术语“Morpheme”指称的三种解读及其形态语义研究

从术语逻辑与术语使用规范等角度,重新审视了形态语义研究中的三个重要术语“morpheme”“morph”“allomorph”的语义内涵及关联性。研究表明,“morpheme”在指称上应区分三种情况,形位(morpheme)与形素(morph)之间并非简单的“实现-被实现”关系,而是表现出由一对一到多对一的动态结构。严格来说,“morph”(而非“morpheme”)是语言中最小的形义单位,基于此可以进一步区分词根/缀等形式。对“allomorph”与“morpheme”关系的准确理解,应注意从语音、形义配对等方面适切地深入讨论,但笼统地把“allomorph”视为形位变体有失妥当。

基于齿面形成原理的ZI蜗杆齿面参数化建模

根据ZI蜗杆齿面形成原理,给出对应点螺旋线公式及齿厚调整公式,通过表达式直接建立螺旋线。利用Siemens NX建模模块提供的基本功能,实现参数化构建ZI蜗杆齿面,为ZI蜗杆齿面精确造型提供了简单、实用的新方法。

A Study of Morpheme Order of Acquisition Through Obligatory Accasion Anlysis

Much consideration has been given to the study of certain grammatical morphemes by researchers.The study of learners' use of morphemes through obligatory analysis has important implications for both second language acquisition and the second language teaching.It suggests that some linguistic features,particularly grammatical features,are inherently easier to learn than others.For example,in this study,the fact that learners master article before 3rd person singular suggests that article in some sense easier to learn.

Morpheme与语素、偏旁比较研究

Morpheme与语素、偏旁这几个中西语言概念之间既有具体的相似点,也有不同点。在语义方面,free morpheme和语素的语义都是“准确义”,bound morpheme的语义是“趋向意”,形旁则表示的是“属性义”;在语音方面,free morpheme和语素以及声旁都有准确发音,bound morpheme和形旁没有准确发音;在判定方面,morpheme和偏旁的判定具有准确性,语素的判定有不稳定性;在遣词造字方面,morpheme和语素都是组成词的基本单位,偏旁是组成合体字的基本单位,偏旁可以赋予字语音和语义,bound morpheme则能改变单词的语音、语义及词性。

Morphemes in Tips Taking Elementary Chinese Textbooks in Japan as a Subject

Vocabulary acquisition is a foundation of second language acquisition. How to memorize vocabulary effectively is a troubling issue both for learners and teachers. The experiments show that the more closely connected between pair words, the higher rate of recurrence with correctness. Focusing on the connection of morphemes in Chinese vocabulary teaching can accelerate students＇ memories of new words. The author believes morpheme teaching is also evidently effective for those Chinese learners using Chinese characters in Japan. However, after examining the order of words with same morphemes in 14 elementary Chinese textbooks, the authors found that current textbooks have not provided a list of words with same morpheme thus imposing learners＇ memory burden due to learning repetitive words. Meanwhile, this paper proposes ＂radial networks＂ among morphemes with same words, also promotes the expansion of vocabulary by morpheme association.

‘Morphemes’and‘Vocabulary Items’Distinction in Distributed Morphology:Evidence from Hausa

Traditionally,‘morphemes’are consisting complex morphophonological properties and syntactic-semantic properties.However,in realizational theories such as Distributed Morphology,which is a syntactic approach to word formation,morphemes are abstract bundle of features without phonological properties,e.g.pl,fem,masc,categorizers(Embick,2015)etc.Nevertheless,when language assigns phonological properties to those features(namely late insertion),they serve as vocabulary items instead of morphemes.This was confirmed by Marantz(2000:15),who proposed that‘…we see,overtly,the vocabulary items,not the morphemes.’Moreover,morphemes are generative and there is no any bound morpheme,all are free(Hankamer&Mikkelsen,2018).Vocabulary items are not generative but expandable and visibly they can either be free or bound.So this paper intends to elaborate these issues together with evidence from Hausa.The entire paper is divided into following subsections:Introduction,Distributed Morphology,morphemes and vocabulary items in Hausa and their differences,followed by Conclusion remarks.

The Influence of Morpheme Awareness on Junior Middle School English learners’ Reading Comprehension

According to the understanding of English learning process and the surrounding educational environment,it is found that most English learners have not received the training of morpheme awareness,and English teachers have hardly cultivated their students’morpheme awareness.In English learning,it is found that English morpheme awareness plays a role in promoting English learning.It can be seen from the relevant literature that the identification of English morphemes is very important for English learners’language acquisition and development,and has attracted the attention of researchers at home and abroad.This paper mainly studies the influence of morpheme awareness on junior middle school English learners’reading comprehension.

A Comparative Study of English Transitional Light Verb Morpheme“-ize”and Chinese“化”

English transitional light verb morpheme"-ize"and Chinese"化"have been discussed in English and Chinese languages from different research perspectives.Based on English-Chinese Equivalence Translation,Contrastive Analysis and CodeSwitching in Inter-Cultural Communication,the paper mainly discusses their differences in equivalence translation,word class and pragmatic translation.The nouns,adjectives and verbs investigated respectively are realized by adding morpheme"化",which are equal to English transitional light verb"-ize"and its derivations information.However,from the contrastive analysis expression,there is word class difference between morpheme"-ize"and Chinese"化"in semantic view.In Chinese language,"X+化"is regarded as noun while"X+ize"verb in English.On the top of that,influenced by code-switching strategies,the two morphemes have distinctions in pragmatic translation according to grammatical rules and cultural diversities between Chinese and English.

Clinical efficacy of external treatment with Zi Cao Yang He Tang combined with hormone therapy for granulomatous mastitis and its effect on cellular pyroptosis proteins

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of external application of Zi Cao Yang He Tang combined with dexamethasone ointment in the treatment of granulomatous lobular mastitis in the mass stage and the effect on cellular pyroptosis-related proteins.Methods:Forty patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis were randomly divided into 20 cases in the observation group and 20 cases in the control group.Both groups were given dexamethasone ointment for treatment,and the observation group was treated with external application of Zi Cao Yang He Tang on the basis of the control group.Breast lump vol-ume changes,breast pain and pus symptoms,pathology and histology and immunohistochemistry,cellular death-related indicators expression were compared between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the difference in mass volume of the observation group was significantly greater than that of the control group(16.7±21.5 in the control group and 32.9±27.4 in the experimental group)and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05);the objective remission rate of the patients in the observation group(ORR=85%)was significantly higher than that of the treatment group(ORR=50%,P<0.05).In terms of pus formation rate and pain level,the breast pain score of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group after two weeks or three weeks of treatment(P<0.05);the pus formation rate of the observation group was 30%,and the pus formation rate of the control group was 20%,and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The immunohistochemical expression levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05);and in terms of the expression of cellular pyroptosis-related indexes,the expression of GSDMD,cas-pase-1,and NLRP3 in the observation group was significantly lower compared with that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The efficacy of external application of Zi Cao Yang He Tang combined with dexamethasone ointment in treating granulomatous lobular mastitis in the mass stage is remarkable,which can effectively reduce breast pain,reduce the size of the mass,de-crease the expression of cellular pyroptosisrelated indexes,and have a good anti-inflammatory effect.

资治通鉴与政府统计研究

由北宋史学家司马光编撰的《资治通鉴》包含丰富的统计数据,涵盖户籍人口、赋税徭役、军情战报、农业生产等诸多方面,是研究我国古代政府统计演变历程极为宝贵的史料基础。为总结历史经验,汲取历史智慧,本文基于对《资治通鉴》中统计活动、统计数据、统计思想和统计方法的细致钩沉与深入解读,聚焦典型案例,突出数据治理,从政府统计工作组织开展情况、政府统计的主要内容,以及防范和惩治统计造假等三个部分对五代及以前时期我国政府统计的状况加以刻画与总结。研究发现:我国古代政府统计起步时间早,渐趋成熟和稳定;统计工作历来备受重视,日益成为国家治理的有效工具和相关决策的重要基础;统计造假问题时有发生,防范和惩处力度较大;统计数据的收集利用程度与经济社会状况高度相关;统计与其他领域深度融合,专门的统计问题研究较为欠缺。

疏花对紫嫣茶树产量及品质成分的影响

该研究以茶树品种紫嫣为试验材料,探究不同花蕾负载量和不同浓度化学药剂对茶树产量及品质成分的影响。结果表明,花蕾负载量减少可以促进紫嫣新梢的生长,在1/2花蕾负载量时新梢产量最高,夏季产量为363.31 kg·hm^(-2),秋季产量为591.38 kg·hm^(-2),翌年春季产量为369.76 kg·hm^(-2),较对照分别增加28.55%、49.17%、125.85%。此外花蕾负载量的减少也可以提高紫嫣茶树新梢水浸出物和茶多酚含量,并且有利于儿茶素的积累。乙烯利能够有效地疏除茶树的花朵(花蕾),并且该疏除效果能够维持整个花期,其中1000 mg·L^(-1)的乙烯利能显著提高茶树的产量,春季产量为264.75 kg·hm^(-2)。一定浓度的多效唑不能有效地减少紫嫣茶树开花数量,通过观察发现其延缓了茶树的开花及新梢生长进程,但并不会对其产量产生影响;此外多效唑能够显著增加春季紫嫣茶树中的游离氨基酸和花青素含量,当其浓度为150 mg·L^(-1)时,花青素含量较对照显著增加29.55%。

英语自由与黏附语素的形义博弈及其应对方略

现当代英语中确实存在着部分自由语素(即自由词根)与黏附语素(含黏附词根或构词形式、前缀、后缀)之拼写形式巧合相同、读音或重音模式略有不同、语义或语言学功用却存在显著差异之情形。鉴于此类客观语言事实,探讨英语中“貌”合“神”离的自由语素与黏附语素之本质区别,试从自由语素的语法化和英语外来语素之同化等历时视角探究其相关成因,并提出功能语义优先和外在拼读形式相助等策略手段以辨别或应对自由语素与黏附语素、复合词与派生词等之间的形义博弈,希冀能廓清英语派生形态学中的若干模糊概念,有助于语言学习者的跨文化交际与理解。

深入探究《老子》蕴含的育人哲理

育人是关系到人类生存、发展的千秋大业。《老子》一书中蕴含着丰富深刻的育人哲理,值得人们深入探究。具体而言,其中的育人哲理主要表现在以下几个方面:敬业爱生是育人之本;遵循规律是育人之魂;有无相生是育人之道;慎终如始是育人之基。《老子》一书中的育人哲理对当代社会具有诸多启迪。当代人们仍需认真汲取《老子》一书中的智慧,不断深化对育人规律的认识,为社会培养出大批高素质的建设人才。

朱子道体补诠--以本体、形体、体用与实体为中心

朱子在阐述其“道体”思想时,除理气关系外,还着力分辨几则概念。一是本体与形体,前者常涉及“本然之体”和“骨子之体”,后者则强调“道无形体”和“与道为体”。二是本体与发用,首先体即形上之理,用为理之运用;其次体用相生,包括体用相即不离,形上形下各有体用,阴阳动静互为体用,某物派生某物则前者为体,此派生能力为用等;再次体用相分,严格区分二者,认为体用为二,方可言其一源,理象为二,方可言显微无间,绝不能混为一谈。三是专门提出“实体”这一概念,用以强调形上本体--理的真实不妄与优先性。但是这样的天理实体化违背了先秦孔门实体一元论的本质,固化了程朱自身理气、道器、体用二元论的倾向,并建构起一个理(体)、气(物)、象(用)三合一的象世界,造成了天理优先与良知主体之两橛。这些理论困难均预示着后儒对朱子学的突破。

论明清文论中的字诀批评

字诀批评是明清文论中比较常见却又少有专论的批评现象。字诀批评源起于道佛教义,同时又广泛流布于古代书画批评等诸多领域。明清文论中的字诀批评主要从文学涵养、体性风貌与创作技法等方面凝练并发展了传统文论思想。作为一种独具特色的特殊批评形式,明清文论中的字诀批评有着重要的理论价值、传播价值与认识价值,值得深入探究。

功利之中有道德——孙子战争伦理思想浅析

战争伦理思想是孙子兵学思想的重要内容。本文从孙子战争伦理的主要内容、功利主义特征、道德因素等方面,对孙子的战争伦理思想进行剖析。

局域非对称成分统制、分配义词素与汉英对举供用句的共性机制研究

以往研究采用传统题元理论来定义“一张床睡三个人/三个人睡一张床”这类结构中数量名短语的语义角色,不能反映该类句式中的句法语义关系。其中的数量名短语并非是由动词“睡”进行选择并指派题元的论元,而是由具有分配义内涵的数量算子“每”执行语义和语类选择的次范畴化成分。因此,数量对举供用句才应该是更为恰当的称谓,必须成对出现的两个名词短语都是纯粹表数量的无定词组,从而可以满足功能中心语“每”的语类选择和语义要求。依据最简方案的语法架构,狭义句法(NS)完成句法体的移交后,概念意愿系统(CI)依据中心语“每”的分配义内涵和数量名短语间的成分统制关系为“供”句和“用”句指派语义表征,而感觉运动系统(SM)则依据功能性词素和方式类附加语二者在拼读方面都具备的可选性组配生成四类不同但却有机关联的变体句式。

荀子《非十二子》思想解析

战国末期思想文化折中综合的趋势日渐显著,荀子是这一思想文化走向的典型代表。受稷下学风影响,荀子以儒学为基础,折中综合道家、墨家、名家、法家、兵家等思想观念,实现了先秦哲学史上的第一次批判综合。《非十二子》是一篇综合分析评论先秦诸家学说,特别是批判儒家思孟学派的论文。文中将当时先秦诸家很有影响的十二位代表人物,两两成对,分为六家,后称六家十二子,即它嚣、魏牟,陈仲、史鰌,墨翟、宋钘,慎到、田骈,惠施、邓析,子思、孟轲。荀子逐一对他们的思想言行进行了分析、批判和总结,显示出荀子的学术立场及其与先秦思想史的关联。

魏校《大学》诠释的学术取向及其意义

魏校是明代中期与阳明并肩齐名的学者,然以往那种以阳明为中心来审视整个明代理学的研究,不仅遮蔽了魏校的学术贡献,也掩盖了明代理学的多元面向。魏校依循朱子、阳明由《大学》而入建构学术体系的路径,精心结撰《大学指归》,首先以还原古文字的形式来试图恢复更“古”的古本《大学》,尔后通过对《大学》义理骨架“三纲、八目”的新诠来构建新的学术体系,显豁出“谴取朱、王,自立新说”的学术特质,成为明代中期“介于朱、王二本之间”的典范学者。魏校此举表征出,明代中期的学术绝非只是已有的研究所表明的那样非朱即王。相反,谴取、突破朱、王藩篱,早在阳明在世时就已有端倪,这就为我们理解和把握明代中期学术的多元面向提供一个典范的参照物。

子不语与晚清通俗画报话语转向--以《北京画报》为考察中心

从历史长时段看,知识阶层对普罗大众的“怪力乱神”之事多持宽容态度,文人墨客对于这种民风流俗时有推波助澜,晚清《点石斋画报》“因果报应”内容影响甚广,呈现出一种知识精英与普罗大众的集体狂欢场面,这种互动到了清末新政时期悄然变化。普通民众因迷信而愚昧,成为知识精英和政府官员的一个“常识性结论”。这一时期兴起的通俗画报刊登的“子不语”系列题材,借用舶来的“科学知识”为基准臧否迷信,为普通民众铺设一个新的开通世界,并借此来引导和重塑民众的日常生活。传统的“怪力乱神”图像言说和话语策略的转向,是晚清社会持改革态度的政府官员和知识精英集体心态的体现。