Fracture behaviors of columnar jointed rock mass using interface mechanics theorem

For a special geological structure of columnar jointed rock mass(CJRM),its mechanical properties are strongly affected by the columnar joints.To describe the fracture behaviors of CJRM using the basic theories of interface mechanics for composite materials,the interface stresses of the vertical and horizontal joints,which are the two primary joints in the CJRM under triaxial compression,are studied,and their mathematical expressions are derived based on the superposition principle.Based on the obtained interface stresses of the vertical and horizontal joints in the CJRM,the crack initiation of the joint interface in the CJRM is studied using the maximum circumferential stress theory in fracture mechanics.Moreover,based on this investigation,the fracture behaviors of CJRM are analyzed.According to the results of similar material physical model tests for the CJRM,the theoretical study is verified.Finally,the influence of the mechanical parameters of the CJRM on the joint interface stress is discussed comprehensively.

Interaction mechanism of the interface between a deep buried sand and a paleo-weathered rock mass using a high normal stress direct shear apparatus

In order to evaluate the feasibility of safe mining close to the contact zone under reduced security coal pillar conditions at a coal mine in eastern China, the interaction mechanism of the interface between deep buried sand and a paleo-weathered rock mass was investigated in the laboratory by direct shear testing. A DRS-1 high pressure soil shear testing machine and orthogonal design method were used in the direct shear tests. Variance and range methods were applied to analyze the sensitivity of each factor that has an influence on the mechanical characters of the interface. The test results show that the normal pressure is the main influencing factor for mechanical characteristics of the interface, while the lithological characters and roughness are minor factors; the shear stress against shear displacement curve for the interface shows an overall hyperbola relationship, no obvious peak stress and dilatancy was observed.When the normal pressure is 6 MPa, the shear strengths of interfaces with different roughness are basically the same, and when the normal pressure is more than 8 MPa, the larger the roughness of the interface, the larger will be the shear strength; the shear strength has a better linear relationship with the normal pressure, which can be described by a linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion.

MASS TRANSFER TO LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACE

Experiments have been done on mass transfer to a liquid-liquid interface on which inert gas bubbles are sparged.To simulate the pyrometallurgy system of melten slag-metal(or matte),aqueous solution-mercury(or zinc amalgam) system was used.The mass transfer coefficients of indicator ions as a function of bubble parameters have been determined.The experimental results show satisfactory agreement with the mass transfer model proposed Previously.

Effects of thermodynamics parameters on mass transfer of volatile pollutants at air-water interface

A transient three-dimensional coupling model based on the compressible volume of fluid （VOF） method was developed to simulate the transport of volatile pollutants at the air-water interface. VOF is a numerical technique for locating and tracking the free surface of water flow. The relationships between Henry＇s constant, thermodynamics parameters, and the enlarged topological index were proposed for nonstandard conditions. A series of experiments and numerical simulations were performed to study the transport of benzene and carbinol. The simulation results agreed with the experimental results. Temperature had no effect on mass transfer of pollutants with low transfer free energy and high Henry＇s constant. The temporal and spatial distribution of pollutants with high transfer free energy and low Henry＇s constant was affected by temperature. The total enthalpy and total transfer free energy increased significantly with temperature, with significant fluctuations at low temperatures. The total enthalpy and total transfer free energy increased steadily without fluctuation at high temperatures.

Measurement of Concentration Fields near the Interface of a Rising Bubble by Holographic Interference Technique

holographic interference, concentration near the interface, bubble , mass transfer

"Environmental phosphorylation"boosting photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction over polymeric carbon nitride grown on carbon paper at air-liquid-solid joint interfaces

The limited CO_(2)content in aqueous solution and low adsorption amount of CO_(2)on catalyst surface lead to poor photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction activity and selectivity.Herein,the design and fabrication of a novel photocatalytic architecture is reported,accomplished via chemical vapor deposition of polymeric carbon nitride on carbon paper.The as-obtained samples with a hydrophobic surface exhibit excellent CO_(2)transport and adsorption ability,as well as the building of triphase air-liquid-solid(CO_(2)-H_(2)O-catalyst)joint interfaces,eventually resulting in the inhibition of H2 evolution and great promotion of CO_(2)reduction with a selectivity of 78.6%.The addition of phosphate to reaction environment makes further improvement of CO_(2)photoreduction into carbon fuels with a selectivity of 93.8%and an apparent quantum yield of 0.4%.This work provides new insight for constructing efficient photocatalytic architecture of CO_(2)photoreduction in aqueous solution and demonstrates that phosphate could play a key role in this process.

The Mechanism of Interfacial Mass Transfer in Gas Absorption Process

Based on the method of molecular thermodynamics, the mass transfer mechanism at gas-liquid interface is studied theoretically, and a new mathematical model is proposed. Using laser holographic interference technique, the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of CO2 absorption are measured. It is shown that the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Gradient-augmented hybrid interface capturing method for incompressible two-phase flow

Motivated by inconveniences of present hybrid methods,a gradient-augmented hybrid interface capturing method（GAHM） is presented for incompressible two-phase flow.A front tracking method（FTM） is used as the skeleton of the GAHM for low mass loss and resources.Smooth eulerian level set values are calculated from the FTM interface,and are used for a local interface reconstruction.The reconstruction avoids marker particle redistribution and enables an automatic treatment of interfacial topology change.The cubic Hermit interpolation is employed in all steps of the GAHM to capture subgrid structures within a single spacial cell.The performance of the GAHM is carefully evaluated in a benchmark test.Results show significant improvements of mass loss,clear subgrid structures,highly accurate derivatives（normals and curvatures） and low cost.The GAHM is further coupled with an incompressible multiphase flow solver,Super CE/SE,for more complex and practical applications.The updated solver is evaluated through comparison with an early droplet research.

A New Experimental Method for Investigations on Microstructure of Liquid-Vapor Interface

Many physical,chemical,and biological processes happen in liquid-vapor interface and are profoundly influenced with the local microstructures.In contrast to the liquid bulk,molecular orientation is the remarkable one of asymmetric structural features of the interface.Here we report an experimental method,namely,electron-impact time-delayed mass spectrometry and give a Ion Detector Time-of-Flight Tub*Liquid Microjet Ion Attrac Liq Electron Multiplier Quadrupole Mass Filter Bender j id Beai Electrons Liquid Dump Pulsed Electron Gun brief review about our recent progresses.This brand-new method not only enables us to have more insights into the interfacial structures,as done with small-angle X-ray and neutron scatterings and vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy,but also provides opportunity to explore the electron-driven chemical reactions therein.

Changes in the Structure and Properties of the Cu-Pb Composites Interface Jointed in the Solid Phase

Research of structure and properties of Cu-Pb-Cu composite interface, obtained by technology of pack rolling of the pair of mutually insoluble metals, was performed using the methods of metallography, micro- and nano-hardness, mechanical tests, energy-dispersion elementary analyses. The work was aimed at the analyses of possible mechanical mechanisms of mass-transfer, determining the hardness of metal joint in conditions of absence of inter-diffusion. It was shown that different intensity of mass transfer of copper and lead takes place through the composite interface, which corresponds to the results obtained on the other system of dissimilar materials—copper-niobium. Qualitative explanation of these patterns was offered on the basis of more intensive plastic flow of fusible compound of the composite in conditions of roll-bond joining.

Stress wave propagation and incompatible deformation mechanisms in rock discontinuity interfaces in deep-buried tunnels

Complex weak structural planes and fault zones induce significant heterogeneity,discontinuity,and nonlinear characteristics of a rock mass.When an earthquake occurs,these characteristics lead to extremely complex seismic wave propagation and vibrational behaviors and thus pose a huge threat to the safety and stability of deep buried tunnels.To investigate the wave propagation in a rock mass with different structural planes and fault zones,this study first introduced the theory of elastic wave propagation and elastodynamic principles and used the Zoeppritz equation to describe wave field decomposition and develop a seismic wave response model accordingly.Then,a physical wave propagation model was constructed to investigate seismic waves passing through a fault,and dynamic damage was analyzed by using shaking table tests.Finally,stress wave attenuation and dynamic incompatible deformation mechanisms in a rock mass with fault zones were explored.The results indicate that under the action of weak structural planes,stress waves appear as a complex wave field decomposition phenomenon.When a stress wave spreads to a weak structural plane,its scattering may transform into a tensile wave,generating tensile stress and destabilizing the rock mass;wave dynamic energy is absorbed by a low-strength rock through wave scattering,which significantly weakens the seismic load.Wave propagation accelerates the initiation and expansion of internal defects in the rock mass and leads to a dynamic incompatible deformation.This is one of the main causes for large deformation and even instability within rock masses.These findings provide an important reference and guide with respect to stability analysis of rock mass with weak structural planes and fault zones.

Comparison of different approaches for direct coupling of solid-phase microextraction to mass spectrometry for drugs of abuse analysis in plasma

The direct coupling of solid-phase microextraction(SPME)to mass spectrometry(MS)(SPME-MS)has proven to be an effective method for the fast screening and quantitative analysis of compounds in complex matrices such as blood and plasma.In recent years,our lab has developed three novel SPME-MS techniques:SPME-microfluidic open interface-MS(SPME-MOI-MS),coated blade spray-MS(CBS-MS),and SPME-probe electrospray ionization-MS(SPME-PESI-MS).The fast and high-throughput nature of these SPME-MS technologies makes them attractive options for point-of-care analysis and anti-doping testing.However,all these three techniques utilize different SPME geometries and were tested with different MS instruments.Lack of comparative data makes it difficult to determine which of these methodologies is the best option for any given application.This work fills this gap by making a comprehensive comparison of these three technologies with different SPME devices including SPME fibers,CBS blades,and SPME-PESI probes and SPME-liquid chromatography-MS(SPME-LC-MS)for the analysis of drugs of abuse using the same MS instrument.Furthermore,for the first time,we developed different desorption chambers for MOI-MS for coupling with SPME fibers,CBS blades,and SPME-PESI probes,thus illustrating the universality of this approach.In total,eight analytical methods were developed,with the experimental data showing that all the SPME-based methods provided good analytical performance with R^(2)of linearities larger than 0.9925,accuracies between 81%and 118%,and good precision with an RSD%≤13%.

冰充填裂隙对冻结岩体压缩破坏特征的影响研究

冻结岩体的力学性质是决定冻结地层工程施工与运营安全的核心因素,而冻结岩体的力学性质由裂隙结构和冻结温度等条件决定。本文在常温和冻结条件下开展了含预制裂隙砂岩的力学实验,通过高速摄影技术对试样表面的裂纹起裂和扩展过程进行了监测,基于实验结果着重讨论了冰充填裂隙对冻结岩体压缩破坏特征的影响机制。结果表明:(1)冻结没有改变试样强度随裂隙倾角的变化趋势,随裂隙倾角的增大,试样的强度均呈先减后增的趋势。强度最小值出现在裂隙倾角α=60°时,最大值出现在α=90°时;(2)在冻结状态下,试样的起裂模式随裂隙倾角的增加整体呈现“拉伸起裂→剪切起裂→拉伸起裂”的变化趋势,此外,相同裂隙倾角的试样在冻结状态下起裂的应力水平均高于在常温状态下;(3)冻结裂隙砂岩的力学性质受冻结作用和裂隙倾角双重控制。并进一步分析了冰填充裂隙对冻结岩体压缩破坏特征的影响,认为冰均起到了支撑、填充和黏结作用。在裂隙倾角较小时(0°~30°),裂隙冰的法向压力较高,强化效应主要来源于冰的支撑作用;当裂隙倾角较大(45°~75°)时,裂隙冰上的法向压力较低,强化效应主要来源于冰-岩界面黏结作用;裂隙倾角(近90°)与加载方向平行时,裂隙冰的法向应力变为拉应力,强化效应主要来源于冰-岩界面黏结作用。

静电场对调湿盐溶液-空气界面及粒子作用影响机理

为探索静电场作为强化气液界面能质传递新方法的可行性,研究了静电场强化盐溶液-空气体系能质传递的微观机理.以质量分数为50%的溴化锂溶液为例,运用分子动力学模拟方法定量分析了强度为0~1 V/nm的静电场作用下界面结构特性、粒子间相互作用及输运性质的变化.结果表明,外加静电场可以增加气液界面区域厚度,影响水分子取向,从而增加水分子参与到能质传递过程中的概率;外加静电场还可以减弱粒子间相互作用力,减小表面张力,破坏界面层氢键结构,从而减弱相际能质传递阻力.在多因素共同作用下,气液界面水分子自扩散系数增大,从而强化相际能质传递.因此,外加静电场通过调控界面结构及分子行为,成为调湿盐溶液-空气体系能质强化的新方法.

泰兴市非饱和带与饱和带间固液界面传质模型的推导

非饱和带与饱和带紧密相联,建立两者交界处的固液界面传质模型,可以为非饱和带耦合饱和带模型提供一定理论基础,对更好地预测地下水污染趋势也非常有意义。文章以江苏省泰兴市为研究对象,将吸附与解吸、颗粒薄膜扩散、分配作用、稀释作用4种固液界面反应和非饱和带、饱和带的特性结合,推导出将非饱和带与饱和带联系在一起的固液界面传质模型。使用Matlab模拟模型参数改变时,地下水中污染物浓度的变化。结果表明,该模型是可行的,但是污染场地、污染物种类可能会对模型模拟结果造成影响。

基于原位液相飞行时间二次离子质谱的电化学固液界面研究

电化学界面是能源转换与存储、生物化学、传感器和腐蚀等领域的核心,研究电化学界面结构与性能的关系一直是电化学和化学测量学的热点与难点。本文重点介绍了基于高真空兼容微流控装置的原位液相飞行时间二次离子质谱(ToF-SIMS)技术的原理、特性,及其在电化学固液界面实时、原位探测方面的研究进展。随着微流控装置的进一步创新以及ToF-SIMS仪器的不断发展,原位液相ToF-SIMS将为电催化、电池等领域的复杂电化学固液界面研究提供重要手段。

数据非依赖采集张量质谱数据计算平台的开发

数据非依赖采集张量(data independent acquisition tensor,DIAT)是一种质谱数据格式,用于处理和分析数据非依赖采集方法获得的蛋白质组学数据。与传统方法相比,DIAT技术具有便捷的数据可视化处理和高效的深度学习模型训练等优势。但由于目前缺乏支持DIAT格式数据的软件平台,限制了其应用。为解决这一问题,本文基于PyQt框架设计了一款用于处理和分析DIAT数据的软件,涵盖了与DIAT技术相关的所有功能,使用户能够轻松地利用DIAT数据进行复杂分析,降低了使用门槛,为数据非依赖采集(DIA)质谱数据分析注入了活力。

南海北部陆坡X区MTDs特征及形态动力学控制因素

海底斜坡地形对浊流的走向及其沉积物的分布与几何形状具有控制作用。越来越多的研究表明,块体搬运沉积体系(MTDs)顶面地形起伏不平,也会影响后续浊流沉积分布。为了进一步探究海底复杂地形如何对后期浊流的沉积分布产生影响,基于南海北部陆坡X区三维地震数据,对研究区发育的MTDs及其顶界面地形进行刻画,利用Fluent软件中多相流双欧拉法和Realizable k-ε湍流模型对MTDs顶面地形进行数值模拟分析。结果表明,在研究区内识别出大规模的块体搬运沉积,地震剖面显示出空白杂乱反射的特征,同时还识别出逆冲断层、挤压脊等典型构造,这些构造导致MTDs顶界面的地形起伏不平。MTDs趾部发育挤压脊,浊流路过时动能逐渐消散,充填挤压脊之间的凹槽,趾部平缓区域沉积分布明显。入流初速度越大,MTDs顶界面受到的侵蚀程度就越严重,且随着模拟过程的结束,后期浊流对MTDs顶界面的侵蚀和沉积分布走向与入口方向平行。

Unraveling the decomposition mechanism of Li_(2)CO_(3)in the aprotic medium by isotope-labeled differential electrochemical mass spectrometry

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)represent the highest energy density in the contemporary energy storage community,typically delivering a practical energy density of 150-350 Wh kg-1in the current technique,which can hardly satisfy the evergrowing demand for the portable electronic devices and power tools requiring long service time[1-3].

求解动态子结构的大质量界面虚拟激励法

为提高大型结构随机激励的计算效率,解决不同类型组合结构的动力求解问题,提出一种动态子结构求解方法。在各子结构界面的质量矩阵上分别附加大质量单元,并直接在大质量单元上施加两次不同幅值的虚拟激励荷载,确保相邻子结构界面上的加速度响应协调;根据不同子结构界面上的内力平衡条件和线性关系建立界面力平衡方程组,求解出能够保证各子结构之间加速度响应和内力同时协调平衡的虚拟激励荷载幅值;通过求出的虚拟激励荷载分别计算各子结构的真实响应。该方法与传统的模态综合法相比,避免了模态坐标和物理坐标的反复转换,并能直接考虑子结构的高频特性;与机械导纳法相比,减小了综合方程规模,求解更为简便,并适用于外荷载激励和地震下基础加速度激励同时输入的情况。最后通过不同类型的仿真算例验证了该方法的正确性。