Systematic Cloud-Based Optimization: Twin-Fold Moth Flame Algorithm for VM Deployment and Load-Balancing

Cloud computing has gained significant recognition due to its ability to provide a broad range of online services and applications.Nevertheless,existing commercial cloud computing models demonstrate an appropriate design by concentrating computational assets,such as preservation and server infrastructure,in a limited number of large-scale worldwide data facilities.Optimizing the deployment of virtual machines(VMs)is crucial in this scenario to ensure system dependability,performance,and minimal latency.A significant barrier in the present scenario is the load distribution,particularly when striving for improved energy consumption in a hypothetical grid computing framework.This design employs load-balancing techniques to allocate different user workloads across several virtual machines.To address this challenge,we propose using the twin-fold moth flame technique,which serves as a very effective optimization technique.Developers intentionally designed the twin-fold moth flame method to consider various restrictions,including energy efficiency,lifespan analysis,and resource expenditures.It provides a thorough approach to evaluating total costs in the cloud computing environment.When assessing the efficacy of our suggested strategy,the study will analyze significant metrics such as energy efficiency,lifespan analysis,and resource expenditures.This investigation aims to enhance cloud computing techniques by developing a new optimization algorithm that considers multiple factors for effective virtual machine placement and load balancing.The proposed work demonstrates notable improvements of 12.15%,10.68%,8.70%,13.29%,18.46%,and 33.39%for 40 count data of nodes using the artificial bee colony-bat algorithm,ant colony optimization,crow search algorithm,krill herd,whale optimization genetic algorithm,and improved Lévy-based whale optimization algorithm,respectively.

Moth Flame Optimization Based FCNN for Prediction of Bugs in Software

The software engineering technique makes it possible to create high-quality software.One of the most significant qualities of good software is that it is devoid of bugs.One of the most time-consuming and costly software proce-dures isfinding andfixing bugs.Although it is impossible to eradicate all bugs,it is feasible to reduce the number of bugs and their negative effects.To broaden the scope of bug prediction techniques and increase software quality,numerous causes of software problems must be identified,and successful bug prediction models must be implemented.This study employs a hybrid of Faster Convolution Neural Network and the Moth Flame Optimization(MFO)algorithm to forecast the number of bugs in software based on the program data itself,such as the line quantity in codes,methods characteristics,and other essential software aspects.Here,the MFO method is used to train the neural network to identify optimal weights.The proposed MFO-FCNN technique is compared with existing methods such as AdaBoost(AB),Random Forest(RF),K-Nearest Neighbour(KNN),K-Means Clustering(KMC),Support Vector Machine(SVM)and Bagging Clas-sifier(BC)are examples of machine learning(ML)techniques.The assessment method revealed that machine learning techniques may be employed successfully and through a high level of accuracy.The obtained data revealed that the proposed strategy outperforms the traditional approach.

Effects of two kinds of transgenic poplar on protective enzymes system in the midgut of larvae of American white moth

The leaves of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic poplar (Populus nigra L.) and CpTI (Cowpea trypsin inhibitor) transgenic poplar ((P. tomentosa×P. bolleana)×P. Tomentosa) were taken to feed the 4th-5th-instar larvae of American white moth (Hyphantria cunea (Drury)) for determination of the activities of the protective enzyme system inside larvae’s body. The physiological and biochemical effects of the transgenic poplars on the larvae were studied. The results showed that the two kinds of transgenic poplars had similar effects on the protective enzyme system in the midgut of larvae. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in midgut of the larvae increased gradually, reached the highest value at a certain time, and then decreased suddenly. For the larvae that were fed with the leaves of Bt transgenic poplar, the peak value of superoxide dismutase and catalase presented at the time of 24-h feeding, while the peak of peroxidase took place at the time of 12-h feeding. The activities of these protective enzymes for the larvae that were fed with leaves of CpTI transgenic poplar peaked 12 h later than that of those fed with leaves of Bt transgenic poplar. The comparison of activities of the protective enzymes was also carried out between the larvae with different levels of intoxication. It was found that the activities of protective enzyme of the seriously intoxicant larvae were higher than that of the lightly intoxicant larvae. This difference was more obvious in the group treated with CpTI transgenic poplar.

Moths法切除睑板腺癌及上方皮瓣转位眼睑重建术11例

目的观察Moths法切除肿瘤及上方健康皮瓣下滑转位修补眼睑的疗效。方法对睑板腺癌采用Moths法控制手术切除范围及上方健康皮瓣下滑转位修复缺损的手术方法。结果已完成11例此种手术,随访3个月,9例眼睑外观与健眼接近,闭合良好,2例因眼睑闭合不全需行二次手术矫正。结论Moths法控制眼睑恶性肿瘤切除范围,尽可能保留了眼睑正常组织,有利于缺损修复;上方健康皮瓣下滑转位修补眼睑,避免了排斥反应,维持了眼睑的正常形态,提高了患者的生活质量,经随访观察疗效确实可靠。

Control Effects of Several Technical Measures on Overwintering Generation of Oriental Fruit Moth in Peach Orchard

Peeling trunk,binding insect-attracting belt,cleaning orchard and soil-covering under the crown were the control methods on overwintering generation of oriental fruit moth.However,they had not been applied widely on the production because of the lack of systematic quantitative evaluation.Aiming at this fact,the control effects of these technical measures were studied in peach with different ripening period.The results showed that peeling trunk was the best with the control effect of88.64%.The control effect of binding insect-attracting belt of grass bundle was74.13%,which was the most economical and efficient.Covering with soil layer of 3cm under the crown during the middle ten days of March could holdback the adult getting out from soil.Cleaning deadwood could clean out the overwintering larvae on the ground.

Analysis of Prevention and Control Bottleneck Factors of American White Moth (Hyphantria cunea)

American white moth is a remarkable worldwide quarantine pest. By the results combination of indoor incubation and field observation of American white moth in Langfang City of Hebei Province, series prevention and control bottleneck factors for the invasive agricultural pest are analyzed, such as the main operation mode of the pest against host trees, diffusion and migration charaeteristies, biological characteristics, natural enemy control, pesticide prevention and so on. The re- search aims to search for the breakthrough point of the development of environment-friendly control techniques against American white moth, which also provides the reference for further improvement of integrated pest management system.

Early Warning Model of Diamondback Moth Based on ε-Support Vector Regression

The model for predicting vegetable pest diamondback moth was established based on E-Support Vector Regression algorithms in the multiply occurrence season of diamondback moth. The experimental data of diamondback moth in Guangdong vegetable were analyzed, and the result showed that when penalty factor c was 43, kernel function parameter k was O. 2, the better prediction result could be obtained by the early warning model of E-Support Vector Regression algorithms.

Control Study of Parasitic Pyemotes sp.against Oriental Fruit Moth(Grapholitha molesta Bussck)

[ Objective] The paper was to study the parasitic ability and field control effect of Pyemotes sp. against oriental fruit moth （Grapholitha molesta Bussck） which caused damage on Photinia. [ Method] The indoor infection test and field control test of Pyemotes sp. against oriental fruit moth was carried out. The parasitic ability and activity characteristic of Pyemotes sp. were observed, and the effect of environmental factors such as humidity and temperature on the para- sitic ability of Pyemotes sp. was studied. [Result] Pyemotes sp. had good control effect on oriental fruit moth under the proper conditions; the host searching abili- ties of Pyemotes sp. were different at different temperature and humidity conditions, humidity had large impact on the activity of Pyemotes sp., while temperature had large impact on the individual activity. [ Conclusion] The result showed that Pyemotes sp. had effective control effort on oriental fruit moth.

Development of synthetic volatile attractant for male Ectropis obliqua moths

The tea geometridEctropis obliquais one of the most serious leaf-feeding insect pests in tea （Camelia sinensis） in East Asia. Although several volatile chemicals emitted from tea plants have been reported to be attractive toE. obliqua moths, no synthetic attractants for E. obliqua moths have been developed. By measuring the behavioral responses of the moth to a series of chemicals in the lab, we found that a blend containing a ternary mixture containing （Z）-3-hexenal, （Z）-3-hexenyl hexanoate and benzyl alcohol clearly attracted toE. obliqua moths of both sex and that （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate could enhance the attractiveness of the ternary blend. Moreover, we found that the volatiles emitted from the plant-E. obliqua larva com-plex have the same attractiveness as： 1） the blend of volatiles containing the ternary mixture and 2） the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture to both male and female moths. In a ifeld bioassay, more male moths were observed on traps that were baited with the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture than on control traps. Our study raises the tantalizing possibility that synthetic blends could be deployed as attractants for pests in the ifeld.

Transformation of Cabbage(Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata) with Bt cry1Ba3 Gene for Control of Diamondback Moth

To obtain transgenic cabbage line with broad insect resistance, a new synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis crylBa3 gene was introduced into white cabbage via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and 37 transformants were obtained. Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and Southern blot analyses confirmed that crylBa3 was successfully inserted into the genome of cabbage. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） demonstrated that crylBa3 was expressed. Western blot results confirmed the production of insecticidal protein encoded by crylBa3. Insect bioassays showed that transgenic cabbages effectively controlled both susceptible and CrylAc-resistant diamondback moth （DBM） larvae.

Potato/Maize intercropping reduces infestation of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) by the enhancement of natural enemies

The potato tuber moth(PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller),is one of the most economically significant insect pests for potato in both field and storage worldwide.To evaluate the infestation,reduction of potato yield and the control efficacy for PTM,field tests were conducted in two seasons by intercropping of potato as the host plant with maize as a non-host plant of PTM.Three intercropping patterns were tested,which were 2 rows of potatoes with either 2,3,or 4 rows of maize(abbreviated 2 P:2 M,2 P:3 M,and 2 P:4 M),and the monocropped potato as the control,2 rows of potatoes,without maize,(abbreviated 2 P:0 M).Results showed that the population and infestation of PTM in the 2 P:3 M intercropping pattern was significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and the monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M,due to the enhancement of natural enemies.Cumulative mines and tunneling in potato leaves in 2 P:3 M intercropping were significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M and 2 P:4 M patterns.The population of parasitoids and the parasitism rate of PTM in intercropping pattern of 2 P:3 M were significantly higher than that in intercropping pattern of 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M.We conclude that the potato intercropped with maize reduced the adult and larva populations,and reduced the damage from PTM by enhancing the number of parasitoids and the level of parasitism.The greatest population density of parasitoids and parasitism rate were in the intercropping pattern of 2 rows of potatoes with 3 rows of maize.These data indicate that the host/non-host intercropping patterns can be used as a biological control tactic against PTM by enhancing the density of natural enemies in the agro-ecosystems.

Sub-Lethal Effects of Fenvalerate on the Development, Fecundity, and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.

Microbial control of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. （Lepidoptera： Yponomeutidae） using bacteria （Xenorhabdus nematophila） and its metabolites from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae

Cells and cell-free solutions of the culture filtrate of the bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus nematophila taken from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in aqueous broth suspensions were lethal to larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. Their application on leaves of Chinese cabbage indicated that the cells can penetrate into the insects in the absence of the nematode vector. Cell-free solutions containing metabolites were also proved as effective as bacterial cells suspension. The application of aqueous suspensions of cells of X.nematophila or solutions containing its toxic metabolites to the leaves represents a possible new strategy for controlling insect pests on foliage.

Identification and developmental expression of putative gene encoding juvenile hormone esterase(CpJHE-like) in codling moth, Cydia pomonella(L.)

Juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) is a key enzyme for insects,playing an important role in the regulation of insect growth,development,diapause and reproduction.We identified a complete putative JHE of Cydia pomonella(CpJHE-like) which is comprised of a 1 761 bp coding sequence(CDS) encoding 587 amino acid residues from the transcriptome data.The deduced protein sequence of CpJHE-like showed the highest identity of 60.44% with the Adoxophyes honmai JHE(AhJHE) and the minimal identity of 25.81% with Aedes aegypti JHE(AaJHE).CpJHE-like exhibited all the seven typical motifs of the functional JHEs and had the highly consistent tertiary structure with Manduca sexta JHE(MsJHE).Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CpJHE-like was close to two JHEs from the family Tortricidae.The CpJHE-like transcript level take a leap in the 3-day-old fifth instar larva,increased about 300-fold compared to the basal level.Tissue-specific expression profile showed that the CpJHE-like transcript was expressed mainly in the fat body.This study indicates that the CpJHE-like is the functional JHE,which may play vital roles in the development and reproduction of C.pomonella.

Chaos-enhanced moth-flame optimization algorithm for global optimization

Moth-flame optimization(MFO)is a novel metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the characteristics of a moth’s navigation method in nature called transverse orientation.Like other metaheuristic algorithms,it is easy to fall into local optimum and leads to slow convergence speed.The chaotic map is one of the best methods to improve exploration and exploitation of the metaheuristic algorithms.In the present study,we propose a chaos-enhanced MFO(CMFO)by incorporating chaos maps into the MFO algorithm to enhance its performance.The chaotic map is utilized to initialize the moths’population,handle the boundary overstepping,and tune the distance parameter.The CMFO is benchmarked on three groups of benchmark functions to find out the most efficient one.The performance of the CMFO is also verified by using two real engineering problems.The statistical results clearly demonstrate that the appropriate chaotic map(singer map)embedded in the appropriate component of MFO can significantly improve the performance of MFO.

A Practical Artificial Diet for the Diamondback Moth

A new artificial diet for the diamondback moth,Plutella Xylostella(L), had been selected out successfully. The diet contained the following constituents: soybean powder, wheat germ, wheat bran powder, brewer's yeast and other constituents. So far, the diamondback; moth had been reared on this artificial diet for 25 generations and still mantained its normal biological characteristics. Under 25±1℃ and 60%￣75%RH with 12 h PH,the results of rearing the diamondback moth on the diet as follows:egg hatch,81. 3%￣94. 7 %; survival from eggsto pupae, 55. 0% ￣ 76. 7 % 1 pupal survival, 79. 7 % ￣ 100 % ; adult emergence, 80% ￣ 100 %; fecundity 94. 7￣ 144.4 eggs/ ;pupal weight, 90. 4￣110. 8 mg/20 pupae; average days to adult: , 10. 2; 13. 1. The diet is not only simpler on the constituents but also have better r-earing results and more rearing generations.

Functional identification of C-type lectin in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella(L.)innate immunity

C-type lectins(CTLs)are a superfamily of Ca^(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins,and an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in insect innate immunity which can mediate humoral and cellular immunity in insects.In this study,we report a novel dual carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)CTL from Plutella xylostella which we designate PxIML.PxIML is a protein with a 969 bp open reading frame(ORF)encoding 322 amino acids,containing a signal peptide and a dual-CRD with EPN(Glu_(124)-Pro_(125)-Asn_(126))and QPD(Gln_(274)-Pro_(275)-Asp_(276))motifs.The expression of PxIML mRNA in the fat body was significantly higher than in hemocytes and midgut.The relative expression levels of PxIML in the whole insect and the fat body were significantly inhibited after infection with Bacillus thuringiensis 8010(Bt8010)at 18 h,while they were significantly upregulated after infection with Serratia marcescens IAE6 or Pichia pastoris.The recombinant PxIML(rPxIML)protein could bind to the tested pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs),and the bacteria of Enterobacter sp.IAE5,S.marcescens IAE6,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli BL21,and Bt8010 in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner,however,it showed limited binding to the fungus,P.pastoris.The rPxIML exhibited strong activity in the presence of Ca^(2+) to agglutinate Bt8010,Enterobacter sp.IAE5 and S.aureus,but it only weakly agglutinated with E.coli BL21,and could not agglutinate with S.marcescens IAE6 or P.pastoris.Furthermore,the rPxIML could bind to hemocytes,promote the adsorption of hemocytes to beads,and enhance the phenoloxidase(PO)activity and melanization of P.xylostella.Our results suggest that PxIML plays an important role in pathogen recognition and in mediating subsequent humoral and cellular immunity of P.xylostella.

Moth-eye Structured Polydimethylsiloxane Films for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

Large-area polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)films with variably sized moth-eye structures were fabricated to improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells.An approach that incorporated photolithography,bilayer PDMS deposition and replication was used in the fabrication process.By simply attaching the moth-eye PDMS films to the transparent substrates of perovskite solar cells,the optical properties of the devices could be tuned by changing the size of the moth-eye structures.The device with 300-nm moth-eye PDMS films greatly enhanced power conversion efficiency of ~21 % due to the antireflective effect of the moth-eye structure.Furthermore,beautiful coloration was observed on the 1000-nm moth-eye PDMS films through optical interference caused by the diffraction grating effect.Our results imply that moth-eye PDMS films can greatly enhance the efficiency of perovskite solar cells and building-integrated photovoltaics.

Insecticidal Effect of Three Different Plant Extracts on Potato Tuber Moth[Phthorimaea operculella Zeller(Lep.:Gelechiidae)]

Potato tuber moth[Phthorimae operculella Zeller(Lep.:Gelechiidae)]is the most important insect causing damage of potatoes.It also causes significant damage to tomato and eggplant.The application of plant extracts to control insects is an effective alternative.In this study,the efficacy of extracts from Leptospermum petersonii Bailey(Myrtaceae),Achillea wilhelmsii C.Koch(Asteraceae)and Tanacetum parthenium L.(Asteraceae)on potato tuber moth using two different methods was investigated.Bioassays were used to determine the effect of varying concentrations(for L.petersonii 0.05%,0.1%,0.3%and 0.4%,for A.wilhelmsii and T.parthenium 1%,3%,6%and 12%)of extracts.Experiments were carried out using potato tuber of Solanum tuberosum L.Fourth instar larva of about were used in tuber dipping and larvae dipping methods.In tuber dipping method,the highest mortality(100%)occurred at concentration of 0.4%while the smallest mortality was at 0.05%the extracts of L.petersonii.It was determined that the extract of A.wilhelmsii and T.parthenium had the highest mortality at the highest concentration 85%and 90%respectively.In larva dipping method,the extracts of L.petersonii.A.wilhelmsii and T.parthenium showed the highest mortality at the highest concentrations 100%,82%and 87%respectively.The research was undertaken under laboratory conditions at the Plant Protection Central Research Institute.

Measuring the kinematics of a free-flying hawk-moth(Macroglossum stellatarum)by a comb-fringe projection method

We describe a 2D fringe projection method that involves projecting two groups of sharp comb fringes onto a free-flying hawk-moth from different directions and recording the images of distorted fringes by two high speed cameras from two orthogonal views. By calculating the 3D coordinates of the points on the hawk-moth and three-dimensional reconstruction of the wing, the flight trajectory, body attitude and wing kinematics including flapping angle, elevation angle, torsion angle, and camber deformation are obtained.