Association of premature birth and maternal education level on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood.There is growing evidence that both preterm birth and maternal education levels substantially affect the likelihood of ADHD in children.However,there are limited systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining these associations.AIM To systematically review and conduct a meta-analysis on the association of preterm birth and maternal education level on the risk of ADHD in children.METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search across MEDLINE(PubMed),Web of Science,Embase,and the Cochrane Library,including studies published up to June 17,2024.Data synthesis was performed using random-effect models,and the quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.RESULTS This study included twelve studies,which revealed a significant association between premature delivery and an increased risk of ADHD in children[odds ratio(OR)=2.76,95%confidence interval(CI):2.52-3.04,P<0.001,I^(2)=1.9%).Conversely,higher maternal education levels were significantly associated with a reduced risk of ADHD in children(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.48-0.73,P<0.001,I^(2)=47.1%).Subgroup analysis further indicated that maternal education levels significantly influenced ADHD risk,particularly in studies conducted in China(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.46-0.75,P<0.001,I^(2)=81.2%),while no significant association was observed in studies from other regions(OR=1.25,95%CI:0.66-2.40,P=0.495,I^(2)=92.3%).The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of our findings,showing no significant publication bias.CONCLUSION This study found that preterm birth significantly increases the risk of ADHD in children,while a higher maternal education level serves as a protective factor against ADHD.To reduce the incidence of ADHD in children,public health policies should focus on early intervention for preterm infants and improving maternal education levels.

Measurement invariance and latent mean differences of the Chinese version physical activity self-efficacy scale across gender and education levels

Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has rarely been conducted in China. The current study aims to examine(1) the unidimensionality of a shortened Chinese version of PA self-efficacy scale(S-PASESC);(2) the measurement invariance of S-PASESC across gender and levels of education;(3) the latent factor mean difference between gender and levels of education;(4) the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA by different gender and education levels; and(5) the comparisons of the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA across gender and education levels.Methods: The participants were 5 th through 11 th grade public school students recruited from 7 cities located in different geographic regions of China. The final data include a total of 3003 participants(49.7% boys) who have completed the scales.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) test supported the unidimensionality of S-PASESC. The S-PASESC is invariant across gender and 3 levels of education at both configural, full metric, and full scalar levels. Findings from latent mean comparisons showed that boys reported higher PA self-efficacy than girls. Students' perceived PA self-efficacy tend to decrease from elementary to high school. Finally, self-efficacy positively related to PA by groups of different gender and education levels and the relationship between self-efficacy and PA is stronger among middle school boys than girls.Conclusion: Findings suggest S-PASESC is a valid scale for measuring Chinese students' PA self-efficacy.

Analysis of Esophageal Cancer Death at Different Educational Levels in Inner Mongolia from 2009 to 2015

Objective: This study aimed to clarify the death characteristics of esophageal cancer in Inner Mongolia and the population distribution with various education levels. Methods: The mortality rate of esophageal cancer was calculated using the monitoring point of Death Registry System in Inner Mongolia from 2009 to 2015. The gender, age, region, ethnicity at two education levels of percentage were calculated and the χ2 test was executed. Result: The mortality rate of esophageal cancer was 10.10/105, China Adjustment Mortality was 10.97/105, World Adjustment Mortality was 9.08/105 in Inner Mongolia. The death of esophageal cancer showed statistical significance at two educational levels (P < 0.05). High school and below accounted for 93.9% at the education level, and above high school accounted for 3.5%. In addition, there were significant differences in the percentage of death by gender, age and region at two educational levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Education level has a certain relation with the death of esophageal cancer. To improve the health level, health education plans can be formulated according to esophageal cancer prevention relevant policy with different education levels.

Correlation between Geographical Regional Economy and Construction of County-level Vocational Education Centers

In the period of Eleventh Five-Year Plan,the construction of county-level vocational education centers in Shanxi Province made great contribution to local social and economic development. Due to influence of special geography,population environment and regional economic development situation,it forms the pattern of strong in southeast and weak in northwest. Thus,scientific making plan for construction of vocational education centers in northwestern counties( cities) and establishing long-term mechanism for construction of vocational education centers will be helpful for serving regional economic construction.

The Study of the Effect of Educational Level of Students and English Language Teachers＇ Awareness on True and False Cognates in Iran

The ability to speak two languages in the non-English-speaking countries is a remarkable achievement. There is a good reason to believe that bilingualism is the norm for the majority of people in the world, because 70% of the earth＇s population are supposed to be bilingual or multilingual. Our purpose of the study was to determine the participants＇ awareness of using true and false cognate words of L 1 （the first language） ＆ L2 （the second language） in learning English. Three hundred and eighty-five selected people from 3,789 statistical population participated in 2014--2015 at three levels of A.D., B.A., and M.A. of Islamic Azad University as well as teachers of English in English educational institutions in Zanjan （Iran）. Each educational level was considered as one category with the total sample calculated by using Kokran Formula, and the amount of each category was determined by using appropriate proportion and randomized categorical sampling method. The participants＇ age was between from 18 to 52, with a mean age of 29 years. The materials were 45 words of true and false cognate＇s words from 500 words by doing CVR （content validity ratio） and CVI （content validity index） （Lawshe＇s table with the index of 88% and 82% respectively） for being reliable and valid. ANOVA （Analysis of variance） was used for studying the effect of educational level on the rate of awareness. In other words, the awareness level has been compared in different educational levels. The results of Dankan test show that： There is no significant difference between the awareness of A.D., B.A., and M.A. levels, but there is a significant difference between the level of awareness of teachers group and the other groups （in true cognate words） and for false cognate words, there is no significant difference between the level of awareness of the four groups in this regard.

Mental Health Education for Students from Junior Colleges Moving into Undergraduate Level in Private Colleges from the Perspective of Three- Dimensional Education

Good psychological quality is the basic requirement for college students in the new era.Students from junior colleges moving into xmdergraduate level in private colleges are a special group as they are already an important part of students in private colleges.Based on the mental health status of these students,private colleges have analyzed the issues of mental health education which include weak teaching staffs,lack attention,and traditional education methods.From the perspective of three-dimensional education,the psychological education work model in private colleges is explored to build an education team to promote the participation of all employees in the work of psychological education,strengthen the attention of college students who are moving into the undergraduate level,and to pay full attention to these students.Private colleges should try to innovate education methods and improve psychological education in all aspects.

Impact of Levels of Education on Perceived Academic Stress and Mental Wellbeing: An Investigation into Online Mode of Learning during Pandemic

A sudden outbreak of the current pandemic COVID-19 has switches the learning to online mode which leads to an increase in perceived academic stress and a serious threat to the mental well-being of the students across the globe.The aim of the current study was therefore,to examine the impact of online learning on perceived academic stress and mental well being of the students with moderating effects of levels of education,during the current pandemic.Measures of the constructs were obtained by the online Google form which consists of the Perceptions of Academic Stress Scale(PASS)by Dalia Bedewy and Adel Gabriel(2015)and War­wick-Edinburg Mental Well-being Scale(2008),from a sample of 150 undergraduate students aged 19-25 years studying in different colleges of Bengaluru,India.Mental well-being constituted the criterion variable whilst academic stress and levels of education were treated as predictor variables.Two-way ANOVA were employed.Results show that academic stress is a significant negative predictor of mental wellbeing(r=-.083;p<0.05),there is a significant difference in the perceived academic stress(df=2;F=2.72;p<0.05)which increase in hierarchy(Third year&first year MD=-3.7;Third year&second year MD=-3.2)and mental well being(df=2,F=5.314 p<0.05)which decreases in hierarchy(Third year&first year MD=-5.8;Third year&second year MD=-5.860)of the students at different educational levels and a combination perceived aca­demic stress and educational levels predicts variance in mental well being of the students(R2=0.052;p>0.05).It was concluded that combined aca­demic stress and educational levels have an impact on mental wellbeing of students in online mode of learning during the current pandemic,but this impact is low(only 5.2%).

Quantitative Study of Clothing Expenditure of Families with Different Education Level in shanghai

300 families were investigated,which belong to theFamily Investigation Net of Government Policy-makingInvestigating System of Shanghai Statistical Bureau.Thedata were analysed with SPSSWIN6.0 software.The re-gression models showed that families with different edu-cation level have different clothing expenditure models,that is,different affecting factors of clothing consumingin the second quarter.High education families’clothingexpenditure is mainly affected by the family living spaceand husband’s income,while middle education familiesby wife’s occupation and low education farmilies by hus-band’s income.The descriptive statistics showed:fromApril to June,families with different education levelwere quite different on the following aspects:(1)theclothing expenditure of the whole family and its mem-bers;(2)the structure of clothing consuming;(3)thepurchasing price of clothing;(4)the selection of clothingpurchase places.

The Readability of Online Patient Education Materials from Major Anesthesiology Associations and the American Society of Anesthesiologists

Background: As much as 80% of US adults search online for health related information. The value of the information is limited by the patients’ ability to comprehend it. Despite the recommendation by the American Medical Association (AMA) to provide all patient education materials (PEMs) at a 6th grade reading level, many online sources do not conform. This study aims to evaluate the readability of PEMs from major online sources for anesthesiology. Methods: We determined the readability of PEMs from five major anesthesiology organizations and twelve brochures from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) using ten validated readability scales. PEMs from the various anesthesiology websites were compiled into a single word document for analysis. The twelve patient education brochures from the ASA were downloaded and analyzed separately. We then grouped the twelve documents into one sample and compared it to the other anesthesiology association websites. Results: All of the PEMs provided by the ASA were determined to be higher than a 6th grade reading level with nine being at a 12th grade reading level or above. The PEMs of the five major anesthesiology association websites were beyond the 6th grade reading level with four out of five at greater than the 12th grade reading level. Conclusion: The results showed that the readability of PEMs provided by five major anesthesiology associations and the ASA was beyond the 6th grade. Therefore, the PEMs with improved readability in anesthesiology are needed.

Effective Face-to-faceTutorials of Online English Learning Lie in Interaction of Affective Domain and Higher Levels of Cognitive Domain of Bloom＇s Taxonomy

Online English learning as an outcome of the rapid development of the Internet has got a wider and wider market in China. However, problems of varieties have also occurred along its way. People never stop thinking of better strategies either in designing online course wares or tutorials to help smooth the learning process. My experience as a tutor is that interaction of affective domain and higher levels of cognitive domain of Bloom＇s Taxonomy plays an important role in face-to-face tutorials of online English learning.

A Theoretical Study on Health Quotient Promotion-based Physical Education Reform at the University Level

This study maintains that university-level physical education does not currently include or implement health education.? As a consequence of this, college and university students have a very weak theoretical understanding of health.? This study maintains that university-level physical education should focus on the state of students’ health, using the principles of the health quotient.? Of particular importance are problems related to mental health, social adaptive ability, and lifestyle.? Physical education should incorporate instruction based on health quotient-related theories and techniques;doing so will lay a strong foundation for students’ lifelong physical education.? In addition to opening up new paths and methods in research related to the all-around health education of college students, this can also enrich and perfect the theoretical system of modern sports science, as well as provide a new line of thinking and perspective to university-level physical education reform.

The Effect of a Psycho-Educational Program on Psychiatric Symptoms, Drug Attitude and Treatment Satisfaction of Patients with Schizophrenia

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a Comprehensive Psycho-Educational Approach and Scheme Set (COMPASS) for patients with schizophrenia who were treated with risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI), on their psychiatric symptoms, drug attitudes, and treatment satisfaction levels. Participants were sixty-five patients at thirteen hospitals in Japan who met ICD-10 F2 criteria for schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder and were treated with RLAI. A correlational study design was used to measure the effect of the COMPASS on the psychiatric symptoms, drug attitudes, and treatment satisfaction levels of patients treated with RLAI. Using the following evaluation indicators: The Subjective Satisfaction to Treatment Scale (SSTS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS), and Drug Attitude Inventory-10 (DAI-10), measurements were taken at the beginning of the program (baseline), at the end of the program, and six months after (endpoint). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Significant differences were observed in BPRS total (p < 0.001), sub-scales of BPRS positive (p < 0.001), BPRS negative (p < 0.01), BPRS affective (p < 0.01), and GAF (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant change in subscale of BPRS manic, DAI-10, DIEPSS, or SSTS but significant positive correlations were found between SSTS and DAI-10 and GAF at baseline;a negative correlation was found between SSTS and BPRS. The findings of the study suggested the benefit of using the COMPASS in conjunction with RLAI to decrease patients’ psychiatric symptomatology and improve treatment satisfaction. In addition, patient satisfaction was found to be an important factor to be considered by the psychiatrist.

构建服务全民终身学习的多元职业教育体系

我国经济发展已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段,职业教育中职业技能人才的培养要瞄准技术变革和战略性新兴产业优化升级的方向,加快完成以公共实训机构、职业院校、职业培训机构和行业企业为载体的多元职业教育体系构建,从而形成具有终身学习特征的职业技能人才多维培养通道。为了让职业教育有力推动经济高质量发展,增强职业教育与战略性新兴产业需求的适应性,需要注重职业技能人才培养与新时代的产业发展相契合,优化职业教育类型定位,构建符合战略性新兴产业特征的终身学习职业教育体系,为各领域职业技能人才储备提供长期性和可持续性保障。

健康意识理论教育干预对脑血管病患者疾病认知水平及康复行为的影响

目的:探讨健康意识理论教育干预对脑血管病患者疾病认知水平以及康复行为的影响。方法:选取2019年4月至2022年4月期间接受治疗的100例脑血管病患者,按照入院先后顺序将其分为两组:对照组(n=50)和研究组(n=50)。对照组实施常规健康干预,研究组则采取基于健康意识理论的教育干预。对比两组在疾病认知、康复行为(合理饮食、用药规范、作息规律、有氧运动)、自我管理能力、生活质量上的差异,并评估患者对干预的满意度。结果:干预后,研究组在疾病认知方面的表现显著优于对照组(Z=4.378,P<0.05);研究组在合理饮食、药物使用规范、作息规律以及有氧运动等多个方面的比例均显著高于对照组(χ^(2)=4.336,7.162,7.862,7.484;P<0.05)。两组在干预后的自我管理能力评分都比干预前有所上升,且研究小组在各个维度的得分显著超过对照组(t=8.309,5.538,8.141,6.025;P<0.05)。此外,干预后,两组的世界卫生组织生活质量测定量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)评分相比干预前均有改善,而研究小组在所有维度的得分均显著优于对比组(t=6.529,7.406,12.260,4.569;P<0.05)。同时,干预后两组的世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)评分均较干预前有所改善,且研究组的得分在所有维度上均明显优于对照组(t=6.529,7.406,12.260,4.569;P<0.05)。此外,研究组的干预满意度也明显高于对照组(χ^(2)=4.332,P<0.05)。结论:相比常规健康教育,基于健康意识理论的干预在提升脑血管病患者的疾病认知水平和康复行为上有显著效果,有助于提高患者的自我效能感和生活质量,且干预满意度较高。

普职融通视域下英国T Level行动计划探究

T Level行动计划较为全面地体现出英国近年来提升职业技术教育地位、普通教育与职业教育并重的理念。此次英国推出T Level行动计划的动因在于英国劳动力市场需要更多中高级职业人才、职业技术教育需要提高社会认可度、义务教育阶段毕业生需要体验职业教育。T Level行动计划主要由T Level项目、T Level过渡项目和T Level专业发展项目组成。T Level项目由各方共同设计,兼顾义务教育阶段毕业生的就业与升学;T Level过渡项目满足了义务教育阶段毕业生体验职业教育的需求;T Level专业发展项目为T Level项目实施提供保障。英国T Level行动计划的实施呈现出多元共治、删芜就简和问题导向等特点。借鉴英国T Level行动计划的经验,我国可通过引导雇主参与育人环节、基于项目式学习培养职业技能人才以及兼顾学生就业与升学等方式促进我国的普通教育与职业教育相互融通。

A-level考试改革及其对我国教育考试的启示

英国A-level证书考试是英国高等院校入学考试。A-level考试在考查技能、考试监管及其课程体系等方面均有其独特之处。近年来,A-level考试在考试内容与考试形式等方面进行了多次重大改革。这些改革对英国的中学和大学教育产生了深远的影响。A-level考试体系及其改革进程对我国的教育类考试具有积极的借鉴意义。

如何让学生获得终身就业技能——英国T-Level职业资格项目实施动因及策略探析

2020年英国正式在国家资历框架中引入T-Level职业资格,旨在打造与普通教育A-Level相当的高质量职业教育,为16~19岁学生获得终身就业技能提供支持。为保障学生获得终身就业技能,T-Level职业资格项目从教育路径、院校资质、雇主作用及质量监管等多方面采取了一些策略。T-Level职业资格项目实施的特征在于,以职业资格证书制度为核心,推动技术教育体系的整体改革;以雇主需求为导向,培养学生面向社会实际的就业能力;以高质量为保障,吸引学生积极自主选择技术教育等。

基于职普融通的英国T-Level资格考试制度及启示

职普融通是当前全球教育改革的潮流,职业教育高等化和高等教育职业化是21世纪国际教育发展的共同趋势。为推动职普融通,英国建立了T-Level资格考试制度,并于2022年开启了第一轮考试。围绕“谁来考、考什么、怎么考”等核心问题,T-Level资格考试制度形成了多元主体协同参与的考评主体、知识与技能并重的考评内容、纸笔考试与操作考试并行的考评方式。党和政府高度重视职业教育,提出要推进职普融通,加快构建现代职业教育体系。构建职教高考制度是我国推进职普融通、加快构建现代职业教育体系的重要举措。英国T-Level资格考试制度的经验,对于我国建立和完善职教高考制度、促进职普融通具有启示意义。当前,健全我国职教高考制度体系,需着力打破“横向融通”的体制性障碍,构建职普融通的有效通道;引导行业企业参与职教高考,提高职业教育社会认可度;完善职教高考内容与方式,构建职普融通考评体系。

中国女性队列生育水平的变化趋势

中国生育水平的持续下降引起了社会各界的广泛关注。但由于数据有限,对于中国女性队列生育水平的研究较少。文章使用2017年全国生育状况抽样调查数据,基于队列的视角,计算各出生队列女性的平均曾生子女数和年龄别平均曾生子女数,分析生育的推迟与补偿情况,计算孩次递进比,并将队列到某一特定年龄平均曾生子女数的变动进行分解。主要研究以下几个问题:第一,描述各队列年龄别平均曾生子女数和分孩次平均曾生子女数的变化趋势,包括不同初婚、初育年龄群体平均曾生子女数的差异;第二,鉴于生育推迟对队列生育水平存在影响,分析各队列生育的推迟效应和在较高年龄的补偿效应,包括分孩次生育的推迟与补偿情况,从而理解生育的推迟与补偿效应对队列曾生子女数变动的影响;第三,分析各孩次递进比变动对队列到特定年龄平均曾生子女数总变动的影响,探讨队列平均曾生子女数的变动具体受哪一孩次递进生育水平变动的影响较大;第四,进一步分析分年龄、分孩次递进生育条件概率变动对队列到特定年龄平均曾生子女数总变动的影响;第五,考虑受教育程度对女性生育行为的重要影响,将队列平均曾生子女数的变动进行分解,考察女性教育结构变动和各受教育程度女性分孩次生育水平变动对队列曾生子女数总变动的贡献。研究结果表明:随着时间的推移,中国女性队列平均曾生子女数呈减少趋势;初婚和初育年龄越晚,女性曾生子女数越少;越晚出生的队列,一孩生育的推迟程度越深。对队列平均曾生子女数的变动进行分解,发现晚出生队列曾生子女数的降低主要受一孩递进比下降的影响;在城市女性和受教育程度高的女性中,一孩递进比下降的影响更大,而在农村女性和受教育程度低的女性中,三孩递进比下降的影响更大;队列平均曾生子女数的降低还受到年龄别孩次递进生育条件概率变动的影响,且一孩递进生育条件概率变动的影响在晚出生队列中变大;女性受教育程度的提高对队列生育水平产生影响,在越晚出生的队列中,教育结构变动对队列平均曾生子女数降低的影响越大。