Factors Influence Hanoians’ Choice of Non-Motorized Transport Mode to Access Bus Stations

Hanoi’s rapid urbanization has led to a surge in private vehicle ownership, particularly motorcycles, amidst inadequate public transportation infrastructure. Despite government efforts, many still prefer motorized transport, citing mobility and safety concerns, exacerbated by insufficient pedestrian infrastructure. This study examines the motivations behind this reliance on motorized vehicles, particularly motorcycles, in Hanoi. Findings reveal safety and convenience as primary factors driving motorized transport use, especially for accessing bus stations. Economic incentives could promote non-motorized travel and public transport adoption. Policy implications highlight the importance of addressing economic factors and improving access infrastructure to manage motorized vehicle reliance and foster sustainable urban mobility in Hanoi.

Decentralized Dynamic Event-Triggered Communication and Active Suspension Control of In-Wheel Motor Driven Electric Vehicles with Dynamic Damping

This paper addresses the co-design problem of decentralized dynamic event-triggered communication and active suspension control for an in-wheel motor driven electric vehicle equipped with a dynamic damper. The main objective is to simultaneously improve the desired suspension performance caused by various road disturbances and alleviate the network resource utilization for the concerned in-vehicle networked suspension system. First, a T-S fuzzy active suspension model of an electric vehicle under dynamic damping is established. Second,a novel decentralized dynamic event-triggered communication mechanism is developed to regulate each sensor's data transmissions such that sampled data packets on each sensor are scheduled in an independent manner. In contrast to the traditional static triggering mechanisms, a key feature of the proposed mechanism is that the threshold parameter in the event trigger is adjusted adaptively over time to reduce the network resources occupancy. Third, co-design criteria for the desired event-triggered fuzzy controller and dynamic triggering mechanisms are derived. Finally, comprehensive comparative simulation studies of a 3-degrees-of-freedom quarter suspension model are provided under both bump road disturbance and ISO-2631 classified random road disturbance to validate the effectiveness of the proposed co-design approach. It is shown that ride comfort can be greatly improved in either road disturbance case and the suspension deflection, dynamic tyre load and actuator control input are all kept below the prescribed maximum allowable limits, while simultaneously maintaining desirable communication efficiency.

Emission Patterns under Alternative Congestion and Motor Vehicle Pollution Mitigation Policies in Shanghai

As a megacity with thriving economy, Shanghai is experiencing rapid motorisation and confronted with traffic congestion problems despite its low car ownership. It is of value to look into the policies on emission control of motor vehicle and congestion reduction in such a city to explore how to reconcile mobility enhancement with the environment. Results of a dynamic simulation displayed time paths of emissions from motor vehicles in Shanghai over the period from 2000 to 2020. The simulation results showed that early policies on emission control of motor vehicle could bring about far-reaching effects on emission reduc- tion, and take advantage of available low-polluting technologies and technical innovation over time. Travel demand management would play an important role in curbing congestion and reducing motor vehicle pollution by calming down car ownership rise and deterring inefficient trips as well as reducing fuel waste caused by congestion.

Comparison of the Mutagenicity of Exhaust Emissions From Motor Vehicles Using Leaded and Unleaded Gasoline as Fuel

While Unleaded gasoline has the advantage of eliminating lead from automobile exhaust, its potential to reduce the exhaust gas and particles, merits further examination. In the present studies,the concentrations of hydrocarbons (HC) and earbon monoxides (CO) in emissions were analyzed on Santana engine Dynamometer under a standard test cycle, and total exhaust particles were collected from engines using leaded and unleaded gasoline. It was found that unleaded gasoline reduced the emissions of CO and HC, and decreased the quantity of vehicle exhaust particulate matters by 60%.With the unlead gasoline, only 23 kinds of organic substances, adsorbed in the particles, were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) while 32 components were detected using the leaded gasoline. The results of in vitro Salmonella/ microsomal test and micronucleus induction assay in CHL cells indicated that both types of gasoline increased the number of histidine-independent colonies and the frequencies of micronucleus induction; no significant differellce was found in their mutagenicity.

Torque Distribution of Electric Vehicle with Four In-Wheel Motors Based on Road Adhesion Margin

With the worsening of energy crisis and environmental pollution,electric vehicles with four in?wheel motors have been paid more and more attention. The main research subject is how to reasonably distribute the driving torque of each wheel. Considering the longitudinal motion,lateral motion,yaw movement and rotation of the four wheels,the tire model and the seven DOF dynamic model of the vehicle are established in this paper. Then,the torque distribution method is proposed based on road adhesion margin,which can be divided into anti ? slip control layer and torque distribution layer. The anti?slip control layer is built based on sliding mode variable structure control,whose main function is to avoid the excessive slip of wheels caused by road conditions. The torque distribution layer is responsible for selecting the torque distribution method based on road adhesion margin. The simulation results show that the proposed torque distribution method can ensure the vehicle quickly adapt to current road adhesion conditions,and improve the handling stability and dynamic performance of the vehicle in the driving process.

The Buffering analysis to identify common geographical factors within the vicinity of severe injury related to motor vehicle crash in Malaysia

BACKGROUND:The main objective was to identify common geographical buildup within the100-meter buffer of severely injured based on injury severity score(ISS) among the motor vehicle crash(MVC) victims in Malaysia.METHODS:This was a prospective cohort study from July 2011 until June 2013 and involved all MVC patients attending emergency departments(ED) of two tertiary centers in a district in Malaysia.A set of digital maps was obtained from the Town Planning Unit of the district Municipal Office(local district map).Vector spaces were spanned over these maps using GIS software(ARCGIS 10.1licensed to the study center),and data from the identified severe injured cases based on ISS of 16 or more were added.Buffer analysis was performed and included all events occurring within a 100-meter perimeter around a reference point.RESULTS:A total of 439 cases were recruited over the ten-month data collection period.Fifty two(11%) of the cases were categorized as severe cased based on ISS scoring of 16 and more.Further buffer analysis looking at the buildup areas within the vicinity of the severely injured locations showed that most of the severe injuries occurred at locations on municipal roads(15,29%),straight roads(16,30%) and within villages buildup(suburban) areas(18,35%).CONCLUSION:This study has successfully achieved its objective in identifying common geographical factors and buildup areas within the vicinity of severely injured road traffic cases.

Multi-objective Optimization of Differential Steering System of Electric Vehicle with Motorized Wheels

A differential steering system is presented for electric vehicle with motorized wheels and a dynamic model of three-freedom car is built.Based on these models,the quantitative expressions of the road feel,sensitivity,and operation stability of the steering are derived.Then,according to the features of multi-constrained optimization of multi-objective function,a multi-island genetic algorithm(MIGA)is designed.Taking the road feel and the sensitivity of the steering as optimization objectives and the operation stability of the steering as a constraint,the system parameters are optimized.The simulation results show that the system optimized with MIGA can improve the steering road feel,and guarantee the operation stability and steering sensibility.

One of the Scenarios for Reduction the Emission of Pollutants from Motor Vehicle in the Territory of the Republic of Kosovo

Together with development of the industry, there is present a continuous increase number of motor vehicles that contributes to the growth of the emission of pollutants. This is the main reason that during eighties of the last century, a special attention has started to be paid on pollution emissions from vehicles. It is important to note that most of the current emissions are formed directly and are present in urban areas. The aim of this research was to determine the emission of pollutants in the territory of the Republic of Kosovo, when circulates more than 380,000 motor vehicles. Taking into consideration the daily traffic jam, and the fact that gasoline engines are responsible for most emissions of CO, while diesel engines for NOx emission, the conclusion arises that there is necessary a special dedication to the emission of pollutants and to the definition of the measures to reduce or control them. Based on the performed tests and realistic assessment of the overall situation in the Republic of Kosovo, the current situation on the amount of pollution was compared with development countries in the region as a matter in the research. The results obtained, suggest to the most important causes that increase pollutant emission from motor vehicles and offer actions to keep the same level or to reduce them.

Management of the Recall of Defective Motor Vehicles in China

The Administrative Regulation on the Recall of Defective Motor Vehicles has officially entered into force on October 1st, 2004, which means the management on defective products has made a substantive progress. The enactment and enforcement of the Administrative Regulation has generated active responses in our society and drawn much attention from the automobile industry. Up to March 2005, there have been 15 domestic and foreign auto manufacturers initiating voluntary recalls since the Administrative Regulation on the Recall of Defective Motor Vehicles was issued in March 2004, and 312864 vehicles have been recalled. All the relevant firms, types, models, numbers and the date are as the following table 1.

The use of permanent magnet motor for Tesla electric vehicle stimulates the demand for rare earth Nd

On March 13th,Reuters reported that the long run version of Tesla Model 3 will use permanent magnet motors.One of the materials for this type of motor is rare earth metal neodymium,which will further increase the supply pressure of neodymium.Governments around the world are committed to reducing the harmful emissions produced by fossil fuel cars,pushing up demand for electric vehicles

Dynamic emission characteristics and control strategies of air pollutants from motor vehicles in downtown Beijing,China

This study combined the real-time monitoring and investigation of traffic flows to comprehensively analyze the road traffic flow and vehicle structure in downtown Beijing.A dynamic emission inventory of motor vehicle air pollutants in downtown Beijing in 2021 was established,and the impact of these emissions on air quality was simulated and quantified,and different emission reduction control scenarios were proposed to evaluate their environmental improvement effects and explore measures to mitigate the impact of pollution emissions.The results show that the high traffic flow and the structure of the motor vehicle emissions in downtown Beijing are the main causes of severe motor vehicle pollution.Monitoring data shows that traffic flow in central Beijing is dominated by small passenger vehicles,while the vehicle mix is better than in other regions,with 72.0%of vehicles meeting"National V"or higher emission standards.However,to achieve higher air quality goals,further reducing vehicle emissions is necessary.Based on dynamic traffic flow,the average daily emissions of nitrogen oxides(NOX),particulate matters(PM_(2.5))and volatile organic compounds(VOC)from motor vehicles in central Beijing are 17.7 tons,0.6 tons and 14.0 tons,respectively,accounting for 23.0%of the city’s average daily motor vehicle emissions.If a zero-emission zone for motor vehicles were implemented in central Beijing,the annual average emission level of pollutants will be reduced by 10.4%to 21.0%.The designation of ultra-low emission zones for motor vehicles could be effective in improving the air quality in the center of Beijing.

Comparison of Block Design Nonparametric Subset Selection Rules Based on Alternative Scoring Rules

This article compares the size of selected subsets using nonparametric subset selection rules with two different scoring rules for the observations. The scoring rules are based on the expected values of order statistics of the uniform distribution (yielding rank values) and of the normal distribution (yielding normal score values). The comparison is made using state motor vehicle traffic fatality rates, published in a 2016 article, with fifty-one states (including DC as a state) and over a nineteen-year period (1994 through 2012). The earlier study considered four block design selection rules—two for choosing a subset to contain the “best” population (i.e., state with lowest mean fatality rate) and two for the “worst” population (i.e., highest mean rate) with a probability of correct selection chosen to be 0.90. Two selection rules based on normal scores resulted in selected subset sizes substantially smaller than corresponding rules based on ranks (7 vs. 16 and 3 vs. 12). For two other selection rules, the subsets chosen were very close in size (within one). A comparison is also made using state homicide rates, published in a 2022 article, with fifty states and covering eight years. The results are qualitatively the same as those obtained with the motor vehicle traffic fatality rates.

Primary studies on integration optimization of differential steering of electric vehicle with motorized wheels based on quality engineering

The model of the differential steering system(DSS) of electric vehicle with motorized wheels and the three-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of vehicle are built.Based on these models,the concepts and quantitative expressions of steering road feel,steering portability and steering stability are proposed.Through integrating the Monte Carlo descriptive sampling,elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-II) and Taguchi robust design method,the system parameters are optimized with steering road feel and steering portability as optimization targets,and steering stability and steering portability as constraints.The simulation results show that the system optimized based on quality engineering can improve the steering road feel,guarantee steering stability and steering portability and thus provide a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of the electric vehicle with motorized wheels system.

A framework for rapid on-board deterministic estimation of occupant injury risk in motor vehicle crashes with quantitative uncertainty evaluation

Accurate on-board occupant injury risk prediction of motor vehicle crashes(MVCs)can decrease fatality rates by providing critical information timely and improving injury severity triage rates.The present implemented prediction algorithms in vehicle safety systems are probabilistic and rely on multi-variate logistic regression of real-world vehicle collision databases.As a result,they do not utilize important vehicle and occupant features and tend to overgeneralize the solution space.This study presents a framework to address these problems with deterministic and computationally efficient lumped parameter model simulations driven by a database of vehicle crash tests.A 648-case mixed database was generated with finite element and multi-body models and validated under the principal directions of impact with experimental results for a single vehicle body type.Using the finite element database,we developed lumped parameter models for four principal modes of impact(i.e.,frontal,rear,near side and far side)with parameters identified via genetic algorithm optimization.To obtain confidence bounds for the injury risk prediction,the parameter uncertainty and model adequacy were evaluated with arbitrary and bootstrapped polynomial chaos expansion.The developed algorithm was able to achieve over triage rates of 17.1%±8.5%,whilst keeping the under triage rates below 8%on a finite element-multi body model database of a single vehicle body type.This study demonstrated the feasibility and importance of using low-complexity deterministic models with uncertainty quantification in enhanced occupant injury risk prediction.Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of this framework under a wide range of vehicle types.With the flexibility of parameter adjustment and high computational efficiency,the present framework is generic in nature so as to maximize future applicability in improved on-board triage decision making in active safety systems.

Multidiscipline collaborative optimization of differential steering system of electric vehicle with motorized wheels

Based on the multidiscipline design optimization theory, a multidiscipline collaborative optimization model of the differential steering system of electric vehicle with motorized wheels is built, with the steering economy as the main system and the steering road feel, the steering flexibility and the mechanic character of the steering sensors as the subsystems. Considering the coupled relationship of each discipline, the main system is optimized by the multi-island algorithm and the subsystems are optimized by the sequential quadratic programming algorithm. The simulation results show that the steering economy can be optimized by the collaborative optimization, and that the system can get good steering road feel, good steering flexibility and good mechanic character of the steering sensors.

Changes in Chinese Standard for Ethanol Gasoline

At the beginning of the tests on application of ethanol gasoline in 2001, Chinese government promulgated a national standard, GB 18351-2001 ＂Ethanol Gasoline for Motor Vehicles＂. The standard specifies three kinds of ethanol gasoline, namely E10 （90 RON）, E10 （93 RON） and E10 （95 RON）. There were ethanol gasoline grades （90 RON and 93 RON） and conventional unleaded gasoline（97 RON） available in the areas where tests were carried out. Vehicle owners were worded about the harmful action of ethanol to their vehicles because of lack of knowledge regarding ethanol fuel, and they only refueled their cars with conventional 97 RON unleaded gasoline. This idea might cause unnecessary costs to customers and could bring about difficulty to the tests as well. Besides, some other technical questions emerged during the experimental application of ethanol gasoline, such as water content, ethanol content in gasoline, etc. Based on the experiences accumulated during the application tests, the national standard GB 18351-2001 ＂Ethanol Gasoline for Motor Vehicles＂ was revised. The revised edition is designated as GB 18351-2004.

Effect of proximal femur nail anti-rotation on unstable intertrochanteric fractures: A prospective observational study

Objective:To assess the effect of proximal femur nail anti-rotation on the functional and radiological outcome of unstable intertrochanteric fractures.Methods:This prospective observational study was conducted in the orthopedic department of a tertiary care hospital.Altogether 86 patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures treated with proximal femur nail anti-rotation between January 2010 and January 2015 were included.Patients were followed in the outpatient clinic at regular intervals after discharge to assess the radiological union of fractures and complications.The functional outcomes were evaluated after 2 years by Harris hip score.Results:All patients achieved a radiological union of fractures after a mean duration of 24.6 weeks.The follow up showed 23 complications(systemic and local).Eight patients developed urinary tract infections,and three patients developed chest infections,two patients had screw cut-out,one patient had knee stiffness,one patient developed superficial surgical site infection,and four patients developed varus collapse and shortening subsequently.The two year follow up showed that 69(80.2%)patients had an excellent and good functional outcome according to Harris hip score.Conclusions:With lower complication rates,proximal femur nail is a valid and reasonable option especially in treating unstable intertrochanteric fractures.

Blunt aortic injury-traumatic aortic isthmus pseudoaneurysm with right iliac artery dissection aneurysm:A case report

BACKGROUND Blunt aortic injury is a special type of aortic disease.Due to its low incidence,high prehospital mortality and high probability of leakage diagnosis,the timely identification of patients with blunt aortic injury who survive the initial injury has always been a clinical challenge.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of traumatic aortic pseudoaneurysm with right iliac artery dissection aneurysm that was diagnosed 3 mo after a traffic accident.The patient is a 76-year-old male who was knocked down by a fast-moving four-wheel motor vehicle while crossing the road(the damage mechanism was side impact).He received chest,cranial computed tomography(CT)and whole abdomen enhanced CT in the local hospital.The images suggested subarachnoid hemorrhage,right frontoparietal scalp hematoma,fracture of the right clavicle and second rib,lumpshaped mediastinal shadow outside the anterior descending thoracic aorta(mediastinal hematoma),mesenteric vascular injury with hematoma formation,pelvic fracture,and subluxation of the left sacroiliac joint.After the pelvic fracture was fixed with an external stent,he was sent to our hospital for further treatment.In our hospital,he successfully underwent partial resection of the small intestine and CT-guided screw internal fixation of the left sacroiliac joint and returned to the local hospital for rehabilitation treatment.However,since the accident,the patient has been suffering from mild chest pain,which has not aroused the attention of clinicians.During rehabilitation,his chest pain gradually worsened,and the thoracic aorta computed tomography angiography performed in the local hospital showed a pseudoaneurysm in the initial descending segment of the aortic arch.After transfer to our hospital,a dissecting aneurysm of the right external iliac artery was incidentally found in the preoperative evaluation.Finally,endovascular stent graft repair was performed,and he was discharged on the 10th day after the operation.No obvious endo-leak was found after 4 years of follow-up.CONCLUSION We highlight that emergency trauma centers should consider the possibility of aortic injury in patients with severe motor vehicle crashes and repeat the examination when necessary to avoid missed diagnoses.

Attitudes towards child restrains and seat belts usage in the learned population of Karachi,Pakistan

BACKGROUND:Motor vehicles crashes(MVCs) are the leading cause of injury related morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Recent evidence proves that properly used child seat belts can dramatically reduce the risk of severe and life-threatening injury from MVCs. There are rarities of thought and inspiration regarding the use of child seat belts in our society and region,therefore we lack of data regarding factors and paucity of usage of child seat belts in motor vehicles. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of child seat belt usage among the educated population in Karachi,Pakistan.METHODS:Altogether 304 employees were investigated. They were employees of Aga Khan University who were using their cars and having children younger than 10 years old. A cross sectional observational study was designed,and a 36-item questionnaire in English was used to collect data on participants' demographic details,designation,educational level,economic status,validity of driving license,number of children and cars,availability of adult seat belts and child seat belts along with their functionality,awareness,knowledge and attitude toward its use,and reason of not using these devices. SPSS version 20 for Windows was used to analyze the data and the Chi-square test was used.RESULTS:Totally 290 participants were recruited with a response rate of 72%(212). Of 212 participants,126(59%) were male. 154(72.6%) participants had valid driver licenses,and 154(72.6%) had adult seat belts in their vehicles. Only 32(15%) reported regular use of adult seat belts. Although 168(79.2%) participants had some knowledge about child restrains(CRs),only 65(22%) had CRs in their cars. Eighty-two(38.7%) participants got the knowledge about CRs and seat belts from media. Mothers were more concerned about the use of CRs than fathers. Only 14(6.6%) parents were found to use both adult and child seat belts all the time. Of the 157 parents who did not us use CRs,42 considered unnecessary,35 lacked relevant knowledge. But 15 parents used CR against their children's wills.CONCLUSIONS:The pattern of CR usage among the employees at Aga Khan University,Karachi is dictated by the unavailability of CR,followed by ignorance,inconvenience,and nonacceptance by their children. The important issue of CR has consistently been ignored over the years and it has never gained enough popularity in Pakistan.