Legal Research on Rural Land Management Right Financing under the Background of Rural Revitalization Strategy

Financing difficulties have always been one of the bottlenecks restricting the development of"three rural".The core to solve the difficulties is to seek financing collaterals that in line with the law and with the value able to be effectively evaluated.Besides,the law confirmation of the mortgage financing's form for Rural Land ManagementRight(RLMR)is the primary prerequisite for rural land financing.With the continuous advancement of rural revitalization strategy,the rural land reform with the main content of"three powers separation"has paid more attention to the functions of RLMR financing.Due to the lack of supply of existing laws,there are still certain legal risks in the financing of RLMR.Based on rural revitalization strategy,this paper made an in-depth analysis of the causes of financing risk of RLMR.Furthermore,we put forward some possible paths to legalize this right.

Research on the Circulation Problems of Contractual Management Right of Rural Land

Based on the judicial explanation of the contractual management right of land, the thesis elaborates the definition of main body of contractual management right of rural land; right of possession, use right, usufruct of contractual management right of land; autonomy of production and operation; disposition of the products; expropriation and occupation compensation authority of contractual land respectively, in order to demonstrate the connotation of land contractual management. The thesis also analyzes perspicaciously the phenomenon of non-agricultural-use land and proclaiming phenomenon of contractual management right of land. We should establish normalized rural land property rights register system to perfect contractual management right of land. Proclaiming of agriculture land right also should adopt registration effectiveness so as to guarantee the legality of transference of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in terms of system. We should perfect rural land circulation in terms of normalizing land circulation laws and normalizing contractual farmers fees: in terms of the movable agricultural land right, we should further perfect the types and content of circulation and lessen non-legal form restrictions of circulation; in terms of contractual fees, we should normalize contractual fees of land in order to preclude the contradiction between the contractees and contractors arising from blank space of laws.

A Probe into the Mortgage Rates of Land Contract Management Rights Based on Unified Annual Output Value

The mortgage of land contract management rights has launched a pilot project in Ningxia,Hubei,Henan,Guizhou,Chongqing and other provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions,which provides a good solution to the problem of funds for rural development and plays a huge role in promoting local rural economic development.In the mortgage financing of land contract management rights implemented in various regions,how to determine a scientific,accurate and reasonable mortgage rate of land contract management rights becomes a difficulty troubling the mortgage financing of land.On the basis of unified annual output value of land,this article uses survey method,income capitalization method,and comparison method to analyze the value of land contract management rights,and finally determine the mortgage rates of land contract management rights.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

Problems in Rural Land Management Right Confirmation Pilots and the Countermeasures

The affirmation registration and certification of land contracted management right are the essential conditions for the effective promotion of land management right circulation and the development of agricultural moderate scale management. However, the following problems are found in the process of the pilot work： insufficient propaganda work, inconsistent recognition of affirmation registration work, low enthusiasm of grass-roots work; lack of unified regulations, each company working on their own; requiring large amount of manpower and resources for rural land contracted management rights, and severe shortage of national and municipal inputs; incomplete land ownership information and lack of marks between land plots, leading to resolving difficulty of the disputes; urgent need of strengthening subsequent work, untimely adjustment of related policies. Therefore, it needs to intensify propaganda, so that farmers can know the land right confirmation registration and certifi- cation, and recognize its importance; unify the introduction of job specification and results storage standard, making it convenient for the unified use of the results unified; set up special funds, and make experiments first in the areas with better economic conditions; establish arbitral institutions for land ownership disputes; earnestly make great effort to the supporting and subsequent work for right confirmation registration, and give full play to the role of land registration results.

Study on Transfer Problem of Contract and Management Right of Agricultural Land in Anhui Province

The status quo and significance of contract and management right transfer of rural land are analyzed,and major problems existed in contract and management right transfer of rural land in Anhui Province are studied,containing unsound transfer market,insufficient flow demand motion,single transfer form,non-standard register,right determination and certificate issuing. On this basis,several policies and suggestions are proposed,such as combining practical use with suitable use of land right determination and certificate issuing,establishing multilayer rural social security system and expanding land management range.

The Innovation and Plights of Farmland Property Rights System Reform in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the background of national urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area and the introduction of the profiles of research region and the data obtained by on-the-spot interview survey,the innovative models of farmland property rights system reform in Chongqing are introduced by applying participatory rural appraisal methods and examples. The innovative models cover buying shares of contract management rights,transforming from farmers to townspeople and mortgaging contract management rights. The plights exist in the reform are analyzed,among which the plights of buying shares of contract management rights are introduced from the following five aspects:the conflict with the present land contract laws,the possible new round of massive scale land loses,the confounded functions of government and enterprise caused by risk transference and the difficulties of handling assets when the contract management rights expired. Besides,the plights of the transforming from rural residents to urban residents are analyzed from four aspects,which include the particularity of reform,high financial pressure,emergence of interbedded people and difficulties of payoff of village-based companies. From the facets of limited mortgage area,risks of reimbursing the loan,legal risks of mortgage. The results show that the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights reveals the capital value of land and the model is of theoretical and practical significance in law and economics. However,the social security system is not perfect,so the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights can not be expanded. In addition,the participation of more famers and the expansion of enterprises are limited as well. The land comprehensive reform model of transforming from rural residents to urban residents is of positive significance to the comprehensive exploration of farmland property system reform,but this kind of model should be supported by strong economy. The stock purchasing model of contractual management rights is of significance to perfect the contractual management rights,but it conflicts with the existing laws and financial systems.

论农业适度规模经营视野下的承包地细碎化治理

发展农业适度规模经营是中国式农业农村现代化的必由之路,而承包地细碎化治理是发展农业适度规模经营中的关键一环。承包地细碎化治理模式中,“承包权不动,经营权连片”在法律上的技术路径是三权分置之下的土地经营权流转;“承包权互换,承包地连片”在法律上的技术路径是两权分离之下的土地承包经营权互换。农村集体经济组织在承包地细碎化治理中发挥着统筹协调、组织服务等功能,按照法定的程序形成集体意志,还可以充当承包农户在土地经营权外部流转时的代理人,以破除集体行动困境。承包地的调整仅限于个别农户之间,并在符合法定条件的前提之下按照法定程序进行,不得以承包地细碎化治理为由扩大承包地调整的适用范围而进行“打乱重分”。

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

农地资源市场配置法律机制的完善

我国以土地承包经营权和土地经营权为基础的农地市场配置的法律机制,既存在市场机制的固有缺陷,也存在农村集体经济组织和集体土地所有权缺位的特定性局限。为实现市场对农地资源的有效配置,需充分发挥农村集体经济组织的民事治理作用和政府的市场管理与调控作用。应当完善农地市场民事法律机制,明确农村集体经济组织介入农户承包地经营权流转的法律地位和权利,扩大农村集体经济组织流转土地经营权的范围,完善农村集体经济组织的监督权利。应当完善对农地市场的管理调控法律机制,更好地发挥政府在农地用途管制、农业补贴政策和价格调控、产业政策引导、健全市场服务体系以及营造良好市场环境等方面的作用。

基于集体所有制对农村体育的历史审视及学术反思

新中国成立后,在中国共产党领导下迅速形成的具有社会主义性质的集体所有制,既是组织农业生产的一项基本经济制度,也是治理农村社会的一项基本政治制度,还是改善农民生活的一项基本民生制度。因此,新中国成立后70多年来农村集体所有制的形成、改革与完善,必然左右着农村体育发展的方向和路径,决定着农村体育发展的组织与机制,制约着农村体育发展的规模与形式。该研究采用历史阐释和社会批判的方法,分析集体所有制在不同的历史时期对农村体育发展以何种原因和何种方式产生影响。结果显示:社会主义改造和“农业合作化运动”,使广大农民走上了集体化的合作道路,加速了农民对体育的社会主义认知;社会主义建设和人民公社体制,奠定了农村集体所有制的制度基础,为推动农村体育开展提供了基本的组织方式;改革开放和“家庭联产承包责任制”,重塑了农村的生产关系和社会结构,为农村体育提供了内在的需求与动力;新时代和农村土地制度改革的深化,推进了新型农业经营体系的形成,为农村体育提供了新的发展路径和走向。

信托:土地经营权抵押权实现方式的创新

折价、拍卖和变卖不适合作为土地经营权抵押权实现的方式,现有的其他方式也存在着各自的局限性。信托是土地经营权抵押权实现方式的创新,在理论上和实践中均可行。作为抵押权实现方式的土地经营权信托的设立须经抵押权人同意,以抵押权人为唯一或第一顺位受益人,并办理信托登记。受托人的权利应有所限制,即受托人不得将土地经营权以转让、入股等方式流转给他人;应允许信托合同对受托人的分别管理义务另行作出规定,细化受托人谨慎管理义务的要求。应设置专门的信托监察人对受托人经营管理农地的行为进行监督。

农民专业合作社农地金融的法治保障研究

农民专业合作社农地金融实践的顺利展开,激发了农村土地资本运作功能,是助推农村经济发展、实现乡村振兴的题中应有之义。目前农民专业合作社农地金融的成效不如预期,究其本质原因在于既有立法对于实践探索自发形成的法秩序缺乏有效回应。确保农地金融法律关系主体的金融利益,并促进其所承载的社会公共利益之实现,亟待发挥法律对保障农民专业合作社农地金融实践顺利开展所具有的长效作用。实现农民专业合作社农地金融的法治化,必然要基于农地融资权的社会化向度,以完备农地金融的利益平衡机制为核心任务,以构建农民专业合作社的内部治理结构、完善风险防控和激励保障机制为关键进路。

农村承包经营户破产能力证成与实现路径

我国“三农”领域基础法律制度是“三农”法治化发展的重要支撑和保障,但在回应建设高效农村市场、健全统一市场规则和制度体系方面仍显不足。农村承包经营户作为我国农村市场中占据绝对多数的生产经营主体,其市场退出机制至今仍处于缺位状态,一旦陷入债务危机,则难以顺利退出市场。因而,有必要对农村承包经营户破产能力问题进行证成,探讨其破产能力的实现路径。对此,一方面应从经济学理论维度、国家政策维度与法学维度,论证农村承包经营户的破产能力;另一方面,应在公法视域下,确定赋予农村承包经营户破产能力的基本遵循,探寻农村承包经营户破产的立法模式,明确《个人破产法》中农村承包经营户破产适用规则的特殊性以及农户破产后的土地经营权处置,全面保障我国农村承包经营户的合法权益。

中国农业土地经营模式探索与创新:利益联结与金融支持——基于四川实践的分析

党的二十大报告首次提出加快建设农业强国战略,强调要发展农业适度规模经营。土地经营规模化是推动农业适度规模经营的重要途径,但涉及农户、村社集体、社会化组织、农业企业等多类利益主体,其利益联结机制的有效性和稳定性成为农业规模经营可持续的关键,并对金融活动产生显著影响。本文对我国主要土地规模经营模式及其利益联结机制进行比较研究,结合四川实践深入分析了金融在土地规模经营利益联结关系中的角色作用,并在借鉴国际经验的基础上提出相关政策建议。

土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响

【目的】探究土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响,为进一步推进土地承包经营权有偿退出政策提供决策参考。【方法】基于国家农村改革试验区的718个农户调研数据,采用内生转换回归模型(endogenous switching regression model,ESRM),在“反事实”框架下分析土地承包经营权退出对农户增收效应的影响。【结果】基于“反事实”假设,退出土地承包经营权的农户若没有选择退出,家庭年均总收入会下降41.9%,即土地承包经营权退出能够显著促进农户增收;此外,土地承包经营权退出对东部地区农户的增收效应最高,对新生代农户的增收效应相比于老一代更强。【结论】在充分保障农民土地权利的基础上,审慎推进土地承包经营权有偿退出,优化农村土地资源配置,并为具备离农条件农民提供土地权利价值的实现通道。

法律视角下农村土地经营权流转问题研究

农村土地经营权流转是提高农村土地整合利用、促进农业农村现代化的有效途径。然而,当前土地经营权流转仍存在各种问题和不足。因此,需要从法律角度对农地经营权的入市交流和流转问题进行系统研究。在分析经营权流转的基本现状和法律困难的基础上,从明确土地经营权权利性质、健全农村土地的产权制度、优化农地经营权融资制度、强化经营权流转法律保障等方面,探讨了健全和完善农地经营权流转法律制度的策略。

土地经营权抵押融资诉讼纠纷防范研究——基于裁判文书的规范分析

随着我国农村土地经营权抵押制度改革的深入推进,土地经营权抵押融资成为解决农民和新型经营主体融资约束的一种重要途径。通过对中国裁判文书网中的1133份裁判文书进行分析,此类诉讼存在着案件来源集中、抵押物种类过于单一以及合同规定存在争议等表象特征,进而深层挖掘出实践当中土地经营权抵押纠纷产生的实质原因为交易流转市场不完备、农村信用体系不完善、土地评估机制不健全、社会保障制度不完善等因素。针对土地经营权抵押融资纠纷,应通过构建土地流转交易市场、建立信用贷款机制、完善土地经营权价值评估体系、健全农村社会保障体系来推动完善土地经营权抵押融资业务,减少抵押诉讼的产生。

农村土地第三轮承包中“承包地调整”的规范逻辑

农村土地第三轮承包应坚持延包原则,通过有限的“承包地调整”实现农业集约化经营与承包地公平分配的平衡。农村土地集体所有制需对接《民法典》的私权秩序,农户是利用承包地的农业生产经营单位,农民集体成员才是土地承包经营权的权利主体,“承包地调整”的前提是承包地利用秩序的“大稳定”,通过有限的收回“整户消亡”和“进城落户”农民的承包地给新生人口、交回承包地的返乡农民以及嫁入妇女(入赘男)实现“小调整”。另外,以保障农民集体成员的生存利益为前提,将承包地“三权分置”后土地经营权流转作为补充手段,通过“确权不确地”“调利不调地”等,并结合农村集体经济组织统筹功能弥补土地延包中承包地调整的不足。

土地经营权抵押融资中抵押权的设立

土地经营权抵押融资制度是盘活农村资产、增加融资的重要举措,但是囿于法律规定的模糊以及理论界和实务界的争议,土地经营权抵押融资制度中抵押权的设立环节仍有一些问题需要明确。应准确界定抵押人和抵押权人的范围;抵押权的客体范围应包括地上的种养物,对于附属设施则应该区别对待;抵押权的设立不以土地经营权的登记为前提;“经承包方书面同意”程序不具备妥适性,违之并不影响抵押权的效力;以其他方式取得的土地经营权抵押融资并无适用或类推适用“经承包方书面同意”程序的空间。土地经营权抵押权的登记亦需要区分具体情况而为,满足登记的可操作性。