Effects of Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Glomus mosseae on SOD and CAT Activity in Suaeda salsa Seedlings under Salt Stress

[Objective] Under salt stress condition,effects of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae on SOD and CAT activity in Suaeda salsa seedlings under salt stress were studied.[Method]There were 2 NaCl levels,namely 0 and 400 mmol/L and each NaCl contained 2 treatments,one is inoculated by Glomus mosseae and the other is control.The growths of Suaeda salsa,SOD and CAT activities as well as MDA content in leaves was determined.[Result]Under salt stress condition,Glomus mosseae could increase the growths of Suaeda salsa,SOD and CAT activities in leaves and decreased MDA content in leaves.[Conclusion]It preliminarily demonstrated that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM)Fungi could increase salt resistance of Suaeda salsa by increasing the activities of SOD and CAT as well as alleviating membrane injury.

漏斗孢球囊霉(GLomus mosseae)菌根真菌对冷海棠幼苗生长的影响

用VA菌根真菌GM6、GM7对冷海棠接菌盆栽试验表明:①在土壤灭菌条件下,接菌GM6的冷海棠株高为其对照的4.6倍,接菌GM7的株高为其对照的4.4倍,而接菌GM6与接菌GM7之间,未接菌GM6对照与未接菌GM7对照之间其株高均无显著差异;②在土壤未灭菌条件下,接菌GM6、GM7的冷海棠株高与相应对照之间均无显著差异;③土壤灭菌接菌GM6、GM7的冷海棠株高为土壤不灭菌接菌GM6、GM7的冷海棠株高的2倍;而土壤未灭菌对照的冷海棠株高为土壤灭菌相应对照冷海棠株高的2倍;④在土壤灭菌条件下,不同接菌处理菌根菌对根系侵染率高的,植株也高,侵染率低的,植株矮.土壤未灭菌接菌处理的侵染率虽然与土壤灭菌接菌处理的侵染率大体相同,但株高却远低于土壤灭菌接菌处理的株高.

接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)对连作大豆异黄酮及脂肪酸含量的影响

为探索接种F.mosseae对连作大豆籽粒异黄酮及脂肪酸含量的影响,把F.mosseae应用于连作大豆的生产提供理论依据。试验选用‘垦丰16’(中间型品种,KF16)、‘黑农44’(高脂肪型品种,HN44)和‘黑农48’(高蛋白型品种,HN48)作为试验材料。试验采用盆栽,每盆装风干土12.5 kg,土壤为连作0年(CK)、1年(L1)、2年(L2)的大豆大田土壤。每盆接种F.mosseae菌剂200 g。采用紫外分光光度计法和气相色谱法,对成熟大豆籽粒中异黄酮以及脂肪酸含量进行测定。结果表明:KF16、HN44和HN48分别在L1、L2、L2时,异黄酮含量最高。KF16、HN44和HN48脂肪酸含量随连作年限增加而降低。接种F.mosseae可以提高大豆异黄酮含量,降低脂肪酸含量。

接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)对连作大豆根腐病病原菌菌群结构的影响

笔者将生物修复方法应用于连作大豆根腐病防治中,旨在降低连作大豆根腐病发生以及提高大豆质量。试验选择3个大豆品种作为试验材料并接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae),通过PCRDGGE技术研究F.mosseae对连作大豆根系以及根际土壤根腐病病原菌菌群结构的影响。试验结果表明:3个大豆品种接种F.mosseae后,试验组根样以及根际土样根腐病病原菌丰度以及多样性指数显著低于对照组,并且接种F.mosseae对不同大豆品种防治效果存在差异;聚类分析结果也验证了接种F.mosseae对连作大豆根样以及根际土样根腐病病原菌产生以及分布产生影响。

Characterization of expressed genes in the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza between Amorpha fruticosa and Glomus mosseae

Arbuscular mycorrhiza （AM） formed between plant roots and fungi is one of the most widespread symbiotic associations in nature. To understand the molecular mechanisms of AM formation, we profiled 30 symbiosis-related genes expressed in Amorpha fruticosa roots colonized by Glomus mosseae and in non-mycorrhizal roots at different stages using differential-display RT-PCR （DDRT-PCR）. The expressed genes were confirmed by reverse Northern blotting. Eleven fragments were sequenced and putatively identified by homologous alignment. Of the eleven AM-related genes, five were obtained at the early-stage of plant-fungus interaction and six at the later stage. Three expressed se-quence tag （ESTs） sequences were found to originate from the fungi and eight from the host plant by use of PCR evaluation of gDNA of both plant and fungi. The target genes included an ATP-binding cassette sub-family transporter gene, a transposon-insertion display band, and a photosynthesis-related gene. The results provided information on the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of mycorrhizal sym-biosis between woody plants and AM fungi.

Dual inoculation of salt tolerant Bradyrhizobium and Glomus mosseae for improvement of Vigna radiata L. cultivation in saline areas of West Bengal, India

This study is aimed as to evaluate the interaction between salt tolerant Bradyrhizobium sp. and Glomus mosseae in the rhizosphere of legume crop Vigna radiata L. under pot culture and field conditions in different saline zones of West Bengal, India. Bradyrhizobium sp. when inoculated alone showed marked increase in number of nodules, root and shoot length, total plant biomass, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization and population etc. when compared with plants inoculated only with AMF. However, when used in combination, the in oculants showed marked change in the above mentioned parameters over single inoculation of both salt tolerant AM fungi and Bradyrhizobium. These results suggest that AMF along with Bradyrhizobium can greatly help in establishment of V. radiata L. cultivation in the saline soils of West Bengal, India. The increased production of the legume crop could also lead to further benefit of the poor farmers by up lifting their socio-economic conditions with the net profit achieved by cultivating this crop in saline stress condition of West Bengal as a second crop during rabi season.

丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus mosseae)对玉米吸镉的影响

盆栽试验研究了不同培养条件(土壤与河沙)下,3种施Cd水平(0、5、50 mg kg-1)对菌根玉米生长、根系侵染率及重金属Cd吸收的影响。结果表明:施Cd水平显著影响玉米吸Cd能力。随Cd浓度增加,各处理根系与地上部分Cd浓度和吸收量显著增加,各施Cd水平下玉米根系Cd浓度和吸收量远远高于地上部分。不同培养条件下,各处理也表现出明显的差异。以河沙为培养基质,接种菌根真菌显著增加玉米的生物量及根系侵染率;在高Cd水平下,接种处理玉米根系中的Cd浓度和吸收量较对照显著增加,但地上部分的Cd浓度和吸收量却相应降低。以土壤为培养基质,随施Cd水平提高,植株吸Cd量增加,但接种处理植株根部与地上部Cd浓度均显著低于对照。试验表明,丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae可减少重金属Cd向玉米植株地上部的运输,将更多的Cd固持在菌根之中,这可能是菌根减轻宿主植物Cd毒害的一个重要机制。

摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae对连作大豆分枝期根系AM真菌群落结构的影响

本文研究摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae对短期连作3个大豆品种分枝期根系AM真菌群落结构的影响,旨在探索不同大豆品种与AM真菌在连作土壤中的互作效应。通过向黑农44(HN44)、黑农48(HN48)和恳丰16(KF16)3个大豆品种盆栽土壤中接种F.mosseae,对接菌连作0年(未连作对照组)、连作1年、连作2年土壤中的大豆根系,采用Nested-Program Control Register-DGGE技术分析。结果表明,接种F.mosseae后,不同大豆品种根系AM真菌多样性指数和丰度值表现为连作2年的土壤>连作1年的土壤>未连作的土壤;其中,球囊霉属Glomus和F.mosseae为3个大豆品种根系中AM真菌的优势菌群。接种F.mosseae对连作1年、连作2年3个大豆品种根系AM真菌群落结构具有显著影响。

保藏条件对丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae侵染的影响

以高粱为宿主植物,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae,测定了经不同保藏温度（18~20,4,-20,-80℃）处理,在不同保藏时间（3,6,12,18,24,30个月）下丛枝菌根真菌G.mosseae对根系的侵染率。结果表明：丛枝菌根真菌G.mosseae在18~20,4,-20℃温度下保藏12~18个月时,需进行转接,用高粱为宿主植物进行更新复壮培养,以保持菌种活力。

Drought adaptation of Bauhinia faberi var.Microphylla seedlings with dual inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Bauhinia faberi via.Microphylla(BFM)is an important tree species for vegetation restoration in the dry valley of southwestern China.However,there were few studies on the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)in improving the drought adaptation of BFM.In order to investigate the response of BFM to water stress(WS),we tested four inoculation treatments((no AMF,Control),Glomus mosseae(GM),Glomus intraradices(GI),Glomus mosseae+Glomus intraradices(GMI))in pots,experimented under three field water holding capacity(WHC)of 70%,50%and 30%.The changes of seedling survival rate(SR),AMF relative root length colonization rate(Col),growth,photosynthetic parameters,water status and leaf nutrients were examined.The results showed that under 30%WHC drought conditions,SR with dual inoculation of AMF was not higher than with single inoculation of GM,suggesting that increasing the diversity of AMF did not definitely improve plant SR,and that the species of inoculated AMF might have an important impact on SR.The sensitivity of dual inoculated Col to water stress was lower than that of single inoculation,which was more favorable for dual inoculated BFM seedlings adapting to drought environment.The overall drought resistance ability(D)also showed that dual inoculation of AMF improved plant drought adaptation compared with single inoculation,which was related to the higher Col of dual inoculated AMF.This study is of practical importance to promote vegetation restoration in arid areas in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner.

不同磷水平土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对植物生长和养分吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同磷水平土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae对三叶草(Clover)和黑麦草(Ryegrass)生长、P浓度及N∶P比的影响。试验结果表明,Glomus mosseae显著提高了三叶草中P浓度和生物量,降低了植株N∶P比,对黑麦草植株P含量、生物量及N∶P比没有显著影响;在不同磷水平土壤中,接种处理对单种时三叶草中P含量的影响程度不同,以中磷和高磷水平下的影响较显著,这表明Glomus mosseae对三叶草的菌根效应在不同磷水平下并不相同;另外,两种植物混合种植情况下,黑麦草的竞争能力高于三叶草,使得其P浓度和生物量都显著高于三叶草,而接种Glomus mosseae增加了混种中三叶草的生物量和P浓度,降低了黑麦草的生物量,表明Glomus mosseae能提高混种中三叶草的竞争能力,从而改变群落中物种的竞争关系。此外,在一定磷水平下,菌根真菌的存在降低了三叶草中N∶P比,这会改变三叶草的受限制方式,由受P元素限制变为受N元素限制。

丛枝菌根真菌对不同番茄品种幼苗素质的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,于两个番茄品种旭日与金龙粉王育苗时分别接种G.mosseae,以明确该AM真菌在培育壮苗中的潜力。结果表明,G.mosseae显著的改善了两个番茄品种幼苗的素质,但是金龙粉王较旭日的接种效应明显。旭日与金龙粉王接种G.mosseae后,壮苗指数分别为相应不接种处理的2.38倍与3.49倍。菌根化幼苗的健壮生长在一定程度上依赖于G.mosseae对氮、磷养分吸收的显著促进作用。G.mosseae对氮吸收的菌根效应分别为47.50%与87.52%,对磷吸收的菌根效应分别为23.08%与64.74%。结果表明,将该AM真菌作为潜在的生物肥料引入设施番茄生产培育健壮幼苗是可行的。

枳实生苗抗旱丛枝菌根真菌菌种比较的研究

盆栽条件下研究丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiforme、G.mosseae、G.geosporum、G.diaphanum和G.etunicatum对正常水分和水分胁迫下的枳实生苗水分代谢的影响。结果表明,在正常水分和水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌都明显增加植株的生长,提高叶片可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉、可溶性蛋白质以及根系可溶性糖的含量。叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性增强,从而提高了植株的抗旱性。正常水分下以接种G.versiforme的效果最好,水分胁迫下以接种G.mosseae的效果最好。

盐胁迫下丛枝菌根对牡丹光合作用的影响

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌广泛分布于盐碱土壤中,其中很多种类具有提高植物抗盐性的作用。为探索提高牡丹抗盐性、促进其盐渍环境中的生长发育,作者将2年生盆栽‘凤丹’牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)幼苗接种高效提高植物抗盐性的AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae),分别在0、12%、24%盐水处理下,研究AM真菌对牡丹光合作用的影响。研究结果表明,盐水处理下,接种摩西球囊霉的牡丹植株叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2利用能力、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和植株生长量均显著高于不接种对照。结论认为盐渍条件下摩西球囊霉能显著提高牡丹的光合作用、改善其生长、提高牡丹耐盐性。

摩西球囊霉促进花生光合作用的机制

以摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)侵染的花生植株为研究材料,测定了在苗期、花期、结荚期和饱果期4个不同时期花生叶片荧光动力学的变化,从而探索摩西球囊霉促进花生光合作用的机制。结果表明:与非菌根对照相比,菌根花生地上部干质量、开花数、果荚数、果荚质量均显著或极显著增加,叶绿素含量、净光合速率Pn增加;基于光吸收的性能指数PI与实际光化学效率ΦPSⅡ均明显升高;菌根与非菌根间的荧光差值ΔVt曲线变化最大处在30 ms附近,Ⅰ相降低,而光系统线性电子传递速率ETR与电子传递的量子产额ΦEo升高,单位面积有活性反应中心数量RC/CSo增加,光化学猝灭系数qP升高;PSⅠ的活性(ΔI/Io)明显升高。摩西球囊霉侵染增强了花生叶片PSⅠ和PSⅡ的活性,促进了电子的传递,增强了对光能的利用,从而提高了花生生长量和产量。

不同N、P水平下接种摩西球囊霉对白三叶草中C∶N∶P比和RNA含量的影响

通过室内盆栽试验研究了不同N、P水平下接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对三叶草中C:N:P比和RNA含量的影响。试验结果表明,(1)在外加P浓度为50mgkg-1或低于50mgkg-1时,随着外加P浓度的增加,三叶草的菌根侵染率增加,而且接种摩西球囊霉增加了三叶草的生物量,提高了其P含量和C/N比,降低了C/P和N/P比;外加P浓度为100mgkg-1时,接种摩西球囊霉对三叶草生物量和C:N:P比无显著影响;对于非菌根三叶草,其RNA含量与P含量成正相关;(2)外加P浓度的增加提高了三叶草生物量、RNA含量和对P养分的吸收,抑制了三叶草对N的吸收;外加N浓度的增加降低了三叶草的生物量、P含量和RNA含量,增加了三叶草中的N含量;(3)三叶草中的C、N和P含量之间显著相关,表明植物中元素组成的变化是相互联系、相互影响的;(4)三叶草中的N/P比受土壤N/P供给比调节,即随着土壤N/P供给比的变化,三叶草中N/P比也相应变化。

盆栽后处理、种植密度及农药对AM真菌生长繁殖的影响

研究了盆栽培养后处理方式、宿主种植密度和农药对Glomusmosseae生长繁殖的影响 ,结果表明 ,后处理A和后处理B的处理方式均可促进孢子的形成 ,以高粱为宿主的产孢量分别比对照提高 90 9% ,5 4 5 % ,三叶草为宿主则分别提高 6 1 5 % ;7 7%杀菌剂利得不利于G mosseae繁殖体的形成 ,施后产孢量仅为对照的 4 7 6 % ,杀菌剂代森锰锌对生长繁殖影响不大。试验所设的在体积为 96 0 0cm3的容器里高粱的 4个种植密度中 ,7和 14棵的处理更有利于G

The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza on change of heavy metal speciation in rhizosphere of maize in wastewater irrigated agriculture soil

To understand the roles of mycorrhiza in metal speciation in the rhizosphere and the impact on increasing host plant tolerance against excessive heavy metals in soil, maize(Zea mays L.) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus(Glomus mosseae) was cultivated in heavy metal contaminated soil. Speciations of copper, zinc and lead in the soil were analyzed with the technique of sequential extraction. The results showed that,in comparison to the bolked soil, the exchangeable copper increased from 26% to 43% in non-infected and AM-infected rhizoshpere respectively; while other speciation (organic, carbonate and Fe-Mn oxide copper) remained constant and the organic bound zinc and lead also increased but the exchangeable zinc and lead were undetectable. The organic bound copper, zinc and lead were higher by 15%, 40% and 20%, respectively, in the rhizosphere of arbuscular mycorrhiza infected maize in comparison to the non-infected maize. The results might indicate that mycorrhiza could protect its host plants from the phytotoxicity of excessive copper, zinc and lead by changing the speciation from bio-available to the non-bio-available form. The fact that copper and zinc accumulation in the roots and shoots of mycorrhia infected plants were significantly lower than those in the non-infected plants might also suggest that mycorrhiza efficiently restricted excessive copper and zinc absorptions into the host plants. Compared to the non-infected seedlings, the lead content of infected seedlings was 60% higher in shoots. This might illustrate that mycorrhiza have a different mechanism for protecting its host from excessive lead phytotoxicity by chelating lead in the shoots.

Quantitative and qualitative changes of Eryngium caeruleum under the influence of biological factors

Objective:Humans have long used volunteer edible for food purposes,but with the advancement of Agricultural science,the use of native wild plants has become less important and today,with increasing population and food shortages,on the one hand,the cost of cultivation and water supply and Suitable agricultural soil,on the other hand,should once again be considered as a secondary resource alongside other food sources.The increasing use of chemical fertilizers has caused irreparable environmental and health damage.Eryngium caeruleum is a perennial and native plant that normally grows in autumn and spring.Materials and methods:In order to study the impact of different planting densities and biological fertilizers on Eryngium caeruleum yield and essential oil content,an experiment was conducted in 2013 in Sari based on a factorial randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 5 replications.The factors included Eryngium caeruleum with 3 density levels of(1030,2030 and 3030 cm),mycorrhiza at 2 inoculated and non-inoculated levels and Azotobacter at 2 levels of inoculated with seeds and non-inoculated.Results:The results showed that the mycorrhizal symbiosis treatments and Azotobacter application had a significant effect on all measured characteristics and increased the measured characteristics in the experimental group compared to the control group.The amount of naphthalene was obtained from mycorrhizal coexistence of 70.33%and the application of Azotobacter 3.33%and control 0.69.

接种摩西柄囊霉对连作大豆苗期根腐病病原真菌多样性的影响

通过对不同连作年限的3个大豆品种接种F.mosseas,分析大豆根腐病高发期苗期根系致病真菌的多样性,旨在证明接种F.mosseas能否抑制根腐病病原真菌对大豆根系的侵染,减轻大豆根腐病的发生。采用PCR-DGGE技术分析不同连作年限大豆苗期根系根腐病病原真菌的多样性变化,同时对DGGE图谱进行丰度、优势度、多样性分析。结果表明:接种F.mosseas对大豆根系根腐病病原真菌的多样性具有显著的影响,多样性批数明显下降,说明接种F.mosseas对连作大豆根腐病致病真菌的生长具有抑制作用。因此,为采用AM菌剂预防连作大豆根腐病的发生进行了有益的探索,对解决连作大豆根腐病发生具有重要的实践意义。