to 20.80%, 49.32% to 47.63% and 472.76% to 448.08 kcal/100g respectively in samples A to D. PER values significantly (p < 0.05) improved up to 10% substitution, from 1.77 in unfortified (sample A) to 1.90 in 10% fortified (sample C), but declined at 15% substitution (sample D) to 1.69. Similarly, NPR values increased from 0.71 to 0.76 and 0.68. However, all the PER values including that of Nestle Cerelac (2.04) were lower than, though within the same range, with the value of 2.10 recommended by the Protein Advisory Group (PAG) for complementary foods. Sample C (10% Moringa flour blend) gave the best performance after rat feeding trials.

Anti-angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in the early stages of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on angiogenesis and inflammatory process in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy.Methods:Four weeks after a single injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin,rats were treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg/day Moringa oleifera leaf extract,1 mg/kg/day dapagliflozin,or a combination of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and dapagliflozin for further eight weeks.Renal function,kidney histology,and gene expression were evaluated at the end of the experiment.Results:Renal function of diabetic rats was significantly impaired as evidenced by increased blood urea nitrogen,albuminuria,24-h proteinuria,and high creatinine clearance which indicated glomerular hyperfiltration.In addition,diabetic rats showed an increase in gene expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor-A(VEGF-A),angiopoietin-2(Ang2),the Ang2/Ang1 ratio,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-1βand monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a significant increase in the density of glycoprotein CD34.Moringa oleifera leaf extract markedly improved all renal dysfunction markers and modulated the upregulated expression of angiogenic factors and inflammatory genes.Conclusions:Moringa oleifera leaf extract could suppress abnormal angiogenesis and inflammatory processes possibly by downregulating gene expression of angiogenesis factors and proinflammatory cytokines.

Oral administration of Moringa oleifera leaf powder relieves oxidative stress,modulates mucosal immune response and cecal microbiota after exposure to heat stress in New Zealand White rabbits

Background:Heat stress(HS)disrupts the gut barrier allowing the uptake of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and leads to an inflammatory response and changes in gut microbiota composition.Moringa oleifera leaf powder(MOLP)has been proposed to combat HS,yet its alleviate role is currently under investigation.The current study investigated the effects of chronic HS and MOLP supplementation on changes in redox status and immune response of cecal mucosa along with alteration in cecal microbiota.Methods:A total of 21 young New Zealand White(NZW)rabbits(male)about 32 weeks old(mean body weight of 3318±171 g)reared on a commercial pelleted diet were employed;divided into three groups(n=7):control(CON,25°C),heat stress(HS,35°C for 7 h daily),and HS supplemented orally with MOLP(HSM,35°C)at 200 mg/kg body weight per day for 4 weeks.Results:The results demonstrated that MOLP supplementation increased organ index of cecal tissue compared with the HS group(P>0.05).Levels of malonaldehyde(MDA)and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)as well as lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)were reduced in the cecal mucosa of the HSM group compared with the HS group.MOLP downregulated the contents of cecal mucosa LPS,several inflammatory markers(TNF-α/IL-1α/IL-1β),and myeloperoxidase(MPO)in the HSM group(P<0.05).Secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA)was increased in the HSM group compared with the HS group(P<0.05).The transcriptome of cecal mucosa showed that MOLP reduced gene expression relative to several immune factors,including IL-10,IFNG,and RLA,whereas both HS and MOLP increased the gene expression of fat digestion and absorption pathway,including APOA1,FABP1,FABP2,MTTP,andLOC100344166,compared to the CON group(P<0.001).At the phylum level,the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was increased by HS,while Actinobacteria was significantly increased by HSM compared to other groups(P<0.05).At genus level,Papillibacter was higher in abundance in HSM groups compared to CON and HS groups(P<0.05).Higher butyrate concentrations were observed in the HSM group than HS and CON groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:In conclusion,HS in growing rabbits resulted in alteration of cecal microbiota at phyla level as well as increased oxidative stress and expression of mucosal inflammatory genes.Whereas,oral MOLP supplementation elevated the relative weight of cecum,affected their immunological and cecal micro-ecosystem function by improving antioxidant status and down-regulating mucosal tissue inflammatory response.

Performance and Haematological Characteristics of Broiler Finisher Fed Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal Diets

To investigate the effects ofMoringa oleifera leaf meal （MOLM） on the performance and haematology of broiler finisher using 120 Cobb chicks of 4 weeks old broiler chicks. The birds were assigned randomly into four dietary treatments containing MOLM at 0, 6%, 8%, and 10% （treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4） inclusion levels, respectively, in a complete randomized design experiment. The effect of the dietary treatments on the growth performance and blood parameters of the broiler finisher was determined. MOLM at a rate of 6% （T2）, 8% （T3）, and 10% （T4） of the diets （as fed basis） to replace 3.2%, 5.6% and 8.6% of the crude protein （CP） of the control diet. The daily feed, dry matter and CP intake of the chicks fed MOLM diets were higher （p〈0.05） than those fed the control diet. Average weight gain （AWG） of birds fed MOLM diets reduced as inclusion levels increases 09〈0.05） than those fed the control diet. Chicks fed T2 showed higher （p〈0.05） AWG than those on T3 and T4. Feed conversion ratios （FCR, weight gain/g and feed intake） were higher for chicks fed MOLM. MOLM showed minimal deleterious effects in birds. However, birds fed T2 （6%） diets recorded significantly （p〈0.05） the highest body weight gain. There were significant differences （p〈0.05） among groups in packed cell volume （PVC） of birds. The haemoglobin （Hb）, mean corpuscular volume （MCV）, mean corpuscular haemoglobin （MCH） and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration （MCHC） counts showed no significant difference （p〉0.05） among treatments. The results indicated that at 10% in the diets of broiler finisher chick, MOLM could be substituted with expensive conventional protein sources without any deleterious effects on performance and blood parameters of broiler finisher chicken.

Attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory events in BV-2 microglial cells by Moringa oleifera leaf extract

Objective: To determine the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract(MLE) under lipopolysaccharide stimulation of mouse murine microglia BV2 cells in vitro. Methods: The cytotoxicity effect of MLE was investigated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The inflammatory response of BV-2 cells were induced with lipopolysaccharide. The generation of nitric oxide levels was determined by using Griess assay and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) was evaluated by ELISA kit. The expression of iNOS, COX-2 as well as IκB-ααwas carried out by immunoblot analysis. Results: MLE reduced the nitric oxide production in concentration-dependent manner, and maintained the viability of BV-2 microglial cells which indicated absence of toxicity. In addition, MLE repressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B by arresting the deterioration of IκB-α, consequently resulted in suppression of cytokines expression such as COX-2 and iNOS. Conclusions: MLE inhibitory activities are associated with the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B transcriptional activity in BV2 microglial cells. Thus MLE may offer a substantial treatment for neuroinflammatory diseases.

辣木叶水提物对大鼠肝纤维化的改善作用及机制

研究辣木叶(Moringa oleifera Lam,LM)水提物对大鼠肝纤维化(Hepatic Fibrosis,HF)的改善作用和机制。60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、秋水仙碱组(100 mg/kg),以及LM高、中、低剂量组(200、100、50 mg/kg),除空白组外,其余组大鼠通过腹腔注射硫代乙酰胺(Thiacetamide,TAA)建立HF模型,自第5周开始灌胃给药。给药结束后检测大鼠体重、肝脏指数、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、HF指标(血清Ⅲ型前胶原(procollagenⅢ,PCⅢ)、IV型胶原(IVcollagenIV-C)、层黏蛋白(laminin,LN)、透明质酸(hyaluronidase,HA)、肝脏羟脯胺酸(HYP)、Masson染色观察肝脏纤维组织病变、氧化应激指标(肝脏活性氧(reactiveoxygen,ROS)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD),实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白质免疫印记检测肝脏转运生长因子β1(transforming growth factor beta1,TGF-β1)/Smads通路基因表达。结果表明,与空白组比较,HF模型组大鼠体重极显著降低(P<0.01),肝脏指数显著增加,血清ALT、AST、PCⅢ、IV-C、LN、HA和肝脏HYP浓度极显著增加(P<0.01);肝脏组织胶原纤维沉积显著增加,HF病变严重;肝脏ROS和MDA含量极显著增加(P<0.01),SOD活力极显著降低(P<0.01),表明模型组大鼠肝脏处于氧化应激和纤维化病变状态,肝脏功能受损。与模型组比较,LM各剂量组大鼠血清ALT、AST、PCⅢ、IV-C、LN、HA和肝脏HYP浓度不同程度的降低,肝脏组织胶原纤维沉积显著减少(P<0.05,P<0.01),肝脏ROS和MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),SOD活力显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),表明LM能够降低肝脏氧化应激水平,改善大鼠HF,保护肝脏功能。对TGF-β1/Smads通路基因表达检测发现,模型组TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3和α-SMA基因mRNA和蛋白表达较空白组显著增加;相较于模型组,LM高、中剂量组大鼠肝脏TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)基因表达显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),LM低剂量组大鼠肝脏Smad3和α-SMA基因表达显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),表明LM可下调HF大鼠肝脏TGF-β1/Smads通路基因表达。LM可能通过下调ROS-TGF-β1/Smads通路,改善TAA诱导的大鼠肝纤维化。

Exogenous application of bio-stimulants and growth retardants improve nutrient absorption and fiber quality in upland cotton

Background Natural and synthetic plant growth regulators are essential for plant health,likewise these regulators also play a role in increasing organic production productivity and improving quality and yield stability.In the present study,we have evaluated the effects of foliar applied plant growth regulators,i.e.,moringa leaf extract(MLE)and mepiquat chloride(MC)alone and in combination MC and MLE on the conventional cotton cultivar(CIM 573)and transgenic one(CIM 598).The growth regulators were applied at the start of bloom,45 and 90 days after blooming.Results The application of MC and MLE at 90 days after blooming significantly improved the relative growth rate,net assimilation rate,the number of bolls per plant,and seed cotton yield.Likewise,the combined application of MLE and MC at 90 days after blooming significantly boosted the nitrogen uptake in locules,as well as the phosphorus and potassium uptake in the leaves of both cotton cultivars.The application of MLE alone has considerably improved the nitrogen uptake in leaves,and phosphorus and potassium contents in locules of Bt and conventional cotton cultivars.Similarly,Bt cotton treated with MLE at 90 days after blooming produced significantly higher ginning out turn and oil contents.Treatment in combination(MLE+MC)at 90 days after blooming produced considerably higher micronaire value,fiber strength,and staple length in conventional cultivar.Conclusion The natural growth enhancer,MLE is a rich source of minerals and zeatin,improving the nutrient absorption and quality of cotton fiber in both conventional and Bt cotton cultivars.

辣木叶多糖结构及其降血糖功效研究

以辣木叶多糖(MOP)为研究对象,通过H2O2-维生素C法制备4种低相对分子质量的辣木叶多糖(MOP-1、MOP-2、MOP-3和MOP-4),研究其降血糖能力,并从多糖结构上分析其活性差异原因。结果表明:MOP-4对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶有最强的抑制能力,而MOP对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制效果最差。对MOP和MOP-4进行结构表征,发现MOP和MOP-4的官能团和糖苷键种类未发生变化,但糖苷键数量比例发生变化,造成差示扫描量热(DSC)有差异,且影响多糖颗粒大小及表面结构。MOP-4多糖颗粒更为细腻、含有更多的活性Galp-(1,3→糖残基),可作为具有降血糖功效的食品添加剂。

辣木叶多糖对STZ诱导糖尿病小鼠的降糖效果及其机制

为探讨辣木叶多糖(Moringa oleifera leaf polysaccharide,MOLP)对糖尿病小鼠的降糖效果及其机制,通过建立链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)诱导糖尿病小鼠模型,将实验小鼠设为正常空白组、模型组、MOLP低剂量组(100 mg/kg·bw)、中剂量组(200 mg/kg·bw)、高剂量组(400 mg/kg·bw)和阳性药物组(盐酸二甲双胍200 mg/kg·bw),每组8只,灌胃28 d,测定空腹血糖、血清糖化蛋白、血清胰岛素、肝/肌糖原等生化指标,对肝脏和胰腺中糖代谢关键基因(肝X受体(Liver X Receptor,LXR)、胰腺十二指肠同源异形盒1(Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1,PDX-1)、葡萄糖激酶(Glucoskinase,GK)、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,PEPCK)、葡萄糖6磷酸酶(Glucose-6-phosphatase,G6Pase)、葡萄糖转运载体2(Glucose transporter type 2,GLUT2)、胰岛素受体底物1/2(Insulin receptor 1/2,IRS1/2))进行测定,并对各组小鼠肝脏和胰腺组织进行HE染色,观察其组织形态。结果表明:MOLP降糖效果显著,且呈现一定的量效反应关系,MOLP高剂量组(400 mg/kg·bw)的血糖降低水平最为接近阳性药物组,其相关机制为表达显著上调的LXR和PDX-1通过调控其下游基因PEPCK、G6Pase、GK、GLUT2和IRS1/2 mRNA表达,从而改善糖尿病小鼠的糖代谢紊乱,使其损伤的肝脏组织和胰腺组织得到有效改善,血清胰岛素和肝糖原含量增加,最终达到降血糖作用。

Effect of Pure Culture Fermentation on Biochemical Composition of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Lam Leaves Powders

This study was carried out to determine the effect of the age of the leaves and fermentation on in vitro protein digestibility and biochemical properties of leaves powder of Moringa oleifera. A 6 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two ages of the leaves (one and seven-month-old leaves), six times of fermentation and two fermentation temperatures was used for this purpose. One and seven-month-old fresh leaves were dried at 45 ℃ for 24 h, crushed to 1000 μm then fermented at 30℃ and 37℃ for 120 hours with Lactobacillus plantarum A6 at 108 CFU/g. Samples were withdrawn every 24 hours for physico-chemical analyses. Results showed that 7 month-old leaves were richer in iron, proteins, polyphenols and phytates than one month old leaves. The phytates content dropped from 66.92% and 61.95% in the seven and one month-old leaves powders respectively fermented at 37℃, and from 54.15% and 67.95% in the seven and one month-old leaves powders respectively fermented at 30℃. Protein content increased by 26.34% and 24.48% for the 1and 7-month-old leaves powders respectively fermented at 37℃, and by 13.06% and 13.97% for the 1and 7month-old leaves powders respectively, fermented at 30℃. Iron availability increased from 35.97% to 40.57% and 20.74% to 30.98% for the 1and 7-month-old leaves powders respectively, fermented at 37℃ and from 35.97% to 39.79% and 20.76% to 23.72% for the 1and 7-month-old leaves powders respectively, fermented at 30℃. There was a negative correlation between pH, total and reducing sugar contents, time as well as fermentation temperature, whereas there was a positive correlation between total protein content and pepsic digestibility of protein and fermentation time. From these results, fermentation of M. oleifera leaf powder by Lactobacillus plantarum A6 increases protein content, pepsic digestibility of protein and availability of iron and reduces the phytates content of these powders.

辣木叶多糖对小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的防治与机制研究

探讨辣木叶多糖(Moringa oleifera leaf polysaccharide,MOLP)对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)防治作用及其作用机制。50只BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常对照组(Con组)、模型对照组(DSS组)、MOLP-L(25 mg/kg)、MOLF-M(50 mg/kg)、MOLF-H(100 mg/kg)组,通过饮用4%DSS诱导小鼠UC模型。试验期间每日记录各组小鼠体重情况和疾病活动指数(DAI)变化;ELISA法检测血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10、HMGB1和结肠组织MPO含量;HE染色观察结肠组织病理学变化;实时荧光定量PCR法检测结肠组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10、HMGB1 mRNA表达水平;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测结肠组织中TLR4、MyD88、P65、p-P65、IκBα和p-IκBα的表达;16S rRNA高通量测序探究小鼠肠道菌群的变化。结果显示,与Con组相比,DSS组小鼠一般状况下降,体重减轻,结肠长度缩短,DAI和病理切片损伤评分均显著增加(P<0.001);TNF-α、IL-1β、HMGB1含量和MPO活性显著升高(P<0.001),结肠组织中TLR4、MyD88、p-P65和p-IκBα的蛋白表达水平显著上调(P<0.001)。与DSS组相比,不同剂量MOLP处理组明显改善上述病变和炎性指标,显著提升了IL-10的表达,作用结果具有剂量依赖性;并且MOLP可以改善UC小鼠肠道菌群多样性,恢复菌群平衡。研究结果提示MOLP可以通过抑制炎症反应,调节小鼠肠道菌群多样性、组成和相对丰度进而发挥防治UC的作用。

辣木叶粉对茶花鸡器官发育、肠道发育及肠道微生物多样性的影响

试验旨在研究在日粮中添加辣木叶粉对茶花鸡器官发育、肠道发育及肠道微生物多样性的影响。选取450只1日龄茶花鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。对照1组(CK1组)茶花鸡饲喂基础日粮,对照2组(CK2组)茶花鸡饲喂商品日粮,MOLP5组、MOLP15组、MOLP20组分别在基础日粮中添加5%、15%、20%辣木叶粉。试验期63 d。结果表明,在肉鸡日粮中加入辣木叶粉可以促进茶花鸡的肠道发育和器官发育,提高肠道指数和器官指数,减少弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota)、脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)丰度;提高了另枝菌属(Alistipes)、Mucispirillum属、Akkermansia等有益菌属在肠道内定植,减少有害菌弯曲菌属(Campylobacter)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)的数量。研究表明,添加辣木叶粉可以改善家禽肠道健康,促进肠道发育,以5%添加量效果较好。

辣木叶提取物对广西麻鸡的屠宰性能、器官指数、肉品质和肠道形态结构的影响

为开发利用辣木资源,探讨饲粮中添加不同水平辣木叶提取物对广西麻鸡的屠宰性能、器官指数、肉品质和肠道形态结构的影响。以辣木叶粉为原料制备辣木提取物,采用单因素完全随机设计,选取720只28周龄广西麻鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只。对照组麻鸡饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组广西麻鸡分别在对照组的基础上添加100、150、200 mg/kg的辣木叶提取物,预试期1周,正试期8周。结果表明:(1)试验Ⅰ组腹脂率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组腹脂率显著低于对照组、试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05);(2)试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组脾脏指数显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),不同水平辣木叶提取物对其他器官指数无显著影响(P>0.05);(3)试验Ⅰ组胸肌系水力、腿肌系水力显著高于对照组、试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸肌剪切力显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组胸肌肉色、腿肌肉色显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05);(4)试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组空肠绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组空肠隐窝深度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组十二指肠绒毛/隐窝值显著高于对照组、试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。综上所述,广西麻鸡饲粮中添加不同水平辣木叶提取物可以提高脾脏指数,改善腹脂率、肉品质和小肠形态结构。在28周龄广西麻鸡母鸡饲粮中添加150 mg/kg辣木叶提取物具有更优效果。

丽江山荆子表儿茶素抗辣木叶蛋白过敏作用

为探讨丽江山荆子表儿茶素(Epicatechin,EC)抗辣木叶粗蛋白(Moringa oleifera leaf protein,MOpA)诱导的过敏作用,利用小鼠进行食物过敏反应试验,观察小鼠的过敏症状,测定其体质量、胸腺指数和脾脏指数;检测小鼠血清中组胺(Histamine,HIS)、白细胞介素-4(Interleukin,IL-4)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha,TNF-α)质量浓度。苏木精-伊红染色法(Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining,HE)观察小鼠空肠组织病理变化的影响。结果发现,用MOpA激发后,MC组小鼠脾脏指数显著高于NC组(P<0.01),胸腺指数相较于EC组差异明显(P<0.05);EC组相较于MC组小鼠血清中的HIS含量降低了3.99×10^(3)ng/L(P<0.01),TNF-α含量升高了97.33×10^(3)pg/L(P<0.01),IL-4含量降低了6.22×10^(3)pg/L(P<0.05);HE染色发现,MC组出现肠绒毛断裂及萎缩现象;EC组病理现象不明显。EC能够通过保护肠道黏膜屏障和在一定程度上抑制炎症来改善MOpA诱导的过敏小鼠的症状。该研究表明MOpA和卵清蛋白、牛乳蛋白和花生蛋白等过敏原一样具有潜在的致敏性;EC可能是一种有效的食物来源的免疫调节剂,用于治疗食物过敏。

辣木叶提取物对柱花草和象草青贮品质的影响

为了探究辣木叶提取物(Leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera,MLE)对柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis)和象草(Pennisetum purpureum)青贮品质的影响,在新鲜柱花草和象草中添加1%和2%辣木叶提取物(MLE1,MLE2),并以不添加提取物作为对照组(CK)。室温青贮30天后测定样品青贮发酵品质、细菌多样性和体外消化率及产气量。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加MLE极显著降低柱花草青贮pH值、丁酸含量以及大肠杆菌数量(P<0.01),极显著增加乳酸菌数量(P<0.01);添加MLE极显著降低象草青贮pH值、丁酸含量、大肠杆菌数量以及中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量(P<0.01),极显著增加了干物质消化率(P<0.01)。添加MLE增加了柱花草和象草青贮中肠球菌属的相对丰度,但对气体组分和产气量无显著影响。本研究表明,添加2%MLE对柱花草与象草青贮品质改善效果更好。

不同生长时间对辣木枝叶青贮发酵品质的影响

试验旨在研究不同生长时间对辣木枝叶青贮感官评定、营养成分及发酵品质的影响。试验设3个处理,即在辣木枝叶生长60、105、120 d刈割,每个处理6个重复,青贮50 d开包进行感官评价、营养成分及青贮品质检测。结果显示,生长105、120 d的辣木枝叶青贮气味、结构、色泽评分均相同,等级均为1级优良,生长60 d的辣木枝叶气味评分降低,等级为2级尚好。3个生长时间辣木枝叶青贮粗蛋白、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量差异不显著(P>0.05);生长105、120 d的辣木枝叶青贮水溶性碳水化合物、干物质、乳酸、乙酸含量均显著高于生长60 d(P<0.05),氨态氮/总氮比值、pH值、丙酸含量显著低于生长60 d(P<0.05);3个生长时间的辣木枝叶青贮均未检出丁酸。研究表明,综合考虑,辣木枝叶生长105 d时刈割青贮较为适宜。

Box-behnken设计优化辣木叶总黄酮的大孔树脂纯化工艺研究

优选LX-8型大孔树脂纯化辣木叶总黄酮的工艺条件。以上样液流速、上样液浓度、上样溶液的pH、洗脱溶剂乙醇体积分数、洗脱溶剂用量为考查因素,评价树脂对总黄酮的吸附解吸性能,并在单因素实验的基础上进行Box-Behnken响应面实验设计,对总黄酮的大孔树脂纯化工艺进行优化。结果表明,LX-8型大孔树脂可用于辣木叶总黄酮的纯化,最佳工艺:总黄酮浓度1.56 mg/mL的上样液10 BV,调节溶液的pH 2.1,以流速4 BV/h进行上样,然后使用58%乙醇洗脱,用量为4 BV,所得固体样品中总黄酮的总质量分数为83.82%(RSD为1.77%),回收率为80.08%(RSD为1.74%)。优选的辣木叶大孔树脂纯化工艺可有效提高总黄酮的含量,工艺稳定可行,预测性好。