Studies on the Crystallization Properties and Morphology Structure of the Cationic Dyeable Polypropylene Fibers

The crystallization properties and morphology structure of the cationic dyeable polypropylene fibers which were produced by the blending spinning method were studied by making use of X-ray and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It comes to the conclusions that the larger the crystallite size in the fibers is , the better the dyeable properties of the fibers are and there is a little compatibility between the dyeable agent and polypropylene resin. And the dye-uptake of the fibers may be up to 90% because the dyeable agent can uniformly be scattered in polypropylene.

MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS FORMED AT INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE IN A Cu-Zn-Al ALLOY

A TTT diagram for th ie precipitation formed at some intermediate temperatures through cooling from high lemperalure parenl phase in a Cu-27 27Zn-3.73Al allay is established by means of dilatormetric measurement.The morphology and structure of transformation products formed at some intermediate tem peratures isothermally through cooling from high temperature parent phase and up-quenching from DO_(3) parent phase are studied by metallographic.X-ray and electron microscopy analyses.Three regions in the two separate C curves are obtained according to different morphology of precipitate:rod-like a,plate-like bainite and a rods,and bainite plates.Prolonged aging makes bainite plate change gradually into a whose lattice parameters are no different from that of a formed equilibriumly from parent phase.The structure is almost orthorhombic long period structure for bainites formed from B_(2) and DO_(3) parent phase,but monoclinic for martensite from DO_(3).They correspond to the overlapping and separating of(1210)and(2010)diffraction peaks respectively,showing the lower degree of ordering in bainite.

Study on urban spatial structure and morphology of Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan coordinating region compared with Randstad,Netherlands

In recent years,regional integration of Chinese cities has gradually developed.Meanwhile,metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations have taken shape.On the one hand,the development of the metropolitan area has brought about urban spatial expansion,as well as population and economic growth.On the other hand,it has led to problems such as the urban sprawl and suburbanization,increasing pressure on environmental resources,and the decline of urban central areas.Under this background,the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Development Plan Outline proposes to accelerate the integration of Guangzhou-Foshan(Guang Fo)Metropolitan Coordinating Region(MCR),and to construct a networked space pattern driven by urban poles and shafts.Based on the academic research of Metropolitan Coordinating Region(MCR),as well as the theory of urban spatial structure and morphology,this study focus on urban spatial patterns and elements in different scales,from two individual cites(Guangzhou and Foshan),Guang Fo MCR,to Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao(GHM)Greater Bay Area.With GIS and the mapping method,the spatial elements such as green space,water system,built-up area,road network,rail transit network and main pivot points of the Guang Fo MCR are classified,laid out individually and again overlaid in order to figure out the relationship of these elements.At the same time,through the comparative case study of the Randstad MCR in the Netherlands,the enlightenment of solving the development problem of MCR is hopefully to be obtained.As delta cities,the Guang Fo MCR is cut by the multi-channel water network,while the urban built-up area is concentrated in the middle of the MCR and spread out along the traffic corridor to the suburban district.The traffic structure of the Guang Fo MCR is characterized by the outward radiation of the central area of Guangzhou and Foshan.Simultaneously,the traffic connection between Guangzhou and Foshan is relatively weak.Compared with the polycentric spatial structure,which is called Decentralized Compact pattern of Randstad MCR,the Guang Fo MCR presents a city form with little hierarchy but homogeneity,and its urban space is disorderly spread.The bluegreen system of water and vegetation is fragmented because of the urban invasion in Guang Fo MCR,while the green heart in central Randstad is well preserved.As a result,it is well advised to explore a more resilient and ecological urban development in Guang Fo MCR.

Influence of Konjac Glucomannan on the Crystallization Morphology and Structure of Calcium Oxalate

The influence of additive Konjac Glucomannan （KGM） in a variety of con- centrations on the crystallization morphology and structure of calcium oxalate （CaOxa） has been investigated by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and so on. The results showed KGM can complex with the Ca^2＋ ions; low concentration KGM prevents CaOxa from aggregating, raises the concentration of ions in the solution, reduces the quantity of crystals and inhibits their growth, and the crystals are round and blunt; while high concentration KGM promotes the growth of crystal, which appears in sheet-like or irregular shape. Only CaOxa monohydrate was observed in a certain system with or without the presence of KGM.

Morphology and Structure of SiO_2 Film Using Thermal Oxidation Process on(111)Silicon Crystals in Dry Oxygen Atmosphere

By means of scanning electron microscope(SEM)and high voltage electron microscope(HVEM)we have observed and analysed morphology and micro-structure of silicon oxide film with different thickness formed on(111)silicon monocrystal under dry oxygen atmosphere at 1100℃.Compared with their oxidation kinetic curves consisted of three stages,we suggested a mechanism on forming silicon oxide film.According to electron and X-ray diffraction analyses the silicon oxide films consisted of silica with different crystal structure.We also have discussed a stacking fault and a dislocation formed in the Si-Sio_2 interface region simulaneously forming silicon oxide film.

SPHERULITIC STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF POLY(ETHYLENE SUCCINATE)/POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) (PES/PEO) BLENDS WITH ONE-STEP CRYSTALLIZATION

The spherulitic structure and morphology development of poly(ethylene succinate)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PES/PEO) blends with one-step crystallization behavior were observed by means of polarizing optical microscope.It was found that the pure PES spherulite in which the adequate quantity of PEO melt existed in the interlamellar regions,and the blending spherulite formed by both PES and PEO lamellae could form simultaneously.When the two types of spherulites contacted with each other the front of the blending ...

THE MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF ETHYLCYANOETHYL CELLULOSE IN STYRENE AND POLYSTYRENE

Ethyl-cyanoethyl cellulose ((E-CE)C)/styrene solution could form anisotropic system when the concentration was high enough. The (E-CE)C/polystyrene(PS)multiphase polymer could be obtained by radical polymerization of the styrene in the solution. The (E-CE)C/PS multiphase polymer maintained both the crystalline structure of the (E-CE)C and the amorphous structure of the PS. In the multiphase polymer produced from the isotropic solution, however, the (E-CE)C formed spherulites and spread in the PS amorphous phase. While, in the multiphase polymer produced from the anisotropic solution, the (E-CE)formed cylinderic crystalline aggregates. Moreover, the ordered lamellar texture was also observed in the multiphase polymer produced from the anisotropic solution.

Fabrication and characterization of multi-scale coated boron powders with improved combustion performance:A brief review

Boron has high mass and volume calorific values,but it is difficult to ignite and has low combustion efficiency.This literature review summarizes the strategies that are used to solve the above-mentioned problems,which include coatings of boron by using fluoride compounds,energetic composites,metal fuels,and metal oxides.Coating techniques include recrystallization,dual-solvent,phase transfer,electrospinning,etc.As one of the effective coating agents,the fluorine compounds can react with the oxide shell of boron powder.In comparison,the energetic composites can effectively improve the flame temperature of boron powder and enhance the evaporation efficiency of oxide film as a condensed product.Metals and metal oxides would react with boron powder to form metal borides with a lower ignition point,which could reduce its ignition temperature.

Optimization and Characterization of Combined Degumming Process of Typha angustata L. Stem Fibers

Plant derived natural fibers have been widely investigated as alternatives to synthetic fibers in reinforcing polymers.Researchers over the years have explored many plant fibers using different extraction processes to study their physical,chemical,and mechanical properties.In this context,the present study relates to the extraction,characterization,and optimization of Typha angustata L.stem fibers.For this purpose,desirability functions and response surface methodology were applied to simultaneously optimize the diameter(D),linear density(LD);yield(Y),lignin fraction(L),and tenacity(T)of Typha stem fibers.Typha stems have been subjected to both alkali(NaOH)and enzymatic(pectinex ultra-SPL)treatments.Three levels of process variables including enzyme concentration(10,15,and 20 ml/L)and treatment duration(10,15,and 20 days)were used to design the experiments according to the factorial design.Experimental results were examined by analysis of variance and fitted to second order polynomial model using multiple regression analysis.The Derringer’s desirability function released that the values of process variables generating optimized diameter,linear density,yield,lignin ratio and tenacity are 20 ml/L and 20 days for concentration of pectinex ultra-SPL enzyme and treatment duration,respectively.Confirmation was performed and high degree of correlation was found between the experimental and statistical values.Moreover,the morphological structure has been investigated by the scanning electron microscope,showing a crenelated structure of ultimate fiber bundles of cellulose composing the Typha fiber.Compared to Typha stem non-treated fibers(TSNTF),Typha stem combined treated fibers(TSCTF),brings to improve mechanical properties.This change in mechanical properties is affected by modifying the fiber structure showing alpha cellulose of(66.86%)and lignin ratio of(10.83%)with a crystallinity index of(58.47%).

Effect of nickel oxide morphology on the nitrogen electrochemical reduction reaction

In order to study the effect of catalysts’morphology on the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen gas,sample catalysts of NiO with four different morphologies(hollow spherical,sea urchin-shape,cubic block,and rod-like)were prepared.Characterization of the NiO catalysts was carried out using SEM,BET,XRD and electrochemical investigation techniques.The results indicated that the nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)is strictly dependent on the morphology of the NiO catalysts,as the hollow spherical NiO showed the best electrochemical NRR performance of NH3 yield rate(3.21μg h^-1 mg^-1 cat.,4.1910^-11 mol cm^-2 s^-1)and Faradaic efficiency(1.37%),which was higher than the yields and efficiencies of the rod-NiO(1.8μg h^-1 mg^-1 cat.,3.2410^-11 mol cm^-2 s^-1,1.17%),sea urchin-NiO(1.66μg h^-1 mg^-1 cat.,2.4410^-11 mol cm^-2 s^-1,1.08%)and cubic block-NiO(1.32μg h^-1 mg^-1 cat.,2.1410^-11 mol cm^-2 s^-1,0.81%),respectively.These results match the order of the specific surface area of the NiO samples,with hollow spherical(113.91 m^2 g^-1)>rod-NiO(55.12 m^2 g^-1)sea urchin-NiO(55.29 m^2 g^-1)>cubic block-NiO(38.57 m^2 g^-1).This correlation can be attributed to the fact that large specific surface areas can provide more active sites for electrocatalysis.This work demonstrates the effect of the morphology of the NiO catalysts on its electrochemical NRR properties,which could offer some opportunity for the preparation of new electrode materials with improved electrocatalytic properties.

Morphology effect of zirconia support on the catalytic performance of supported Ni catalysts for dry reforming of methane

An immature pinecone shaped hierarchically structured zirconia （ZrO2-ipch） and a cobblestone-like zirconia nanoparticulate （ZrO2-cs）, both with the monoclinic phase （m-phase）, were synthesized by the facile hydrothermal method and used as the support for a Ni catalyst for the dry reforming of methane （DRM） with CO2. ZrO2-ipch is a much better support than ZrO2-cs and the traditional ZrO2 irregular particles made by a simple precipitation method （ZrO2-ip）. The supported Ni catalyst on ZrO2-ipch （Ni/ZrO2-ipch） exhibited outstanding catalytic activity and coke-resistant stability compared to the ones on ZrO2-cs （Ni/ZrO2-cs） and ZrO2-ip （Ni/ZrO2-ip）. Ni/ZrO2-ip exhibited the worst catalytic performance. The origin of the significantly enhanced catalytic performance was revealed by characterization including XRD, N2 adsorption measurement （BET）, TEM, H2-TPR, CO chemisorption, CO2-TPD, XPS and TGA. The superior catalytic activity of Ni/ZrO2-ipch to Ni/ZrO2-cs or Ni/ZrO2-ip was ascribed to a higher Ni dispersion, increased reducibility, enhanced oxygen mo- bility, and more basic sites with a higher strength, which were due to the unique hierarchically structural morphology of the ZrO2-ipch support. Ni/ZrO2-ipch exhibited better stability for the DRM reaction than Ni/ZrO2-ip, which was ascribed to its higher resistance to Ni sintering due to a strengthened metal-support interaction and the confinement effect of the mesopores and coke deposition resistance. The higher coking resistance of Ni/ZrO2-ipch for the DRM reaction in comparison with Ni/ZrOz-ip orignated from the coke-removalabitity of the higher amount of lattice oxygen and more basic sites, confirmed by XPS and CO2-TPD analysis, and the stabilized Ni on the Ni/ZrO2-ipch catalyst by the confinement effect of the mesopores of the hierarchical ZrO2-ipch sup- port. The superior catalytic performance and coking resistance of the Ni/ZrO2-ipch catalyst makes it a promising candidate for synthesis gas production from the DRM reaction.

A Morphologically Structured Model for Mycelial Growth and Secondary Metabolite Formation

A morphologically structured model is proposed to describe the batch fermentation of lovastatin according to the growth kinetics of filamentous microorganisms. Three kinds of hyphae are considered in the model: actively growing hyphae, non-growing hyphae and deactivated hyphae. Furthermore, actively growing hyphae consist of three morphological compartments: apical compartment which gives rise to hyphal tip extension; subapical compartment which is related to hyphal branching; and hyphal compartment which is only responsible for secondary metabolite formation. The kinetics of mycelial growth mechanism is summarized and applied in modeling lovastatin fermentation. A Michaelis-Menten kinetic model with substrate inhibition is proposed for product formation. As expected, the model simulations fit well with experimental data obtained either from a laboratory scale 10L fer-menter or from a pilot-plant scale fermenter.

Morphological Structure and Genetic Mapping of New Leaf-Color Mutant Gene in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Leaf-color mutations are a widely-observed class of mutations, playing an important role in the study of chlorophyll biosynthesis and plant chloroplast structure, function, genetics and development. A naturally-occurring leaf-color rice mutant, Baihuaidao 7, was analyzed. Mutant plants typically exhibited a green-white-green leaf-color progression, but this phenotype was only expressed in the presence of a stress signal induced by mechanical scarification such as transplantation. Prior to the appearance of white ~eaves, mutant plant growth, leaf color, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure appeared to be identical to those of the wild type. After the changeover to white leaf color, an examination of the mutated leaves revealed a decrease in total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content, a reduction in the number of chloroplast grana lamella and grana, and a gradual degradation of the thylakoid lamellas. At maturity, the mutant plant was etiolated and dwarfed compared with wild-type plants. Genetic analysis indicated that the leaf mutant character is controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. Genetic mapping of the mutant gene was performed using an F2 population derived from a Baihuaidao 7 ~ Jiangxi 1587 cross. The mutant gene was mapped to rice chromosome 11, positioned between InDel markers L59.2-7 and L64.8-11, which are separated by approximately 740.5 kb. The mutant gene is believed to be a new leaf-color mutant gene in rice, and is tentatively designated as gwgl.

INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES FOR POLYMER SYSTEMS BASED ON DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL APPROACHES

The dynamic rheological measurements have been a preferred approach to the characterization of the structure and properties for multi-component or multi-phase polymer systems,due to its sensitive response to changes of structure for these heterogeneous polymers.In the present article,recent progresses in the studies on dynamic rheology for heterogeneous polymer systems including polymeric composites filled with inorganic particles,thermo-oxidized polyolefins,phase- separated polymeric blends and functional polymers with the scaling and percolation behavior are reviewed,mainly depending on the results by the authors' group.By means of rheological measurements,not only some new fingerprints responsible for the evolution of morphology and structure concerning these polymer systems are obtained,the corresponding results are also significant for the design and preparation of novel polymer-based composites and functional materials.

STUDIES ON STRUCTURE AND PHASE BEHAVIOR OF MULTICOMPONENT POLYMERS THROUGH RHEOLOGICAL TESTS

Rheological measurement has been a preferred approach to the characterization of the structure and phase behaviors for multi-component/multi-phase polymer systems, due to its sensitive response to the changes of structure for these heterogeneous polymers. In the present article, recent progresses in the studies on rheology for heterogeneous polymer systems including phase-separated polymeric blends and block copolymers are reviewed, mainly depending on the results by the authors＇ research group. By means of rheological measurements, not only some new fingerprints responsible for the evolution of morphology and structure concerning these polymer systems are obtained, also the corresponding results are significant for design and preparation of novel polymeric structural materials and functional materials.

EFFECT OF STRESS-INDUCED REACTIONS ON MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESSABILITY OF PVC DURING PAN-MILLING

The effect of pan-milling on morphological structure,processability and properties of PVC was studied throughSEM,FTIR,granulometer,GPC and mechanical properties test in the hope of gaining ease in operation,needless ofplasticizers,a clean and efficient route for improving the processability of PVC through stress-induced reactions,fulfilling the idea of“plasticizing PVC by itself”.The experimental results show that during pan-milling at ambienttemperature,within 2-3 min,the microcrystalline structure of PVC becomes indistinct,the grain size of PVC is reducedfrom 130-160 μm to 1-50 μm the molecular weight of PVC is slightly decreased,the variation of molecular weightdistribution is indistinct,the plasticizing time and torque at balance drop a great deal from 71-132 s to 31-33 s and from18.2-22.1 Nm to 14.7-18.4 Nm,respectively,the processability of PVC is markedly improved,and the mechanicalproperties get enhanced too.

Visual Evaluation of the Morphologic Structure of Nonwovens Using Image Analysis and Fractal Geometry

Nonwovens are fiber materials which are based on nonwoven technologies. For the complexity and randomness of nonwovens morphologic structures, it is difficult to express them effectively using classical method. Fractal geometry gives us a new idea and a powerful tool to study on irregularity of geometric objects. Therefore, we studied on the pore size, pore shape, pore size distribution and fiber orientation distribution of real nonwovens using fractal geometry combined with computer image analysis to evaluate nonwovens’ morphologic structures.

EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF AMINOMETHYL POLYSTYRENE RESIN ON THE CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERSUPPORTED RUTHENIUM COMPLEXES

Polymer-supported ruthenium complexes ■-Phen-Ru-①,■-Phen-Ru-②,■-Phen-Ru-③,■-Phen-Ru-④, ■-Phen-Ru-⑤,■-Phen-Ru-⑥and ■-Phen-Ru-⑦were prepared using aminomethyl polystyrenes of different morphological structures as supports.A variety of alcohols were oxidized efficiently into the corresponding ketones, carboxylic acids or aldehydes with iodosylbenzene (PhIO) catalyzed by aminomethyl polystyrene-supported ruthenium complexes under mild reaction conditions in acetonitrile.The influences of morphological structure...

SYNTHESIS AND MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF POLY (PHENYLENE SULFIDE AMIDE)

Poly(phenylene sulfide amide) (PPSA) has been synthesized by using sulfur as S source which reacts with dichlorobenzamide (DCBA) and alkali in polar organic solvent at the atmospheric pressure. The polymer structures were determined by elemental analysis, FT-IR and H-1-NMR. It is shown that the yielded polymer has linear structure and its structure unit is -p-C6H4-CONH -p-C6H4-S-. The polymer morphology was studied by X-ray diffraction and polarized microscopy. The results show that PPSA is a crystalline polymer and its spherulites are the aggregation of nontwisting lamella or micro-thread structure. Under shearing force, these crystals are dispersed to form micro-fibrillar structure. The decomposition kinetics of PPSA was also studied at different heating rates. The decomposition energy of PPSA is higher than that of PPS.

A Population Morphologically Structured Model for Microscopic Growth of Filamentous Microorganism

The growth of filamentous microorganism is contributed by tip extension and branching. The microscopic growth of filamentous microorganism means the growth process from one or a few spores. In order to describe the microscopic process, a population morphologically structured model is proposed, in which three morphological compartment and their interactions were considered, and the heterogeneity of hyphal growth was included. The model was applied to describe the microscopic growth of Streptomyces tendae and Geotrichum candidum with good agreement. From model prediction, it is concluded that if the number of hyphae is large enough (macroscopic growth), the specific growth rate of filamentous microorganism and the ratio of morphological forms in hyphae will become constant.