Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which mainly affects the motor system. The pathological characteristics of PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia...Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which mainly affects the motor system. The pathological characteristics of PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region and dopamine depletion in the striatum. Dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter that is involved in motor control, executive functions, motivation, arousal, reinforcement, and reward [1]. The ongoing tonic levels of dopamine release in the dorsal striatum are thought to be important for the regulation of movement. Because of the dopamine depletion in the striatum, movement is affected in PD. The typical motor symptoms consist of poverty of movement, tremor at rest, rigidity, and postural instability. Meanwhile, pre-motor symptoms, including hyposmia, constipation, depression, and REM sleep behavior disorder, have been suggested to precede these typical motor symptoms by years [2]. It is usually proposed to alleviate these symptoms via boosting the levels of dopamine in PD. However, this may not be the case.展开更多
This study is aimed at providing a reflection on the meanings of the child’s body in developmental age in the spaces that coexist in his learning environment,which translate into the ability of the same to coordinate...This study is aimed at providing a reflection on the meanings of the child’s body in developmental age in the spaces that coexist in his learning environment,which translate into the ability of the same to coordinate his own motor action in codified spaces,which are spaces vital or the space outlined on the sheet of a notebook.Gross motor and fine coordination form the basis of a long and sophisticated learning process of skills such as writing,an activity that is preparatory for the duration of the entire learning process from a long-life-learning perspective.Writing is primarily a motor action,which is completed and coordinated thanks to the motor prediction of purposeful movements,but also implies the production of associations of graphemes that have a conventionally shared meaning.If these graph-motor skills are not acquired according to the age of development,this could give rise to a possible diagnosis of dysgraphia which results in the obvious difficulties of creating a writing that is legible and harmonious.This disorder could be traced back to the inability to fully and simultaneously dispose of the visual-perceptive,exploratory and spatial coordination faculties both of the whole body and of the individual structures of the eye,hand and upper limb that cooperate the visual-kinetic functions of the graphic act.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81430024 and31771124)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M622128)+1 种基金Qingdao Postdoctoral Research ProjectShandong Province Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Project(2017WS121)
文摘Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which mainly affects the motor system. The pathological characteristics of PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region and dopamine depletion in the striatum. Dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter that is involved in motor control, executive functions, motivation, arousal, reinforcement, and reward [1]. The ongoing tonic levels of dopamine release in the dorsal striatum are thought to be important for the regulation of movement. Because of the dopamine depletion in the striatum, movement is affected in PD. The typical motor symptoms consist of poverty of movement, tremor at rest, rigidity, and postural instability. Meanwhile, pre-motor symptoms, including hyposmia, constipation, depression, and REM sleep behavior disorder, have been suggested to precede these typical motor symptoms by years [2]. It is usually proposed to alleviate these symptoms via boosting the levels of dopamine in PD. However, this may not be the case.
文摘This study is aimed at providing a reflection on the meanings of the child’s body in developmental age in the spaces that coexist in his learning environment,which translate into the ability of the same to coordinate his own motor action in codified spaces,which are spaces vital or the space outlined on the sheet of a notebook.Gross motor and fine coordination form the basis of a long and sophisticated learning process of skills such as writing,an activity that is preparatory for the duration of the entire learning process from a long-life-learning perspective.Writing is primarily a motor action,which is completed and coordinated thanks to the motor prediction of purposeful movements,but also implies the production of associations of graphemes that have a conventionally shared meaning.If these graph-motor skills are not acquired according to the age of development,this could give rise to a possible diagnosis of dysgraphia which results in the obvious difficulties of creating a writing that is legible and harmonious.This disorder could be traced back to the inability to fully and simultaneously dispose of the visual-perceptive,exploratory and spatial coordination faculties both of the whole body and of the individual structures of the eye,hand and upper limb that cooperate the visual-kinetic functions of the graphic act.
