Liquid Subcutaneous Levodopa-Carbidopa ND0612 Effects on Motor Symptoms in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: In the manuscript titled “Liquid subcutaneous Levodopa-Carbidopa ND0612 effects on motor symptoms in individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis”, the objective was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate the effects ND0612 24-hour dosing regimen has on motor symptoms in individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Introduction: ND0612 is a novel minimally invasive continuous subcutaneous delivery system of liquid Levodopa-Carbidopa being investigated for the treatment of PD in individuals experiencing motor symptoms. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, and EBSCO databases to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of ND0612 on motor symptoms in individuals with PD. Outcomes included the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part II and Part III scores. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model with the DerSimonian and Laird method to estimate the effects of the ND0612 24-hour dosing regimen on UPDRS Part II and Part III scores. Results: Three studies were included in our review. There were statistically significant reductions in UPDRS Part II scores (mean difference (MD) −3.299;95% confidence interval (CI) −3.438, −3.159) and in UPDRS Part III scores (MD −12.695;95% CI −24.428, −0.962) in the ND0612 24-hour dosing regimen. Results were based on very low certainty of evidence. Conclusion: Based on very low certainty evidence, the ND0612 24-hour dosing regimen is effective at improving motor symptoms in individuals with PD. Our findings suggest that ND0612 is more effective at improving UPDRS Part II and Part III scores in individuals with PD than other pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, warranting further study.

基于STM32的步进电机加减速轨迹规划算法

针对传统步进电机开环控制下加减速过程中柔性冲击大、失步和过冲等问题,结合STM32单片机提出了一种离散化的、带有电流调节的S曲线加减速控制算法。首先,通过多项式算法构建连续光滑的S曲线,根据矩频特性拟合转速和转矩的关系,联立转速和功率的关系,推导出电流计算方法;然后,对连续的S曲线进行等时间间隔采样,完成对S曲线的离散化;最后,在Keil平台进行算法代码编写,将编译后的工程文件下载到STM32中,通过步进电机的速度和位置跟踪实验验证了算法的有效性。

基于T-S模糊故障树的驱动电机冷却系统可靠性分析

车用驱动电机液压冷却系统存在故障机理不确定等问题。本文应用模糊数描述其故障概率和故障程度,建立驱动电机冷却系统的T-S模糊故障树模型,计算系统模糊可能性,分析各部件的概率重要度和关键重要度,找出影响系统可靠性的关键部件。

The Application of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease on the Motor Pathway:A Bibliometric Analysis across 10 Years

Background and Objective Since its initial report by James Parkinson in 1817,Parkinson’s disease(PD)has remained a central subject of research and clinical advancement.The disease is estimated to affect approximately 1%of adults aged 60 and above.Deep brain stimulation,emerging as an alternative therapy for end-stage cases,has offered a lifeline to numerous patients.This review aimed to analyze publications pertaining to the impact of deep brain stimulation on the motor pathway in patients with PD over the last decade.Methods Data were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection through the library of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(China).The search strategy encompassed the following keywords:“deep brain stimulation”,“Parkinson’s disease”,“motor pathway”,and“human”,from January 1,2012,to December 1,2022.Additionally,this review visualized the findings using the Citespace software.Results The results indicated that the United States,the United Kingdom,Germany,and China were the primary contributors to this research field.University College London,Capital Medical University,and Maastricht University were the top 3 research institutions in the research area.Tom Foltynie ranked first with 6 publications,and the journals of Brain and Brain Stimulation published the greatest number of relevant articles.The prevailing research focal points in this domain,as determined by keywords“burst analysis”,“encompassed neuronal activity”,“nucleus”,“hyper direct pathway”,etc.Conclusion This study has provided a new perspective through bibliometric analysis of the deep brain stimulation therapy for treating patients with PD,which can shed light on future research to advance our comprehension of this particular field of study.

Cortico-striatal gamma oscillations are modulated by dopamine D3 receptors in dyskinetic rats

Long-term levodopa administration can lead to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Gamma oscillations are a widely recognized hallmark of abnormal neural electrical activity in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Currently,studies have reported increased oscillation power in cases of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.However,little is known about how the other electrophysiological parameters of gamma oscillations are altered in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Furthermore,the role of the dopamine D3 receptor,which is implicated in levodopa-induced dyskinesia,in movement disorder-related changes in neural oscillations is unclear.We found that the cortico-striatal functional connectivity of beta oscillations was enhanced in a model of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore,levodopa application enhanced cortical gamma oscillations in cortico-striatal projections and cortical gamma aperiodic components,as well as bidirectional primary motor cortex(M1)↔dorsolateral striatum gamma flow.Administration of PD128907(a selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist)induced dyskinesia and excessive gamma oscillations with a bidirectional M1↔dorsolateral striatum flow.However,administration of PG01037(a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist)attenuated dyskinesia,suppressed gamma oscillations and cortical gamma aperiodic components,and decreased gamma causality in the M1→dorsolateral striatum direction.These findings suggest that the dopamine D3 receptor plays a role in dyskinesia-related oscillatory activity,and that it has potential as a therapeutic target for levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

分布式驱动电动汽车主动悬架T–S模糊控制研究

分布式驱动电动汽车,由于簧下质量增大,导致车轮振动加剧,进而影响车辆平顺性及行驶安全性。为有效抑制分布式驱动电动汽车垂向振动恶化,设计了一种主动悬架T-S模糊控制器,构建了分布式驱动电动汽车1/4悬架动力学模型,基于Matlab/Simulink在B级随机路面及变路面工况下进行动力学仿真,考虑了控制器在车辆参数不确定时的自适应性,探究了T-S模糊控制器在车辆变参数条件下的控制效果,并与PID控制的主动悬架及传统的被动悬架进行比较,通过硬件在环实验验证了控制效果。结果表明,所提出的分布式驱动电动汽车主动悬架T-S模糊控制策略可有效提升车辆的平顺性指标,相对于PID控制及被动悬架,T-S模糊控制也具有更好的多工况自适应能力。

Change in connection between corticospinal tract and Broca's area during motor recovery in a patient with an intracerebral hemorrhage

The present study reported a 42-year-old male patient who underwent conservative management for a spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the left corona radiata and the basal ganglia. The patient presented with complete weakness of the right upper and lower extremities at the onset of intracerebral hemorrhage; however, he showed progressive motor recovery to the level that he was able to extent the affected extremities against some resistance at 5 weeks after onset. The corticospinal tract of the affected （left） hemisphere connected to the left Broca＇s area at 3 weeks after onset as shown by diffusion tensor tractography. By contrast, this connection had disappeared at 5 weeks after onset as shown by diffusion tensor tractogaphy. Transcranial magnetic stimulation study showed that no motor evoked potential was elicited from the affected （left） hemisphere at 3 weeks after onset, but motor evoked potentials were elicited at 5 weeks after onset. These findings suggest that the connection between the injured corticospinal tract and Broca＇s area in this patient appears to be a compensation for severe motor weakness; consequently, the connection seems to disappear with motor recovery.

Quantitative Autoradiographic Study on Receptor Regulation in the Basal Ganglia in Rat Model of Levodopa-induced Motor Complications

In order to study neurotransmitter receptor regulation in the basal ganglia involved in the functional changes underlying levodopa-induced motor complications, quantitative autoradiography was used to observe receptor bindings of dopamine D1 and D2, N-methyl-D-aspartate （NMDA）, amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionic acid （AMPA） and amino butyric acid （GABA） in the basal ganglia of rats that had unilateral nigrostriatal lesions and had been chronically treated with levodopa until motor complications developed. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups： normal, denervated and treatment-complicated groups. The results showed that response duration to levodopa became progressively shorter and abnormal involuntary movement （AIM） score was progressively increased during the course of levodopa treatment. Chronic treatment augmented D1 receptors more than denervation, and reduced D2 receptors that were also increased by dopamine denervation. Striatal NMDA receptors were substantially up-regulated in the treatment-complicated group. Levodopa treatment did not change receptors of nigral AMPA, pallidal GABA, and subthalamic GABA, which remained the same as that in denervation group. However, chronic treatment reversed the increase of nigral GABA receptors caused by the lesion. It was concluded that a shortening of response duration and AIM mimicked levodopa-induced motor complications of Parkinson＇s patients. These data suggested that up-regulation of dopamine D1 and NMDA receptors in the striatum leads to an imbalance of stimulation through the striatal output pathways, which is associated with levodopa-induced motor complications.

Auto-Test on Motor Temperature Rising in Electric Vehicles with Mutual MRAS

A new method to calculate the motor temperature rising in electric vehicle （EV） is proposed based on the stator resistance identification. The measure theory of the motor temperature rising with the stator resistance is discussed at first. An enhanced magnetism motor dynamic math model is built which is the research object. Then the resistance identification system model is built on the mutual model reference adaptive,system （MRAS） theory. The simulation diagram of the mutual MRAS model is constructed and the resistance identification performance is studied in different motor states. Simulation results indicate that the stator resistance identification model with the mutual MRAS is effective. At the same time, the identification of motor temperature rising is possible with the identification of the stator resistance.

基于STM32的5段式S型交流伺服电机控制方法

在传统的加减速算法中,由于起点和终点的加速度不连续,易造成电机在运转过程中存在着冲击噪声和抖动现象。因此为实现交流伺服电机运行平稳,减少运行过程中的抖动和噪声,以及提高系统运行效率,减少系统运算量,提出了5段式S型加减速控制算法。同时将该S型控制算法改进后运用到STM32单片机上,以设计小型化、低成本的伺服控制器。采用位移和速度数组遍历查询的方式进行程序的设计,可实现电机速度、位移可调的加速启动、匀速运行和减速停止。为验证该控制器的可行性,将其运用到矿石分选实验平台上进行实际运行测试,利用上位机软件进行实时速度图像采集并对采集的图像进行分析。结果表明:该控制器可在较短时间内完成速度表计算和扫描,从实验平台上采集的图像中可以分析出运行过程中速度过渡较为平滑,电机运行平稳。

Sex modulates the outcome of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease

There are many documented sex differences in the clinical course,symptom expression profile,and treatment response of Parkinson’s disease,creating additional challenges for patient management.Although subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation is an established therapy for Parkinson’s disease,the effects of sex on treatment outcome are still unclear.The aim of this retrospective observational study,was to examine sex differences in motor symptoms,nonmotor symptoms,and quality of life after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation.Outcome measures were evaluated at 1 and 12 months post-operation in 90 patients with Parkinson’s disease undergoing subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation aged 63.00±8.01 years(55 men and 35 women).Outcomes of clinical evaluations were compared between sexes via a Student’s t-test and within sex via a paired-sample t-test,and generalized linear models were established to identify factors associated with treatment efficacy and intensity for each sex.We found that subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation could improve motor symptoms in men but not women in the on-medication condition at 1 and 12 months post-operation.Restless legs syndrome was alleviated to a greater extent in men than in women.Women demonstrated poorer quality of life at baseline and achieved less improvement of quality of life than men after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation.Furthermore,Hoehn-Yahr stage was positively correlated with the treatment response in men,while levodopa equivalent dose at 12 months post-operation was negatively correlated with motor improvement in women.In conclusion,women received less benefit from subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation than men in terms of motor symptoms,non-motor symptoms,and quality of life.We found sex-specific factors,i.e.,Hoehn-Yahr stage and levodopa equivalent dose,that were related to motor improvements.These findings may help to guide subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation patient selection,prognosis,and stimulation programming for optimal therapeutic efficacy in Parkinson’s disease.

For Propulsion Applications It Is Possible to Utilize Both the Torque Output of the Rotor and the Reactional Torque Acting on the Stator of the Driving Electric Motor by Linearizing the Stator

This paper presents a novel idea of utilizing the reactional torque of the conventional electric motor as a linear output for propulsion in addition to the conventional torque output of the rotor. The idea is demonstrated by a theoretical proposal of linearizing the stator of one of the most used motors in Electrical Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles. The proposed Linear Stator Motor is a simple modification without involving any functional change of the conventional motor. Though theoretical, the indicated possible input energy saving of more than 75% as compared to the conventional motor is no surprise, as by linearizing the stator, an almost equal linear propulsion output is added to the conventional rotor output. In addition to this remarkable saving in input energy, the proposed Linear Stator Motor that suits all types of vehicles, can maintain propulsion without the need for a mechanical transmission system. Also, in the case of watercraft and aircraft vehicles, no external mechanical propulsion drive system is required. It is just an internal force that can push the vehicle forward, backward, or laterally, while the conventional rotor output can be utilized for energy recovery by driving a DC generator.

A Dual Detection Method for Siemens Inverter Motor Modbus RTU Attack

Since the Modbus RTU wired communication protocol of Siemens variable frequency motors is unstable and lacks a protection mechanism, there is a risk of user information leakage. Aiming at the problems of insufficient flexibility of traditional defense methods and poor defense effects, The present work proposed a new dual detection method based on MODBUS RTU, which combines the dual monitoring mechanism of “Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request detection” and “ARP response detection”. In order to improve detection efficiency, two real-time updated linear tables are introduced, which can effectively deal with the three ARP spoofing methods of updating the ARP buffer. Based on the analysis of the hidden dangers of the Modbus RTU wired communication protocol, a wired connection between the S7-1200 PLC and the variable frequency motor was established, and a real experimental platform was constructed to demonstrate the attack. The intensity of ARP attacks has gradually increased over time. Through comparative experiments with traditional defense methods, it is proved that the algorithm enhances the protocol mechanism in principle, and is more flexible and reliable than traditional methods.

Model Predictive Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with Online Parameter Estimation Based on Extended Kalman Filter

Aiming at the torque and flux ripples in the direct torque control and the time-varying parameters for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a model predictive direct torque control with online parameter estimation based on the extended Kalman filter for PMSM is designed. By predicting the errors of torque and flux based on the model and the current states of the system, the optimal voltage vector is selected to minimize the error of torque and flux. The stator resistance and inductance are estimated online via EKF to reduce the effect of model error and the current estimation can reduce the error caused by measurement noise. The stability of the EKF is proved in theory. The simulation experiment results show the method can estimate the motor parameters, reduce the torque, and flux ripples and improve the performance of direct torque control for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM).

China's Civil Solid Rocket Motors

China develops solid fuelrocket technology completely de-pending on its own strength.Since the late 1950s,variouskinds of solid rocket engines de-veloped by the 4th Academy ofChina Aerospace Corporation(CASC)have been used intomany positioning and recoveringtests of various satellites and over100 flight tests of various missileswith a 100％ successful rate.InOctober,1982,especially,Chinasuccessfully launched a solid fuelrocket from a submarine underwater,which reflected China’shigh level in this field.China’scivilian solid rocket engines are asfollows:

DSC1在果蝇幼虫感觉-中枢神经系统-运动回路中的作用

【目的】探究果蝇钠通道1(Drosophila sodium channel 1,DSC1)在果蝇幼虫感觉-中枢神经系统-运动回路(sensory-central nervous system-motor circuits,S-CNS-MC)中的作用,为果蝇的有效防治提供参考。【方法】以果蝇幼虫的S-CNS-MC为模型,以神经遗传背景不同的4种果蝇品系w^(1118)、para^(ts1)、DSC1^(-/-)和para^(ts1);DSC1^(-/-)幼虫为材料,分别在正常状态和饥饿状态下采用番茄切面觅食活动对其进行行为学研究,通过测定不同品系果蝇幼虫的兴奋性接点电位对其进行电生理学研究。【结果】番茄切面觅食活动行为学观察结果表明,正常状态下在每个观察的时间点,4种果蝇品系在番茄切面果皮中的幼虫数量均无显著差异;但饥饿状态下,随着观察时间的延长,DSC1^(-/-)品系的3龄幼虫停留在番茄中果皮部分的数量显著多于其他品系,表明在饥饿状态下敲除DSC1的果蝇幼虫反应迟钝,觅食行为减缓。电生理试验结果表明,w^(1118)和para^(ts1)品系果蝇幼虫在饥饿状态下神经回路的兴奋性接点电位(EJP)频率与正常状态下差异不显著,但DSC1^(-/-)和para^(ts1);DSC1^(-/-)品系果蝇幼虫在饥饿状态下神经回路的EJP频率均较正常状态显著下降,表明敲除DSC1的DSC1^(-/-)和para^(ts1);DSC1^(-/-)2种品系果蝇幼虫S-CNS-MC的兴奋性在饥饿状态下明显降低,这与上述觅食活动行为学结果一致。【结论】DSC1有助于果蝇幼虫在饥饿逆境条件下维持神经系统的兴奋性传导和神经回路的稳定性。

Robust fuzzy sliding-mode control for T-S model based permanent magnet synchronous motor

A fuzzy sliding-mode control (FSMC) scheme based on T-S fuzzy models was proposed for the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system to solve the speed tracking problem. A T-S fuzzy model was firstly formed to represent the nonlinear system of PMSM. For converting the tracking control into a stabilization problem, a new control design was proposed to define the internal desired states. Then, the FSMC controller for PMSM system with parameter variation and load disturbance was designed based on the fuzzy model. The performance of the proposed controller was verified by experimental results on PMSM system. The results show that the FSMC scheme can drive the dynamics of PMSM into a designated sliding surface in finite time and guarantee the property of asymptotical stability. The information of upper bound of modeling errors as well as perturbations is not required when using the FSMC controller.

高-低频交互rTMS治疗中期帕金森病的临床疗效观察

目的分析高-低频交互重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)对中期帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)患者的影响。方法选取2019年9月至2022年3月到榆林市第二医院就诊的128例PD中期患者,随机分为高频组、低频组、高-低频交互组及对照组,各32例。所有患者均接受PD常规药物治疗,高频组采用高频rTMS(10 Hz)治疗,低频组采用低频rTMS(1 Hz)治疗,高-低频交互组采用高-低频rTMS结合治疗,对照组接受rTMS假刺激干预。比较各组治疗前及治疗4周后的自主神经功能障碍情况、认知功能、运动功能、睡眠质量及日常生活能力量表(activity of daily living scale,ADL)。结果各组治疗4周后的PD自主神经症状量表(the scales for outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-autonomic,SCOPA-AUT)评分较治疗前明显降低,组间比较差异显著(P<0.05),且高-低频交互组的SCOPA-AUT评分显著低于对照组及低频组(P<0.05);治疗4周后各组蒙特利尔认知评估量表(montreal cognitive assessment scale,MoCA)评分较治疗前明显升高,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗4周时,各组PD综合评分量表(unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale-Ⅲ,UPDRS-Ⅲ)评分及起立-行走-计时实验(time up and go test,TUGT)用时较治疗前明显降低,步速较治疗前显著加快,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),以高-低频交互组最为显著;治疗4周时,各组PD睡眠量表(PD sleep scale,PDSS)评分较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05),以高-低频交互组最为显著;各组治疗4周时的ADL评分较治疗前明显提高,且高-低频交互组显著高于高频组、低频组及对照组(P<0.05)。结论高频(10 Hz)、低频(1 Hz)rTMS治疗PD疗效确切,其中高-低频交互治疗在改善患者自主神经功能损伤、运动功能及睡眠质量方面效果更佳,其对患者认知功能的干预效果还有待验证。

六相永磁同步电机驱动系统直流环节电容器电流RMS值估计

六相永磁同步电机(PMSM)驱动系统相比传统三相PMSM驱动系统具有低压大功率、转矩脉动小、控制灵活和容错率高等特点。直流环节电容器对驱动系统的稳定性起着决定性作用,但由于其结构特殊,需承受较高的纹波电流均方根(RMS)值。而直流电容器的电流RMS值是决定其使用成本、体积和寿命的重要参考指标。因此对直流电容器的电流RMS值进行估计显得尤为重要。针对采用传统双重傅里叶积分算法计算电容的电流RMS值时存在的过程繁琐、涉及许多未解积分等问题,文章提出了一种基于多项式插值求积法Cotes的直流电容器电流RMS值的计算方法。即在等距离步长中分布5个采样点,对推导出的函数积分生成近似解,采用Cotes法可以省去大量的积分计算过程,同时提高计算精度。该方法简化了传统算法的繁琐计算过程并且保证了较高的计算精度,可为直流环节电容器的优化选型和寿命监测控制器设计提供指导。最后,文章将所提方法与现有方法进行了对比分析,实验结果验证了所提方法的计算速度比传统双重傅里叶积分算法快50%左右,且计算精度较牛顿3/8法提高了约5%。

基于S曲线的步进电机加减速的控制

针对不同约束条件下步进电机加减速的控制问题,首先分析了S曲线算法原理,寻找S曲线算法与其它常见的步进电机运动控制算法之间的联系。然后在分析S曲线传统的七段模型后,提出了基于S曲线的步进电机加速度和速度控制方法,并讨论了当约束参数发生变化时实际的S曲线规划方法。最后,给出了不同约束条件下步进电机的加减速仿真曲线。研究结果表明,这种方法可以满足不同约束条件下步进电机加减速的控制。