Nanoencapsulation of Antioxidant-Rich Fraction of Roasted <i>Moringa oleifera</i>L. Leaf Extract: Physico-Chemical Properties and <i>in Vitro</i>Release Mechanisms

Nanocapsules (NC) of antioxidant rich fraction of roasted Moringa leaves were prepared using emulsion coacervation technique with alginate (ALG) and/or chitosan (CTS) as biopolymers. NC were characterized based on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC). Substituting CTS with ALG in NC caused a reduction in particle size and PDI, and enhanced EE. Mean particle size dropped from 1209 nm in 1:3 to 413 nm in 3:1 ALG/CTS-NC;PDI decreased from 0.9% to 0.2% and zeta potential from -5.4 to -28.1 mV. The highest EE (87.6%) and LC (13%) were obtained with ALG-CTS-NC (3:1). ALG-NC were spherical while both CTS and ALG-CTS-NC were ovoid. ALG and ALG-CTS-NC were oil/water emulsions while CTS-NC formed water/oil emulsions. 60% and 70% of bioactives in ALG-CTS-NC (3:1) were released in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids respectively after 400 min. Release of antioxidants from NC is concentration-dependent (First order model) and involves simultaneously diffusion (Higuchi model), swelling (korsmeyer-Peppas model) and erosion (Hixson-Crowell model) mechanisms.

Anti-angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in the early stages of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on angiogenesis and inflammatory process in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy.Methods:Four weeks after a single injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin,rats were treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg/day Moringa oleifera leaf extract,1 mg/kg/day dapagliflozin,or a combination of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and dapagliflozin for further eight weeks.Renal function,kidney histology,and gene expression were evaluated at the end of the experiment.Results:Renal function of diabetic rats was significantly impaired as evidenced by increased blood urea nitrogen,albuminuria,24-h proteinuria,and high creatinine clearance which indicated glomerular hyperfiltration.In addition,diabetic rats showed an increase in gene expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor-A(VEGF-A),angiopoietin-2(Ang2),the Ang2/Ang1 ratio,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-1βand monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a significant increase in the density of glycoprotein CD34.Moringa oleifera leaf extract markedly improved all renal dysfunction markers and modulated the upregulated expression of angiogenic factors and inflammatory genes.Conclusions:Moringa oleifera leaf extract could suppress abnormal angiogenesis and inflammatory processes possibly by downregulating gene expression of angiogenesis factors and proinflammatory cytokines.

Attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory events in BV-2 microglial cells by Moringa oleifera leaf extract

Objective: To determine the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract(MLE) under lipopolysaccharide stimulation of mouse murine microglia BV2 cells in vitro. Methods: The cytotoxicity effect of MLE was investigated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The inflammatory response of BV-2 cells were induced with lipopolysaccharide. The generation of nitric oxide levels was determined by using Griess assay and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) was evaluated by ELISA kit. The expression of iNOS, COX-2 as well as IκB-ααwas carried out by immunoblot analysis. Results: MLE reduced the nitric oxide production in concentration-dependent manner, and maintained the viability of BV-2 microglial cells which indicated absence of toxicity. In addition, MLE repressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B by arresting the deterioration of IκB-α, consequently resulted in suppression of cytokines expression such as COX-2 and iNOS. Conclusions: MLE inhibitory activities are associated with the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B transcriptional activity in BV2 microglial cells. Thus MLE may offer a substantial treatment for neuroinflammatory diseases.

Exogenous application of bio-stimulants and growth retardants improve nutrient absorption and fiber quality in upland cotton

Background Natural and synthetic plant growth regulators are essential for plant health,likewise these regulators also play a role in increasing organic production productivity and improving quality and yield stability.In the present study,we have evaluated the effects of foliar applied plant growth regulators,i.e.,moringa leaf extract(MLE)and mepiquat chloride(MC)alone and in combination MC and MLE on the conventional cotton cultivar(CIM 573)and transgenic one(CIM 598).The growth regulators were applied at the start of bloom,45 and 90 days after blooming.Results The application of MC and MLE at 90 days after blooming significantly improved the relative growth rate,net assimilation rate,the number of bolls per plant,and seed cotton yield.Likewise,the combined application of MLE and MC at 90 days after blooming significantly boosted the nitrogen uptake in locules,as well as the phosphorus and potassium uptake in the leaves of both cotton cultivars.The application of MLE alone has considerably improved the nitrogen uptake in leaves,and phosphorus and potassium contents in locules of Bt and conventional cotton cultivars.Similarly,Bt cotton treated with MLE at 90 days after blooming produced significantly higher ginning out turn and oil contents.Treatment in combination(MLE+MC)at 90 days after blooming produced considerably higher micronaire value,fiber strength,and staple length in conventional cultivar.Conclusion The natural growth enhancer,MLE is a rich source of minerals and zeatin,improving the nutrient absorption and quality of cotton fiber in both conventional and Bt cotton cultivars.

辣木叶提取物对广西麻鸡的屠宰性能、器官指数、肉品质和肠道形态结构的影响

为开发利用辣木资源,探讨饲粮中添加不同水平辣木叶提取物对广西麻鸡的屠宰性能、器官指数、肉品质和肠道形态结构的影响。以辣木叶粉为原料制备辣木提取物,采用单因素完全随机设计,选取720只28周龄广西麻鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只。对照组麻鸡饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组广西麻鸡分别在对照组的基础上添加100、150、200 mg/kg的辣木叶提取物,预试期1周,正试期8周。结果表明:(1)试验Ⅰ组腹脂率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组腹脂率显著低于对照组、试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05);(2)试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组脾脏指数显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),不同水平辣木叶提取物对其他器官指数无显著影响(P>0.05);(3)试验Ⅰ组胸肌系水力、腿肌系水力显著高于对照组、试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸肌剪切力显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组胸肌肉色、腿肌肉色显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05);(4)试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组空肠绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组空肠隐窝深度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组十二指肠绒毛/隐窝值显著高于对照组、试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。综上所述,广西麻鸡饲粮中添加不同水平辣木叶提取物可以提高脾脏指数,改善腹脂率、肉品质和小肠形态结构。在28周龄广西麻鸡母鸡饲粮中添加150 mg/kg辣木叶提取物具有更优效果。

辣木叶提取物对柱花草和象草青贮品质的影响

为了探究辣木叶提取物(Leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera,MLE)对柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis)和象草(Pennisetum purpureum)青贮品质的影响,在新鲜柱花草和象草中添加1%和2%辣木叶提取物(MLE1,MLE2),并以不添加提取物作为对照组(CK)。室温青贮30天后测定样品青贮发酵品质、细菌多样性和体外消化率及产气量。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加MLE极显著降低柱花草青贮pH值、丁酸含量以及大肠杆菌数量(P<0.01),极显著增加乳酸菌数量(P<0.01);添加MLE极显著降低象草青贮pH值、丁酸含量、大肠杆菌数量以及中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量(P<0.01),极显著增加了干物质消化率(P<0.01)。添加MLE增加了柱花草和象草青贮中肠球菌属的相对丰度,但对气体组分和产气量无显著影响。本研究表明,添加2%MLE对柱花草与象草青贮品质改善效果更好。

辣木叶水提物成分分析及其对小鼠力竭游泳时间的影响

目的:检测辣木叶水提物的活性成分并观察该提取物对小鼠力竭游泳时间的影响。方法:采用超声辅助水浸提法制备辣木叶水提取物,分别采用福林酚法、铝离子显色法、硫酸苯酚法分析其总多酚、总黄酮、总多糖含量;采用FRAP法和试剂盒法评价该提取物的体外抗氧化活性;并用UPLC-MS/MS测定辣木叶水提物中主要的多酚类物质;观察水提物对小鼠力竭游泳时间的影响。结果:分析结果显示,辣木叶水提物中总多酚、总黄酮、总多糖含量分别为(34.6±3.8)mg GAE/g、(39.9±2.0)mg RE/g、(239.6±12.4)mg GE/g;体外抗氧化能力分析表明,总抗氧化力为(285.7±13.9)U/g,羟自由基清除率为(27.7±5.7)%,DPPH自由基清除率为(56.6±3.4)%。UPLC-MS/MS检测结果显示,多酚类物质中木犀草素、槲皮素、山奈酚、绿原酸的相对含量较高。在力竭游泳实验中,与对照组相比,水提物组游泳时间显著延长(P<0.05)。结论:辣木叶水提取物中富含多酚、类黄酮和多糖,具有抗氧化活性和一定的抗疲劳作用。

响应面优化辣木叶低聚糖提取工艺

[目的]提高辣木叶的综合利用率,对辣木叶低聚糖的提取工艺进行优化。[方法]用辣木叶粉末水浴加热提取低聚糖,采用单因素试验和响应面试验分析不同提取温度、料液比、提取时间及其交互作用对提取液中辣木叶低聚糖含量的影响。[结果]辣木叶低聚糖最优提取条件为提取温度70℃、料液比1∶30(g∶mL)、提取时间30 min,此工艺方法提取液中辣木叶低聚糖含量约为19.50 mg/mL。[结论]该研究为后续辣木叶低聚糖工业生产提供理论支撑。

辣木叶总黄酮的提取及其降血糖作用

采用乙醇回流法从辣木叶中提取黄酮类化合物,经AB-8型大孔吸附树脂柱纯化获得辣木叶总黄酮(TFM);以四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠为动物模型,以中成药消渴丸为对照,进行TFM的降血糖动物试验研究。结果表明TFM能明显降低糖尿病模型小鼠的血糖,同时能提高血清SOD活力,降低血清MDA含量,但TFM对正常小鼠的血糖水平无影响。

辣木叶提取物的制备及抗氧化活性

采用16种提取方法制备辣木叶提取物,考察不同提取方法对辣木叶蛋白、糖类、多酚类物质提取率和抗氧化剂溶出率的影响。采用乙酸乙酯萃取辣木叶提取物,研究水相中蛋白(水解蛋白)、糖类和乙酸乙酯相中多酚类物质相互作用对辣木叶提取物抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:采用酶法以及酶法耦合乙醇提取法可以制备蛋白(水解蛋白)、糖类和多酚类物质含量高且抗氧化活性强的辣木叶提取物。采用Ns37071蛋白酶、胰酶时,所得辣木叶提取物蛋白、糖类、多酚类物质提取率最高,抗氧化活性最强。蛋白(水解蛋白)和糖类物质对辣木叶提取物抗氧化活性的贡献大于多酚类物质,是辣木叶提取物发挥抗氧化活性的重要物质基础。此外,辣木叶提取物中蛋白(水解蛋白)、糖类、多酚类物质存在协同增效或拮抗作用。

辣木叶总黄酮乙醇提取工艺的研究

对辣木叶中总黄酮的乙醇提取工艺进行了研究。探讨乙醇浓度、浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间、浸提次数对辣木叶中总黄酮提取效果的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:辣木叶中总黄酮类物质的最佳提取条件为70%的乙醇溶液作提取剂,提取温度60℃,料液比1:20,提取3次,每次1h,在此条件下,提取液中的总黄酮含量达到3.95%。

辣木叶酶法水解提取蛋白质工艺优化

为了优化纤维素酶与果胶酶水解提取辣木叶中蛋白质的提取工艺,以提取率为考察指标,运用单因素与正交试验研究了酶解温度、加酶量、pH、底物质量浓度与酶解时间5个因素对辣木叶蛋白质提取率的影响。结果表明:纤维素酶各因素对辣木叶蛋白质提取率影响的主次顺序为:酶解温度>底物质量浓度>pH>酶解时间>加酶量,最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度40℃、加酶量800 U/L、酶解pH5.0、底物质量浓度7.0 g/L、酶解时间70 min,在此条件下的提取率达到了43.85%。果胶酶各因素对辣木叶蛋白质提取率影响的主次顺序为:加酶量>底物质量浓度>酶解时间>酶解温度>pH,最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度50℃、加酶量1400 U/L、pH4.0、底物质量浓度9.0 g/L、酶解时间50 min,提取率达到了32.26%。纤维素酶与果胶酶各因素对辣木叶蛋白质提取率的影响均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。在最佳工艺条件下,纤维素酶水解辣木叶提取蛋白质的效果优于果胶酶。

Seed priming improves early seedling vigor, growth and productivity of spring maize

Potential of seed priming treatments in improving the performance of early planted maize was evaluated against timely planting. Seeds of maize hybrid FH-810 were soaked in water (hydropriming), CaCl2 (2.2%, osmopriming), moringa leaf extracts (MLE 3.3%, osmopriming) and salicylic acid (SA, 50 mg L–1, hormonal priming) each for 18 h. Untreated and hydroprimed seeds were taken as control. Seeds primed with SA took less time in emergence and had high vigor in early planted maize. Amongst treatments, hormonal priming, reduced the electrical conductivity, increased the leaf relative and chlorophyl contents fol owed by osmopriming with CaCl2 at seedling stage. Likewise, plant height, grain rows and 1 000-grain weight, grain and biological yield and harvest index were also improved by seed priming;however hormonal priming and osmopriming with MLE were more effective in this regard. Improved yield performance by hormonal priming or osmopriming with MLE in early planting primarily owed to increased leaf area index, crop growth and net assimilation rates, and maintenance of green leaf area at maturity. In conclusion, osmopriming with MLE and hormonal priming with SA were the most economical treatments in improving productivity of early planted spring maize through stimulation of early seedling growth at low temperature.

辣木叶超微粉总黄酮提取工艺的优化研究

为了探究辣木叶超微粉中的总黄酮提取工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,通过建立四因素三水平的正交试验,分别考察乙醇浓度、提取温度、料液比、提取时间对辣木叶超微粉中总黄酮提取的影响,得出辣木叶超微粉总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明为:辣木叶超微粉总黄酮最佳提取条件为70%浓度的乙醇溶液作为提取剂,提取温度为80℃,料液比为1∶25,提取时间为1.5 h,测得总黄酮的含量为7.61%,比普通采用辣木叶为原料提取所得的总黄酮含量要高得多。

正交试验优化超声提取辣木叶总黄酮及其抗氧化活性研究

采用正交试验法研究辣木叶总黄酮的提取工艺。以总黄酮含量为考察指标,对醇浓度、料液比、提取温度和提取时间进行优化,结果表明,最优条件为乙醇浓度70%、料液比1∶30(g/m L)、提取温度50℃、提取时间30 min,在此条件下,总黄酮含量为4.88%。同时,辣木叶黄酮表现出较强的DPPH自由基清除能力,其IC50值为0.19 mg/m L。

辣木叶等配方提取物对酵母膏诱导小鼠高尿酸血症的影响

探讨含辣木叶等配方的袋茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠的作用及其机制。给正常实验用鼠连续14 d灌胃给予20 g/kg酵母膏诱导高尿酸血症,同时按人体推荐量10 g/d的10倍、20倍、30倍,给予低(1.67 g/kg)、中(3.34 g/kg)、高(5.00 g/kg)三种剂量的袋茶水提溶液,采用试剂盒的方法分别测定血清尿酸(uric acid, UA)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase,XOD)、肌酐(creatinine,Cre)、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)、炎性因子白细胞介素(interleukin-6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的含量以及肝脏XOD酶活性。与高尿酸血症模型组比较,高剂量的袋茶提取物能显著或极显著降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清UA、XOD、Cre、BUN、IL-6、TNF-α的含量(P<0.01或P<0.05),抑制肝脏中XOD水平(P<0.05)。所用袋茶提取物在三种剂量下均可极显著降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清UA和XOD(P<0.01)的水平,同时可抑制肝脏XOD活性、降低血清中Cre的含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),降低BUN含量(P<0.05)。结果表明,含辣木叶等成分的袋茶具有降尿酸作用,抑制XOD活性及炎性因子释放是其降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平的机制之一。

海南产辣木叶粗多糖提取条件优化及其抗氧化活性研究

试验旨在研究海南辣木叶粗多糖的提取最佳工艺,以及对其抗氧化活性进行测定。试验以海南产辣木叶干粉为原料,采用水为提取剂,通过对不同浸提温度、浸提时间与次数及料液比研究最佳的提取条件。采用水杨酸法测定辣木多糖对羟自由基的清除率,以确定提取物的抗氧化活性。试验结果表明,辣木茎叶多糖最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1:20、浸提温度80℃、浸提时间120 min、浸提次数3次,在此条件下,辣木粗多糖的提取率可达15.42%,多糖提取物对羟自由基有清除作用,且随着提取物浓度的提高清除作用逐渐增强,呈现剂量效应关系。

辣木叶提取物对蛋鸭抗氧化、脂质代谢及免疫功能的影响

为研究饲粮中添加不同水平的辣木叶提取物对蛋鸭抗氧化性能、脂质代谢及免疫功能的影响,试验选用25周龄体况健康、体重相近的金定鸭480只,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复24只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加1、1.5 g/kg和2 g/kg辣木叶提取物的饲粮。试验期63 d。结果显示:(1)与对照组相比,1.5、2 g/kg组血清和蛋黄中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著增强,1.5 g/kg组血清和蛋黄SOD活性分别提高了17.3%和30.2%,2 g/kg组血清和蛋黄SOD分别提高了31.1%和43.9%(P <0.05);与对照组相比,2 g/kg组血清和蛋黄中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著提高,分别提高了14.2%和15.5%(P <0.05),蛋黄中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,降低了16.6%(P <0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,1.5、2 g/kg组血清和蛋黄中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著提高,1.5 g/kg组血清和蛋黄HDL-C含量分别提高了17.1%和9.2%,2 g/kg组血清和蛋黄HDL-C含量分别提高了26.1%和20.9%(P <0.05);2 g/kg组蛋黄中总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)含量显著降低,分别降低了14.3%和15.9%(P <0.05)。(3)与对照组相比,1.5、2 g/kg组十二指肠s IgA含量分别增加了41.8%和65.6%(P <0.05),2 g/kg组血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量显著增加,分别增加了16.5%、47.5%和35.4%(P <0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加辣木叶提取物可以改善血清和蛋黄抗氧化性能、调节脂质代谢和增加蛋鸭免疫球蛋白的分泌量,以添加量为2 g/kg时效果最佳。

响应面法优化辣木叶蛋白提取工艺及凝集活性研究

辣木叶中含有丰富的蛋白质,但溶解性较差,本研究采用盐析法提取新鲜辣木叶中的蛋白并对其活性进行研究。以新鲜辣木叶为原料,分析提取时间、硫酸铵饱和度、料液比3个因素对蛋白得率的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,通过响应面优化盐析法提取辣木叶蛋白的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:对蛋白得率的影响依次为提取时间>硫酸铵饱和度>料液比,确定的最佳工艺条件为提取时间7 h、硫酸铵饱和度71%、料液比1:9 g/mL,在此条件下辣木叶蛋白得率为13.49 mg/g,与预测结果13.76 mg/g基本相符。辣木叶蛋白的凝集效价为2^(8),D(+)无水葡萄糖是辣木凝集素专一性抑制糖,可以较好地抑制兔红细胞和辣木叶蛋白凝集反应。

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取辣木叶多糖工艺

以辣木叶为原料,采用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取辣木叶多糖工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,以料液比、提取时间、提取温度、超声功率为影响因素,辣木叶多糖得率为指标进行响应面优化试验,确定最佳提取工艺。结果表明,辣木叶多糖最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶25(g/mL),提取时间43 min,提取温度83℃和超声功率105 W,在此条件下,辣木叶多糖得率预测值为7.39%,实际得率为7.36%。超声波辅助提取技术的应用能够显著缩短辣木叶多糖的提取时间,并提高其得率。